Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in Serbia for the period 1961–2010

Monthly, seasonal and annual sums of precipitation in Serbia were analysed in this paper for the period 1961–2010. Latitude, longitude and altitude of 421 precipitation stations and terrain features in their close environment (slope and aspect of terrain within a radius of 10 km around the station) were used to develop a regression model on which spatial distribution of precipitation was calculated. The spatial distribution of annual, June (maximum values for almost all of the stations) and February (minimum values for almost all of the stations) precipitation is presented. Annual precipitation amounts ranged from 500 to 600 mm to over 1100 mm. June precipitation ranged from 60 to 140 mm and February precipitation from 30 to 100 mm. The validation results expressed as root mean square error (RMSE) for monthly sums ranged from 3.9 mm in October (7.5% of the average precipitation for this month) to 6.2 mm in April (10.4%). For seasonal sums, RMSE ranged from 10.4 mm during autumn (6.1% of the average precipitation for this season) to 20.5 mm during winter (13.4%). On the annual scale, RMSE was 68 mm (9.5% of the average amount of precipitation). We further analysed precipitation trends using Sen’s estimation, while the Mann-Kendall test was used for testing the statistical significance of the trends. For most parts of Serbia, the mean annual precipitation trends fell between −5 and +5 and +5 and +15 mm/decade. June precipitation trends were mainly between −8 and +8 mm/decade. February precipitation trends generally ranged from −3 to +3 mm/decade.

     

A statistical analysis of the daily precipitation over Serbia: trends and indices

A statistical analysis of the daily maximum and mean monthly precipitation measured at ten meteorological stations in Serbia during the period 1949?C2007 is presented. Although the means of the daily maximum and monthly precipitation varied throughout the year, their ratio was almost uniform, with an average value of 32.6% for Serbia. The precipitation events within each year were ranked and then the trends on the ten wettest days of the year were assessed. Averaged across Serbia, the wettest day of the year produces 41.3?mm of precipitation and accounted for 6.3% of the total annual precipitation. Taken together, 35.5% (232.0?mm) of the total annual precipitation fell during the ten wettest days of the year. Over the course of the twentieth century, the average annual precipitation on the wettest day across Serbia increased by nearly 9%. Also, averaged across Serbia, statistically insignificant increasing trends were found on each of the ten wettest days of the year. Furthermore, four climate indices were analysed. Heavy precipitation indices (i.e., RR20 and R95T) increased in Serbia at the end of the twentieth century and thereafter.     

华北中部近45a极端降水事件变化特征

利用华北中部41个气象台站1961—2005年逐日降水资料,采用通用的极端气候指数,分析了近45a来华北中部极端降水事件频率变化的时空特征。结果表明：华北中部平均年最大日降水量呈下降趋势,南部平原地区一般减少,北部山地区域多有增加,降水日数有较明显减少,强降水日数和暴雨日数变化趋势不明显,降水日数的减少主要是中、小雨（雪）日数减少造成的。暴雨日数和强度在20世纪90年代中后期显著增加。华北中部强降水日数和暴雨日数在降水日数中的比重有增大趋势,强降水量和暴雨降水量在总降水量中的比重可能也增加了。这种相对增加趋势主要发生在20世纪90年代中期以后。     

长江流域极端降水过程事件的年内分布特征

基于1960-2016年乌江流域41个气象站的逐日降水观测资料,利用线性倾向估计、滑动平均、累积距平等方法计算趋势系数和气候趋势,分析了研究时段内乌江流域年暴雨等级面雨量、年平均最大日降水量、年平均极端持续强降水次数和对应降水量的时空分布特征,分析表明：（1）乌江流域年暴雨等级面雨量和日数呈显著增加趋势（均通过α=0.05显著性水平检验）,而暴雨强度呈不显著性增加趋势;5-10月各旬暴雨等级面雨量及日数变化基本一致,5月中旬至8月上旬呈单峰型分布,暴雨强度呈波动增减分布。（2）近57 a乌江流域年平均最大日降水量年代际变化比较明显。（3）乌江流域发生极端持续强降水年平均次数呈不显著的减少趋势,但极端持续强降水量呈不显著的增加趋势。采用耿贝尔极值Ⅰ型分布法计算了乌江流域5个代表站不同重现期日最大降水量值,发现不同站点日极端最大降水量重现期水平差异明显,重现期时间尺度存在临界点,约为50 a。

     

基于ETCCDI指数2017年中国极端温度和降水特征分析

利用中国1961—2017年2419站均一化逐日气候数据,计算了气候变化检测和指数联合专家组定义的26个极端气候指数,分析2017年中国极端温度和降水特征。结果表明：2017年中国区域平均的所有极端高温指数均高于1961—1990年30年平均,所有极端低温指数均低于1961—1990年30年平均。中国区域平均的多个极端温度指数达到或者接近历史极值,其中年最小日最高气温(TXn)和年最小日最低气温(TNn)均达到历史最高值,冷夜(TN10p)、冷昼(TX10p)和持续冷日日数(CSDI)达到历史最低值。年最大日最高气温(TXx)、年最大日最低气温(TNx)、暖夜(TN90p)、霜冻(FD)、冰冻(ID)、热夜(TR)、生长期长度(GSL)排在1961年以来的第2或第3位,其余极端温度指数全部排在了1961年以来前10位。2017年中国区域平均的10个极端降水指数中,有7个指数值处于1961—2017年1个标准差范围内,指示2017年的极端降水接近正常年。     

近46a重庆汛期极端降水量异常特征

利用重庆33站1961-2006年汛期(5-9月)逐日降水资料,定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,统计出了不同台站近46a逐年汛期极端降水量,并进行时空分布特征分析。结果表明:重庆地区汛期极端降水量空间分布差异明显,一致性异常分布特征是最主要空间模态,空间分布可分为5个主要区域;各区代表站汛期极端降水量占总降水量的比重相当大;从长期变化趋势来看,整个重庆地区近46a来汛期极端降水变化趋势不显著;各区汛期极端降水主要存在着2~3a、5a左右的年际变化和11a左右的年代际振荡。     

The maximum temperatures and heat waves in Serbia during the summer of 2007

An extraordinary heat wave occurred in Serbia from July 14 to July 24 in 2007. Record values of the maximum temperatures were observed over almost the whole territory of Serbia and in Smederevska Palanka, a temperature of 44.9°C was registered, which was the absolute maximum value ever recorded. The highest increase over the previous absolute maximum temperature, dating back to 1888, of 3.1°C was registered in Belgrade. The Warm Spell Duration Indicator, from which the duration and severity of the heat waves are estimated, was applied to the series of the daily maximum temperatures in Smederevska Palanka. An analysis of the daily maximum temperatures and heat waves during the summer of 2007 revealed significant changes in the trends of anomalies and extreme (90%) quantiles. In addition, the main characteristics of the heat wave and the circulation conditions which caused the heat wave in Serbia during the summer 2007 were analyzed.     

7个IPCC AR4模式对中国地区极端降水指数模拟能力的评估及其未来情景预估

利用中国区域550个站点1961～2000年日降水量资料, 考察参与政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告的7个新一代全球模式及多模式集合对现代气候情景下(20C3M)5个极端降水指数的模拟能力, 同时进行中国区域未来不同排放情形下极端降水事件变化的预估, 结果表明: 最新全球模式能较好地模拟出极端降水指数气候场的空间分布及其中国区域的线性趋势, 且模式集合模拟能力优于大部分单个模式, 但在青藏高原东侧、 高原南部存在虚假的极端降水高值区, 模拟的东部季风区的极端降水强度系统性偏低, 区域平均序列年际变率的模拟能力也较低。中国地区21世纪与降水有关的事件都有趋于极端化的趋势, 极端降水强度可能增强, 干旱也将加重, 且变化幅度与排放强度成正比。     

近53年江淮流域梅汛期极端降水变化特征

基于1961—2013年江淮流域梅汛期（6—7月）逐日降水资料,利用百分位法确定极端降水阈值,对江淮流域梅汛期极端降水的时空分布及突变特征进行分析,结果表明：95%分位极端降水阈值多在50 mm以上,大值中心主要位于湖北东部到安徽南部一带;平均极端降水强度与阈值大小的空间分布相似。极端降水量和极端降水日数整体呈现由安徽南部向四周递减的空间分布特征,极端降水量约占梅汛期降水总量的1/4~1/3。从季节内分布上看,极端强降水站次在梅汛期呈单峰型分布,各候间差异明显,其中6月第5候到7月第2候最多。极端降水量、极端降水日数以及极端降水量占梅汛期总降水量百分比均具有明显的年际变化,且上升趋势显著;江淮流域梅汛期极端降水量和极端降水站次的这种上升趋势均在1980年发生突变。     

Spatio-temporal patterns of precipitation in Serbia

The monthly precipitation data from 29 synoptic stations for the period 1946–2012 were analyzed using a number of different multivariate statistical analysis methods to investigate the spatial variability and temporal patterns of precipitation across Serbia. R-mode principal component analysis was used to study the spatial variability of the precipitation. Three distinct sub-regions were identified by applying the agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis to the two component scores: C1 includes the north and the northeast part of Serbia, while C2 includes the western part of Central Serbia and southwestern part of Serbia and C3 includes central, east, south and southeast part of Serbia. The analysis of the identified sub-regions indicated that the monthly and seasonal precipitation in sub-region C2 had the values above average, while C1 and C3 had the precipitation values under average. The analysis of the linear trend of the mean annual precipitation showed an increasing trend for the stations located in Serbia and three sub-regions. From the result of this analysis, one can plan land use, water resources and agricultural production in the region.     

2016年汛期中国降水极端特征及与1998年对比

本文利用国家气象信息中心提供的1961—2016年全国2341个气象观测站日和小时降水量资料,分析了2016年中国汛期降水的极端特征,并与1998年进行比较。主要结论如下：2016年汛期全国平均降水量为1961年以来历史同期最多,共有140站汛期降水量突破1961年以来历史同期极大值,有112站出现历史次极大值,比1998年分别偏多54和47站。1998年降水极值主要出现在东北和长江中上游地区,2016年主要出现在华东地区,而且范围更加集中。共出现6972站次暴雨,其中大暴雨1251站次,为1961年以来最多。44次大范围暴雨过程持续时间达90 d,总体呈现“中间强、前后弱”的特征。有417站出现日降水量极端事件,其中88站突破历史纪录,创1961年以来新高;最大小时降水量共有113站突破历史极值,比1998年偏多29站。从空间分布来看,日降水量极端事件2016年主要位于华东和华北地区,1998年集中在中部地区;破纪录小时降水2016年主要在西部地区,而1998年东部地区更为突出。     

Trends in monthly precipitation over the northwest of Iran (NWI)

Increasing global temperatures during the last century have had their own effects on other climatic conditions, particularly on precipitation characteristics. This study was meant to investigate the spatial and temporal monthly trends of precipitation using the least square error (LSE) approach for the northwest of Iran (NWI). To this end, a database was obtained from 250 measuring stations uniformly scattered all over NWI from 1961 to 2010. The spatial average of annual precipitation in NWI during the period of study was approximately 220.9–726.7 mm. The annual precipitation decreased from southwest to northeast, while the large amount of precipitation was concentrated in the south-west and in the mountainous areas. All over NWI, the maximum and minimum precipitation records occurred from March to May and July to September, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) is greater than 44 % in all of NWI and may reach over 76 % in many places. The greatest range of CV, for instance, occurred during July. The spatial variability of precipitation was consistent with a tempo-spatial pattern of precipitation trends. There was a considerable difference between the amounts of change during the months, and the negative trends were mainly attributed to areas concentrated in eastern and southern parts of NWI far from the western mountain ranges. Moreover, limited areas with positive precipitation trends can be found in very small and isolated regions. This is observable particularly in the eastern half of NWI, which is mostly located far from Westerlies. On the other hand, seasonal precipitation trends indicated a slight decrease during winter and spring and a slight increase during summer and autumn. Consequently, there were major changes in average precipitation that occurred negatively in the area under study during the observation period. This finding is in agreement with those findings by recent studies which revealed a decreasing trend of around 2 mm/year over NWI during 1966–2005.

     

太行山复杂地形下华北暖季极端降水的时空分布特征

基于2012—2021年5—9月华北五省的逐日降水资料和台站地形高度数据,统计分析了华北全区及各子区域极端降水事件的降水量及其强度和频次的时空分布特征;并运用地理加权回归(GWR)模型分析得到极端降水事件的降水量、强度及频次与海拔高度之间的关系。结果表明:1)华北区域极端降水量的时间变化均呈多波动特征且区域差异性显著,太行山以西高原和以东平原降水频次多、波动明显且强度较弱,太行山南段以南平原降水频次少、变化平缓而强度明显偏强。2)极端降水量的空间分布呈现南北少、中间多的型态分布,降水量大值区分别位于燕山东南侧和太行山南段晋冀豫三省交界处;极端降水高频站点主要聚集在晋东南地区;日最大降水量超过300 mm的站点主要集中在太行山脉和燕山山脉与华北平原的过渡地带。3)华北区域38°N以北,极端降水量、降水频次、强度和日最大降水量均随海拔高度的升高而减小;38°N以南,山西南部临运地区降水量随海拔高度的升高而显著增加。由于降水频次和强度与地形均存在正相关而导致,太行山附近降水量随海拔高度的升高而减小的贡献主要在于降水强度而非降水频次。     

Statistical analysis of daily maximum and monthly precipitation at Belgrade

Summary  A statistical analysis of monthly mean and daily maximum precipitation at Belgrade during the period 1888–1995 is presented. A very high correlation coefficient exists between the monthly and daily maximum precipitation. Weather types that are associated with the maximum daily precipitation at Belgrade are also analysed. Received July 19, 1999 Revised December 25, 1999     

鄱阳湖流域气候变化事实研究

基于江西79个气象站1961-2010年逐日气温和降水观测资料,采用滑动t检验和Mann-kendell法对鄱阳湖流域年平均气温进行突变检验分析,利用线性回归方法分别对鄱阳湖流域气温、降水量、降水日数、降水强度等要素的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明：（1）1961-2010年鄱阳湖流域年平均气温为18.0℃,升温趋势明显,升温率达0.16℃/（10 a）,在1996年出现显著突变。冬季升温趋势最明显,夏季气温虽呈上升趋势,但不显著。（2）流域平均年降水量为1643 mm,呈略增多趋势。20世纪60-80年代和21世纪00年代降水量偏少,90年代降水量相对偏多。最大年降水量出现在1975年,为2149.6 mm;最小年降水量出现在1963年,为1111.6 mm。（3）流域年降水日数总体呈现下降趋势,下降率约为6.9 d/（10 a）。其中,小雨日数下降最为显著,下降率约为7.1 d/（10 a）;中雨日数呈略下降趋势;大雨和暴雨日数呈现略增加趋势。（4）流域年降水强度总体呈现上升趋势,每10 a上升约0.52 mm/d,说明流域降水集中度增大,强降水事件增多。     

运城市降水集中度和集中期的时空特征分析

利用运城市9个气象站1960—2014年逐候降水资料,运用线性趋势、MannKendall曲线、相关系数和合成分析等方法探讨了运城市近55 a来年降水量、降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)的时空特征。结果表明:时间上,年降水量呈减少趋势,变化倾向率为-7.94 mm/10 a;PCD年际变化显著,在0.30~0.72,多年平均为0.53;PCP多年平均41.63候,最早与最晚相差13候。空间上,年降水量区域差异明显,由东南向西北递减;PCD从西南向东北递增,有2个大值和2个小值中心,PCP呈现"南早北晚"形势。PCD、PCP与年降水量、汛期降水量、月最大降水量、候最大降水量和日最大降水量之间都存在正相关,表明汛期降水量、月最大降水量、候最大降水量和日最大降水量越大的年份,PCD值就越大,降水就越集中,出现洪涝灾害的可能性就越大;降水集中期出现的越晚。     

Risk assessment of precipitation extremes in northern Xinjiang,China

This study was conducted using daily precipitation records gathered at 37 meteorological stations in northern Xinjiang, China, from 1961 to 2010. We used the extreme value theory model, generalized extreme value (GEV) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), statistical distribution function to fit outputs of precipitation extremes with different return periods to estimate risks of precipitation extremes and diagnose aridity–humidity environmental variation and corresponding spatial patterns in northern Xinjiang. Spatiotemporal patterns of daily maximum precipitation showed that aridity–humidity conditions of northern Xinjiang could be well represented by the return periods of the precipitation data. Indices of daily maximum precipitation were effective in the prediction of floods in the study area. By analyzing future projections of daily maximum precipitation (2, 5, 10, 30, 50, and 100 years), we conclude that the flood risk will gradually increase in northern Xinjiang. GEV extreme value modeling yielded the best results, proving to be extremely valuable. Through example analysis for extreme precipitation models, the GEV statistical model was superior in terms of favorable analog extreme precipitation. The GPD model calculation results reflect annual precipitation. For most of the estimated sites’ 2 and 5-year T for precipitation levels, GPD results were slightly greater than GEV results. The study found that extreme precipitation reaching a certain limit value level will cause a flood disaster. Therefore, predicting future extreme precipitation may aid warnings of flood disaster. A suitable policy concerning effective water resource management is thus urgently required.     

新、旧气候态差异及对中国地区气候和极端事件评估业务的影响

利用1961—2020年中国区域2089个地面观测站资料,分析了1991—2020年和1981—2010年新、旧气候态下,平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等变量的空间变化特征,探讨对气候距平值、极端事件等评估结果的影响。结果表明：新气候态下,全国三类气温年和季节平均均一致升高,年降水增加,空间上气温偏高（低）、降水偏多（少）的特征将弱（强）化;华北东部、华东中部和北部以及青海西南部的年平均风速和日照时数距平增加;极端高温年减少,低温年增多,其中平均气温和最低气温受到的影响较最高气温更大;夏季南北方两条雨带极端强降水年的发生概率降低,冬季东北中部和南部、华北、华东北部、西北东部极端弱降水年概率显著增加;全国超过一半的站点极端日高温、低温和强降水事件的历史频次发生改变;新气候态还减弱了极端日高温事件的增速,加快了极端日低温事件的降速。     

呼和浩特近59年降水极端事件分析

利用呼和浩特气象站1951—2009年逐日降水量资料,以年序列的第90个百分位,建立了日降水量极端气候事件的阈值,检测了近59年来呼和浩特逐日降水量极端事件的出现频率,分析了极端事件阈值和日数及降水量的年际、年代际和季节变化,结果显示:①呼和浩特日降水极端事件的阈值小,为10.6mm;全年极端事件出现的频次11d。②降水极端事件主要出现在4-10月,且8月最多。③近59年来呼和浩特全年降水极端事件及其降水量没有显著的增减变化趋势,但而进入21世纪后,极端降水事件及其降水量的变率加大,降水强度明显减小。     

1961—2008年内蒙古降水极端事件分析

利用内蒙古自治区116个气象站1961—2008年逐日降水量资料,以年序列的第90和95个百分位,分别建立了单站日降水量极端气候事件的阈值,检测了近48年来内蒙古逐日降水量极端事件的出现频率,分析了极端事件阈值、频数及降水量的空间分布和年际、年代际及季节变化的差异,对比分析了1987年前后极端事件频次和降水量的变化。结果显示：1) 内蒙古日降水极端事件的阈值普遍较小,在2.1～23.8 mm之间;全年极端事件出现的频次在2.4～20.9 d之间;降水极端事件的阈值、频次、降水量等空间差异十分明显。2) 近48年来内蒙古区域平均的夏季和全年降水极端事件没有显著的增减变化趋势,但进入21世纪后,7—8月内蒙古极端降水事件和极端事件的降水量明显减少。3) 1987年气温显著升高以后,中部大部地区和东南部降水极端事件减少,东北部大部和西部增加。