一次中尺度涡旋的成因分析

利用卫星云图、水汽图、常规天气图、物理量资料对2002年7月17日在华北地区上空出现的中尺度涡旋成因进行分析。分析表明：涡旋产生于斜压弱锋区中；涡旋的生成，是由多个对流单体组织起来的多尺度扰动相互作用的结果；该涡旋是一个浅薄的系统，仅在850hPa流场上有一个辐合点；涡旋的形成没有外来的水汽供应，因而强对流天气主要以大风、冰雹天气为主，在涡旋建立过程中，能量边形成边释放。     

一次低涡暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用FNL再分析资料和中尺度数值模式输出的高分辨率资料,分析了2016年6月30日～7月1日发生在重庆的一次低涡暴雨过程的环流背景、水汽输送特征和收支状况、云物理降水机制。结果表明:受500hPa短波槽和700hPa低涡共同影响,以及孟加拉湾和南海的暖湿气流持续输送,为此次低涡暴雨的发生、发展提供了有利的条件;南边界的水汽输入通量对整个暴雨过程中水汽的贡献最大,东边界次之。另外,降水发展不同区域不同时段,云物理降水机制都存在显著差异。渝西降水前期和后期,均为混合相降水;渝东北降水前期云系以冷云为主,后期以暖云降水为主。      

一次大暴雨过程中高原低涡与西南低涡相互作用机制探讨

对2007年7月16-19日高原低涡东移形成的川渝地区大范围大暴雨过程,利用自动气象站雨量资料、常规观测资料、FY-2C TBB云图资料和T213分析场资料,采用天气动力学和中尺度诊断方法,分析了大暴雨的形成机制.结果表明:此次大范围大暴雨过程是高原低涡诱发西南低涡发展从而形成耦合系统造成的,其垂直上升运动气柱和涡柱的耦合发展与维持是低涡发生发展并产生持续性强降水的动力机制,对流层下部深厚不稳定层结的形成和维持是低涡发展并形成持续对流性降水的热力层结条件.     

Typhoon Vortex Self-Organization in a Baroclinic Environment

Self-organization of typhoon vortex in a baroclinic environment is studied based on eight numerical experiments with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5）. The results show that, when there are only two 400-km-away mesoscale axisymmetric vortices with a radius of 500 km in the initial field, the two vortices move away from each other during co-rotating till the distance between them greater than a critical distance named co-rotating critical distance. Then, they stop co-rotating. The situation is changed when a small vortex with a radius of 80 kin is introduced in between the two vortices in the initial field, with the two initially separated vortices approaching each other during their co-rotation, and finally self-organizing into a typhoon-like vortex consisting of an inner core and spiral bands. This result supports both Zhou Xiuji＇s view in 1994 and the studies in the barotropic framework concerning the interactions between the same and different scales of vortices. Six other experiments are carried out to study the effects of the initial vortex parameters, including the initial position of the small-scale vortex, the distance and intensity of the initially axisymmetric binary mesoscale vortices. It is found that the distance between the initial axisymmetrie mesoscale vortices is the most important parameter that influences the self-organizing process of the final typhoon-like vortex. This conclusion is similar to that obtained from barotropical model experiments.     

一次东北冷涡暴雨过程成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°逐6h的再分析资料和FY-2E红外云图、TBB等资料,对2014年7月7—8日由东北冷涡引发内蒙古东北部的暴雨过程形成原因进行了天气学诊断分析,结果表明:1低空急流是主要水汽来源,不同地区出现暴雨的机制不同,兴安盟东部、呼伦贝尔市东南部由于槽前、切变南缘地面暖锋附近,中低空急流汇合处,强辐合抬升触发不稳定能量释放导致强天气的发生,而呼伦贝尔市西南部暴雨跟中上层冷涡的生成发展与对应的地面低压逐步耦合的动力作用相关;2湿位涡的分布对暴雨的发生、落区有较强的指示性作用,700hPa正负值区过度带的配置是暴雨发生发展的有利潜势,暴雨发生在700hPa等值线密集带和850hPa MPV2大于等于0的叠加区域内,700hPa正负过渡带附近,偏向于正值一侧;3最大降水量的雨强落后于云团TBB最低值1~2h,并不是强TBB与最强降水同步出现。     

全球和半球谱模式的比较

本文将标准层结扣除下的谱模式用全球、北半球和全球、北半球交替方案对春、夏、秋、冬共5个实例做了5天的预报试验,比较了它们的预报结果,并做了一些理论分析。     

环北京地区积层混合云微物理结构飞机联合探测研究

利用北京、山西和河北三省市飞机在环北京地区探测的积层混合云微物理结构特征资料,结合卫星等宏观观测资料,分析了环北京地区积层混合云系空间云微物理结构特征。结果显示,冷锋云系前部,云内部微物理参数空间分布不均匀,2700m以上较大,垂直方向云粒子浓度和直径呈正相关关系,浓度极值间差7个量级,大滴粒子浓度差7个量级,降水粒子浓度差6个量级,水平方向云粒子浓度和直径分布不均匀,呈反相关关系。冷锋云系中部,云微物理参数垂直分布不均匀,在2500～3600m和4000m以上高度层出现云粒子峰值,且云粒子浓度和直径呈反相关关系,云滴粒子浓度极值间差6个量级,大滴粒子浓度差7个量级,降水粒子浓度差5个量级,水平方向云粒子分布不均匀,云粒子浓度和直径呈反相关关系。冷锋云系前部,云粒子谱在4800m高度谱型为单峰谱,4200m高度谱型多峰分布,3600m高度谱型为双峰谱。云降水粒子谱三高度层谱型差异不大,4800m高度谱型为单调递减谱,峰值在小粒子端（≤100μm）,4200m和3600m高度谱型相似,为双峰谱,峰值分别在≤小于100μm和230μm处。降水粒子谱三高度层谱型相似,都为单峰谱,峰值相差不大。冷锋云系中部,云粒子谱在三高度层谱型差异较大,4800m高度谱型为单峰谱,峰值在小滴端,4200m高度谱型为单峰谱,峰值在15μm处,3600m高度谱型为双峰谱,峰值分别在7μm和30μm处。云降水粒子谱三高度层谱型差异不大,4800m高度谱型为单调递减谱,峰值在小粒子端（≤100μm）,4200m和3600m高度谱型相似,为双峰谱,峰值分别在≤100μm和200μm处。降水粒子谱三高度层谱型相似,都为单峰谱,峰值相差不大。     

Global and hemispheric temperatures revisited

To characterize observed global and hemispheric temperatures, previous studies have proposed two types of data-generating processes, namely, random walk and trend-stationary, offering contrasting views regarding how the climate system works. Here we present an analysis of the time series properties of global and hemispheric temperatures using modern econometric techniques. Results show that: The temperature series can be better described as trend-stationary processes with a one-time permanent shock which cannot be interpreted as part of the natural variability; climate change has affected the mean of the processes but not their variability; it has manifested in two stages in global and Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the last century, while a second stage is yet possible in the Southern Hemisphere; in terms of Article 2 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change it can be argued that significant (dangerous) anthropogenic interference with the climate system has already occurred.     

PV Perspective of Impacts on Downstream Extreme Rainfall Event of a Tibetan Plateau Vortex Collaborating with a Southwest China Vortex

An extreme rainfall event occurred over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Basin(MLY) during the end of June 2016, which was attributable to a Tibetan Plateau(TP) Vortex(TPV) in conjunction with a Southwest China Vortex(SWCV). The physical mechanism for this event was investigated from Potential Vorticity(PV) and omega perspectives based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data. The cyclogenesis of the TPV over the northwestern TP along with the lowertropospheric SWCV was found to involve a midtropospheric large-scale flow reconfiguration across western and eastern China with the formation of a high-amplitude Rossby wave. Subsequently, the eastward-moving TPV coalesced vertically with the SWCV over the eastern Sichuan Basin due to the positive vertical gradient of the TPV-related PV advection,leading the lower-tropospheric jet associated with moisture transport to intensify greatly and converge over the downstream MLY. The merged TPV-SWCV specially facilitated the upper-tropospheric isentropic-gliding ascending motion over the MLY. With the TPV-embedded mid-tropospheric trough migrating continuously eastward, the almost stagnant SWCV was re-separated from the overlying TPV, forming a more eastward-tilted high-PV configuration to trigger stronger ascending motion including isentropic-gliding, isentropic-displacement, and diabatic heating-related ascending components over the MLY. This led to more intense rainfall. Quantitative PV diagnoses demonstrate that both the coalescence and subsequent re-separation processes of the TPV with the SWCV were largely dominated by horizontal PV advection and PV generation due to vertically nonuniform diabatic heating, as well as the feedback of condensation latent heating on the isentropicdisplacement vertical velocity.     

一次华北地区西南涡暴雨的数值模拟分析

采用WRFV3.01模式对2010年7月18—20日发生在华北地区的西南涡暴雨过程进行了模拟与分析。结果表明:这次西南涡暴雨主要降水机制是高低空急流的耦合。暴雨出现在低空急流的前方和高空急流的右后方;高空急流为强降水提供了高层的辐散场和高层的干冷空气,低空急流为降水区提供了充足的水汽和能量;这次西南涡降水有明显的暖锋降水性质。     

一次低涡影响造成的暴雨分析

通过对2011年5月广西出现的全区性暴雨过程前后低涡的发展、结构及雷达回波特征进行分析,发现暴雨的落区、强度和持续时间受低涡的发展、移动速度和方向的影响,通过低涡附近的各物理量场、层结特征及雷达回波特征可对暴雨预报有很好的指示作用。     

高原涡与西南涡相互作用暴雨天气过程的诊断分析

利用动力诊断方法,对2008年7月20~22日高原低涡与低层西南低涡相互作用引发西南低涡强烈发展和四川大面积特大暴雨天气发生机理进行了诊断分析。分析表明：高原涡与西南涡涡心之间的纬向距离在5个纬度的时候,两者上升气流都在500 hPa以下,当两者继续东移,在经向上耦合的时候,二者同时得到发展,西南涡中心的上升气流达到300 hPa,而高原涡中心的上升气流突破200 hPa;西南涡在低层出现初期,在一定程度上制约了高原涡的发展,随着两者在经向方向发生耦合,上下涡度平流不同造成垂直差动,将激发500 hPa以下的上升运动与气旋性涡度加强,使得500 hPa与700 hPa涡心正涡度值的增大近1倍。并且涡前的正涡度变率使得高原涡发展并东移,待垂直耦合后,高原涡与盆地涡相互强迫作用促使气流上升运动加强也是导致高原低涡与西南低涡共同发展的一种机制。     

Inferring the thermal-infrared hemispheric emission from a sparsely-vegetated surface by directional measurements

The thermal-infrared (longwave) emission from a vegetated terrain is generally anisotropic, i.e., the emission temperature varies with the view direction. If a directional measurement of temperature is considered to be equal to the effective temperature of the hemispheric emission, then the estimate of the latter can be significantly in error. The view-direction (zenith angle _eq ) at which the emission equivalence does hold is determined in our modeling study. In a two-temperature field-of-view (soil and plants), _eq falls in a narrow range depending on plant density and canopy architecture. _eq does not depend on soil and (uniform) plant temperatures nor on their ratio, even though the pattern of emission vs. the view direction depends crucially on this ratio. For a sparse canopy represented as thin, vertical cylindrical stalks (or vertical blades uniformly distributed in azimuth) with horizontal facets, _eq ranges from 48 to 53° depending on the optical density of the vertical elements alone. When plant elements are modeled as small spheres, _eq lies between 53 to 57° (for the same values of the canopy optical density). Only for horizontal leaves (a truly planophile canopy) is the temperature measured from any direction equal to the temperature of the hemispheric emission. When the emission temperature changes with optical depth within the canopy at a specified rate, _eq depends to some extent on that rate. For practically any sparsely vegetated surface, a directional measurement at the zenith angle of 50° offers an appropriate evaluation of the hemispheric emission, since the error in the estimate will, at most, only slightly exceed 1% (around 4 W m^–2). Estimates of the hemispheric emission through a nadir measurement, on the other hand, can be in error in some cases by about 10%, i.e., on the order of 40 W m^–2....by a small sample we may judge the whole piece... Miguel de Cervantes, 1605, inDon Quixote de la Mancha, Pt. I, Ch. 4     

中尺度涡旋和台风涡旋相互作用的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的正压涡度方程模式，实施了4组积分时间为24h的试验，研究了台风环流区域内中尺度涡旋的不同初始径向位置条件下与台风涡旋的相互作用，结果表明，中尺度涡旋初始径向位置不同，可以引起随后扰动相对涡度场演变特征的改变。     

不同初始涡廓线对涡旋自组织影响的初步研究

用一个带有地形项的准地转正压模式,研究了不同初始涡廓线对涡旋自组织的作用。结果表明：初始涡廓线的不同,不仅可以影响到自组织的过程,而且可以影响到自组织起来的准终态涡的性质。     

冷涡背景下一次致灾超级单体雹暴过程的数值模拟

利用WRF模式,结合自动站观测资料、多普勒雷达资料和NECP再分析资料,对2018年6月13日山东中部一次冰雹天气过程的环流背景、触发和维持机制、雹云流场结构特征以及冰雹形成机制进行分析.结果 表明:本次冰雹天气过程是在华北冷涡背景下,由中尺度地面辐合线触发生成的超级单体雹暴过程.降雨和下沉气流引发的地面冷池进一步增强...     

Static pressure around a thin barrier

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Static pressure sensors as designed by Elliott [1], have been rebuilt and thoroughly tested. The accuracy of the mean static pressure measurements is better...     

2011年7月12—20日华北冷涡阶段性特征

利用常规天气、地面危险天气报、自动站加密、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,对2011年7月12—20日持续9 d的华北冷涡过程阶段性特征进行分析。结果表明:冷涡过程降水主要分布在内蒙古东北部、华北和东北南部,发展阶段对流性强,多雷暴大风和冰雹,水汽来源于西南和东南气流,850 hPa上有强暖温度脊,高空急流较完整;减弱阶段以短时强降水为主,水汽来源于偏东气流;两阶段700 hPa以下为斜压,上升运动区主要位于东侧;发展阶段500 hPa为干区,南侧存在干空气侵入和θ_e梯度;减弱阶段整层相对湿度较大,θ_e锋区及不稳定度减弱。中层冷平流及中高层正涡度平流随高度增强是冷涡发展的主要因子,冷涡减弱是由低层冷平流进入冷涡中心、中层冷平流及中高层正涡度平流减弱共同影响所致。     

一次低涡东移引发的大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用气象常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°格点再分析资料,对温州地区2007年梅汛期雨量最大的一次降水过程做了较为全面的分析。分析结果表明：低涡东移是造成这次局地大暴雨的直接原因;强降水往往发生在低涡移动的前部和右侧．大暴雨落区与水汽通量散度负中心有着较好的对应关系;并指出华南低涡在沿海地区和内陆地区产生强降水的水汽源地有所不同;此次局地大暴雨过程的水汽输送源地有两个,分别是南海和西太平洋;在沿海地区来自西太平洋的偏东气流对华南低涡暴雨有增幅作用;低涡前部中、低层强烈的上升气流为浙南沿海持续强降水的产生提供了十分有利的动力条件。