2011年南海夏季风爆发过程及其与长江中下游梅雨的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY2E-TBB及台站降水资料,对2011年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:2011年强对流活动由孟加拉湾扩展到南海地区,同时伴随着南亚高压移至中南半岛北部,西太平洋副热带高压向东撤出南海地区,南海夏季风于5月第4候(第28候)爆发;季风爆发后,印度-孟加拉湾季风槽形成,南海地区低空开始盛行西南气流,并伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。随着季风活动的推进,我国雨带北抬,长江中下游一带进入梅雨期,出现降水大值区。通过分析发现长江中下游梅雨与南海夏季风均受副热带高压影响,且两者的强度为显著的负相关关系,梅雨开始时间与南海夏季风爆发时间呈显著的正相关关系。2011年南海夏季风偏弱,爆发时间偏早,长江中下游梅雨强度偏强,入梅时间异常偏早。     

2011年初夏我国长江中下游降水的气候特征及成因

文章主要分析了2011年初夏长江中下游降水的气候特征及其成因。结果表明：2011年5月长江中下游降水异常偏少,6月转为异常偏多,出现了明显的旱涝转换。长江中下游地区的旱涝转换主要受南海季风、东亚季风强度以及西太平洋副热带高压（副高）的异常快速北跳的影响。研究还发现,6月亚洲中高纬长期维持两槽一脊的环流形势,东北冷涡活动频繁,多次引导冷空气南下。同时,副高异常偏北、偏西,并出现多次西伸过程。由于冷涡的加强南压与西伸的副高相互作用,促使长江以南地区西南气流明显增强,使得冷暖空气在长江中下游地区交汇,最终导致该地降水偏多。     

2010年春节前后广东全省性低温阴雨过程成因

利用NCEP再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,对2010年春节前后广东低温阴雨天气的特点和成冈进行综合分析.结果表明:这一天气过程具有持续时间长、范围广、影响大、日平均气温异常偏低和降水频繁的特点;造成本次低温阴雨的主要环流形势为乌拉尔山阻塞高压和蒙古横槽均异常偏强和长时间稳定维持,东亚大槽偏弱、副热带高压偏强和中低纬环流...     

华南夏季风降水开始日的异常与前冬大气环流和海温的关系

利用1951～2004年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及ERSST海温资料,研究了华南夏季风降水开始日期的变化特征及其与前期冬季大气环流和海温的关系。小波分析表明,夏季风降水开始日期具有明显的年际和年代际变化,年际变化以准2～3年变化为主,年代际变化周期约16年。华南夏季风降水开始偏早年在大气环流上的前兆信号表现为前期冬季乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏强、东亚大槽较深,阿留申低压偏强,冷空气活动偏强。冬季,鄂霍次克海附近的海温异常为华南夏季风降水开始迟早有物理意义的、稳定正相关前兆信号。合成分析表明,冬季鄂霍次克海附近SST正异常时,5月100 hPa青藏高压偏东偏北偏弱,异常偏西风控制华南;850 hPa环流在华南表现为东北风,华南受冷空气影响为主,华南夏季风降水开始日期偏晚。相反时,若冬季鄂霍次克海附近SST负异常,5月100 hPa青藏高压偏西偏南偏强,异常偏东风控制华南;850 hPa环流在华南表现为偏南风,华南受热带系统影响为主,华南夏季风降水开始日期偏早。并提出冬季中高纬度地区冷空气活动影响华南夏季风降水开始日异常的物理机制。     

近52年长江中下游地区夏季年代际尺度干湿变化及其环流演变分析

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的长江中下游地区353站1961~2012年逐月降水资料,通过计算得到各站点夏季标准化降水指数(SPI)。根据长江中下游地区夏季中旱及以上等级站点数目及其突变检测(Mann-Kendall方法,MK)结果,将时间序列划分为三个时段。在此基础上,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA海洋表面温度重建资料,分析了各个时段前冬至夏季环流背景场的异常特征及其演变过程,并建立了各时段的概念模型。结果表明:(1)长江中下游夏季在第一时段(1961~1973年)呈明显干旱状态;第二时段(1974~1986年)为干旱向湿润转变的阶段;第三时段(1987~2012年)基本转为湿润状态。(2)第二时段为第一时段与第三时段的过渡期,环流背景场在该时段发生明显变化,使得第一时段与第三时段所对应季节的环流距平场相位相反。(3)第一时段,前冬至夏季全球海温持续偏冷,印度洋海温冷异常在夏季尤为显著,南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压偏弱;前冬,青藏高原北部脊偏弱,蒙古高压明显偏弱;夏季,印度低压偏强、南支槽加深,夏季风水汽输送偏强,而亚洲中高纬度为平直西风气流,北方冷空气不易南下至我国南方地区,冷暖空气交绥受阻,使得长江中下游夏季出现大范围的干旱。第三时段相对于第一时段,前冬至夏季全球海温暖异常,印度洋海温显著偏暖,西太平洋副热带高压偏强;前冬,青藏高原北部脊偏强,蒙古高压异常偏强;夏季,印度低压减弱、南支槽异常偏弱,夏季风水汽输送较弱,水汽滞留在长江流域,且贝加尔湖高压脊发展,脊前冷空气南下,使得长江中下游夏季降水偏多。     

1999年夏季长江及以南地区洪涝的大尺度环流成因初探

通过对比分析，探讨了1999年夏季长江及以南地区洪涝灾害的环流成因，指出1999年处在La Nina年，西太平洋副热带高压偏弱，偏北且异常偏东；南海夏季风前期偏强，后期偏弱；带对流层上部南亚高压脊和洋中槽位置偏南；对流层下部长江下游至江南受气旋性异常环流影响，形成异常加强的水输送圈；夏季亚洲中纬度大陆高压维持，中低纬度环流系统的共同作用造成长江中下游及以南地区的洪涝灾害。     

2010年1-3月大气环流与桂西北干旱

利用Micaps提供的常规资料、卫星水汽图像和地面气象记录资料,对2010年1-3月桂西北出现的干旱天气成因进行分析。结果表明:干旱天气出现和维持与特定的大气环流异常相联系。副热带高压偏强位置偏西,阻挡了水汽由南向北输送的路径,不利于降水云雨形成;长波槽宽而浅,冷空气沿着宽槽纬向传播,使得冷空气南下强度减弱,路径偏东;南支槽强度偏弱,西南水汽的输送能力差。     

夏季长江中下游和华南两类雨型的环流特征及预测信号

利用中国南方66站降水观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用经验正交函数分解（EOF）、合成分析和相关分析等方法,对夏季长江中下游和华南两类雨型进行了划分,对比分析了两类雨型同期大气环流和前期海温及环流的差异,以探讨两类雨型的形成机制及前期预测信号。结果表明:20世纪80年代之前华南型出现的频次较高,之后长江中下游型出现频次增多;长江中下游型年西太平洋副热带高压（副高）偏强偏西偏南,东亚夏季风（EASM）偏弱,副热带西风急流位置偏南,乌拉尔山阻塞高压（乌阻）和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压（鄂阻）较强,欧亚中高纬以经向环流为主,冷暖空气在长江中下游辐合,导致长江中下游降水偏多;华南型年大气环流与长江中下游型年大体相反,登陆华南的台风偏多,冷暖空气在华南地区辐合,导致华南地区降水偏多;其中副高的脊线位置和中高纬阻塞强弱是长江中下游型和华南型形成的关键因素。两类雨型前期海温分析表明,长江中下游型年,前冬赤道中东太平洋和印度洋偏暖,为典型的东部型El Ni?o,副热带南印度洋偶极子（SIOD）呈负位相,春季El Ni?o衰减,SIOD负位相也减弱,但印度洋持续增暖;华南型年,前冬和春季的海洋演变与长江中下游型年大体相反;关键区域海温与长江中下游夏季降水（YRR）和华南夏季降水（SCR）的年际关系存在年代际变化,YRR和SCR与前冬Ni?o3.4指数、SIOD指数和春季热带印度洋全区一致海温模态（IOBW）指数的相关关系在80年代之后逐步减弱,这主要是由于这三个关键海温指数与EASM及副高脊线的相关关系在80年代之后逐步减弱;两类雨型前期大气环流差异分析表明,春季大气环流的差异性要比前冬显著,长江中下游型年,春季副高、南海副高、马斯克林高压（马高）、澳大利亚高压（澳高）均偏强,大西洋欧洲区极涡强度偏弱,北太平洋涛动（NPO）呈正位相;华南型年春季的关键环流系统异常不明显,仅大西洋欧洲区极涡强度偏强,NPO呈负位相。前期海温演变及春季大气环流关键系统的异常可以作为两类雨型年的一些预测信号。     

2011年长江中下游旱涝急转成因初步分析

以2011年1~6月长江中下游"旱涝急转"事件为例,研究了长江中下游旱涝急转与大尺度环流和海温异常的关系,初步得到以下引发旱涝急转的原因:(1)中高纬度大气环流出现快速调整,迅速由强冬季风形势调整为两槽一脊环流形势所控制,进而造成长江中下游由受中高纬度系统控制转变为冷暖空气对峙之地;(2)西太平洋副热带高压位置和强度迅速调整,1~5月来自热带地区的水汽输送条件差,长江中下游地区水汽辐合较常年明显偏弱。6月,水汽输送和收支状况发生根本性转变,长江中下游表现为显著的水汽辐合中心,且明显强于常年;(3)6月青藏高原上空存在显著的气旋性异常环流,利于对流活动发展,受其底部异常西风的影响,对流活动频繁地东传至长江中下游地区,增强了梅雨锋的强度,先后引发了5次强降水过程;(4)前期持续的La Ni?a事件及其变化通过影响Walker环流、西太平洋副热带高压等大气环流系统,为旱涝急转事件的发生提供了有利的背景条件。     

2011 年鲁中山区一次秋季连阴雨天气成因分析

利用常规资料和NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°再分析日平均资料、 FNL 1°×1°逐6h日分析资料,分析了2011年9月11-15日鲁中山区秋季连阴雨期间环流形势及物理量特征,结果表明：连阴雨期间,乌拉尔山到西西伯利亚维持一个稳定的阻塞高压,贝加尔湖到河套一带低槽异常偏强,西太平洋副热带高压明显偏北;亚洲中纬度短波槽不断东移,700hPa切变维持,高、低空急流相互作用是连阴雨发生、发展的主要原因;连阴雨前期为对流稳定性降水,中后期为对流不稳定性降水。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.