太阳风压力系数的研究

利用全球磁流体力学(MHD)的模拟结果,研究了太阳风压力系数与上游太阳风参数和日下点磁层顶张角的相关性.在识别出日下点附近磁层顶位置后,通过拟合得到日下点附近的磁层顶张角.在考虑上游太阳风中的磁压和热压以及磁层顶外侧的太阳风动压的情况下,计算了太阳风压力系数.通过分析行星际磁场不同方向时太阳风动压在日地连线上与磁压和热压的转化关系,详细研究了太阳风参数和日下点磁层顶张角对太阳风压力系数的影响,得到以下相关结论:(1) 在北向行星际磁场较大(B_z≥5 nT)时,磁层顶外侧磁压占主导,南向行星际磁场时磁层顶外侧热压占主导;(2) 太阳风压力系数随着行星际磁场的增大而增大,随着行星际磁场时钟角的增大而减小;并且在行星际磁场大小和其他太阳风条件相同时,北向行星际磁场时的太阳风压力系数要大于南向行星际磁场时的;北向行星际磁场时,太阳风压力系数随着太阳风动压的增大而减小,南向行星际磁场时,太阳风压力系数随着太阳风动压的增大而增大;以上结论是对观测结果的扩展;(3) 最后,我们还发现太阳风压力系数随着日下点磁层顶张角的增大而增大.     

地球弓激波的旋转非对称性

通过对太阳风-磁层-电离层系统的全球MHD模拟,研究地球弓激波相对日地连线的旋转非对称性．模拟限于太阳风速度沿日地连线、地球磁偶极矩和行星际磁场（IMF）与日地连线垂直的简单情况．模拟结果表明,即便对于IMF强度为零的情况,弓激波相对日地连线也不具备旋转对称性质：终端面（晨昏子午面）及其向阳侧的弓激波截线的东西宽度大于南北宽度（约9%~11％）,终端面尾侧的弓激波截线东西宽度小于南北宽度（约8％）．在存在IMF的情况下,弓激波的位形同时受到磁层顶的形状和快磁声波速度各向异性的影响．磁层顶向外扩张并沿IMF方向拉伸,且其扩张和拉伸程度随IMF由北转南而增强．在磁鞘中,垂直于磁场方向的快磁声波速度高于平行方向．因此,磁层顶拉伸方向与快磁声波速度最大方向垂直,它们对弓激波位置的效应恰好相反;弓激波的最终形状取决于何种效应占据主导地位．对于终端面尾侧,快磁声波速度的各向异性起主导作用,弓激波截线沿IMF垂直方向的宽度大于平行方向．对于终端面及其向阳侧,弓激波截线的形状与IMF取向有关：在准北向或晨昏向IMF情况下,弓激波截线沿IMF垂直方向的宽度仍大于平行方向;在准南向IMF情况下,弓激波截线沿IMF垂直方向的宽度小于平行方向的．鉴于弓激波形状同IMF取向之间的密切关系,我们提议以IMF为基准方向,提取弓激波截线的平行半宽度R_b∥和垂直半宽度R_b⊥作为尺度参数．这些尺度参数和通常引入的弓激波截线的东西半宽度y_b和南北半宽度z_b相比,更为合理地表征了弓激波的几何性质．模拟结果表明,在终端面上,y_b/z_b和R_b∥/R_b⊥在IMF各向同性取向下的统计平均值均低于1,与观测得到的结论一致.     

Reconnection driven lobe convection: Interball tail probe observations and global simulations

We present Interball Tail Probe observations from the high latitude mid-tail magnetopause which provide evidence of reconnection between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and lobe field lines during a 6 h interval of stable northward and dawnward IMF on October 19, 1995. Results from a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation for this interval compare well with the Interball observations. With the simulations, we provide an extended global view of this event which gives us insight into the reconnection and convection dynamics of the magnetosphere. We find that reconnection occurs in a region of limited spatial extent near the terminator and where the IMF and the lobe field are anti-parallel. Reconnected IMF field lines drape over the dayside magnetosphere, convect along the flanks into the nightside, and enter the magnetotail through a small entry window that is located in the flank opposite to the reconnection site. Ionospheric convection is consistent with previous observations under similar IMF conditions and exhibits a two cell pattern with a dominant lobe cell over the pole. The magnetic mapping between the ionosphere and the lobe boundary is characterized by two singularities: the narrow entry window in the tail maps to a 6 h wide section of the ionospheric lobe cell. A singular mapping line cuts the lobe cell open and maps to almost the entire tail magnetopause. By this singularity the magnetosphere avoids having a stagnation point, i.e., the lobe cell center maps to a tailward convecting field line. The existence of singularities in the magnetic mapping between the ionosphere and the tail has important implications for the study of tail–ionosphere coupling via empirical magnetic field models. Because the lobe–IMF reconnection cuts away old lobe flux and replaces it with flux tubes of magnetosheath origin, solar wind plasma enters the lobes in a process that is similar to the one that operates during southward IMF.     

磁层顶高纬边界层的瞬时重联过程

用二维可压缩的ＭＨＤ模型模拟研究了北半球背阳面磁层顶区的瞬时重联过程．结果表明，当行星际磁场（ＩＭＦ）具有南向Ｂｚ分量和背太阳向Ｂｘ分量时，ＩＭＦ与地磁场联接，磁层顶向外扩张，在等离子体幔区可形成流体旋涡，磁力线被扭曲，但不易形成磁涡旋；当ＩＭＦ具有北向Ｂｚ分量时，不论Ｂｘ分量是背向太阳或指向太阳，都可发生瞬时重联，而且当ＩＭＦＢｘ分量与地磁场Ｂｘ分量反向时，在等离子体幔区更易形成磁涡旋．这两种情况，在磁层顶边界层区都能产生多层的电流片．     

IMP 8 magnetosheath field comparisons with models

This study presents cross-sectional vector maps of the magnetic field derived from IMP 8 magnetometer in the magnetosheath at 30 R_e behind the Earth. In addition the vector patterns of the magnetosheath field for northward, southward, and east-west interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) directions are qualitatively compared with those obtained from the Spreiter-Stahara gas dynamic (GD) and Fedder-Lyon magnetohydrodynamic models (MHD). The main purpose is to display the cross-sectional differences in relation to the dayside merging with different IMF directions, allowing the reader to make direct visual comparisons of the vector patterns. It is seen that for east-west IMF directions, the data-based and MHD-based patterns differ noticeably in a similar way from the GD model, presumably reflecting the influence of dayside magnetic merging of the Earths magnetic field with the y-component of the interplanetary magnetic field. All three northward IMF cross sections show comparable field draping patterns as expected for a closed magnetosphere. For southward IMF case, on the other hand, differences between the three cross-sectional patterns are greater as seen in the field vector sizes and directions, especially closer to the magnetopause where more disturbed magneto-spheric conditions are known to be exist. The data comparisons with the MHD and GD models show that the differences result from the magnetic field-flow coupling and that the effects of dayside reconnection are present in IMP 8 magnetic field measurements.     

模拟IMF北向且By分量占主导时磁层顶重联

本文基于自己开发的全球三维磁层模型, 模拟研究了IMF(Interplanetary Magnetic Field)北向并且B_y分量较大(时钟角为60°)时磁层顶三维结构及其重联图像. 结果发现, IMF B_y为正时, 在北极隙区附近尾-昏侧存在IMF与地磁场之间稳定持续的重联现象;参与重联的地球磁场既有闭合磁力线也有开放磁力线;IMF在北极隙区与地球闭合磁力重联后一端与南磁极相连的磁力线在尾向运动时还可能与北尾瓣的开放磁力线重联而重新闭合, 这种重联与磁力线循环过程不同于同一条IMF磁力线分别在南北半球与地磁场重联的模型. 南极隙区的重联发生在尾-晨侧, 其动力学过程与北极隙区情形类似. 我们的模拟结果表明, IMF B_y较大时不可能发生IMF同一条磁力线分别在南北极隙区重联的情形, 也不会因此而减少尾瓣的开放磁力线.     

Effects of the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle on the shape of bow shock

Using the global magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) simulation model, we investigated the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF) clock angle on the shape of bow shock, including its rotational asymmetry and subsolar point. For general northward IMF( z component Bz 0), the rotational symmetry of the bow shock is broken by the effects of fast magnetosonic Mach number(Mms), and the cross-sectional line of the bow shock is an ellipse with the semi-major axis along the direction perpendicular to the IMF. The ratio or D-value between semi-major and semi-minor axis can be used to illustrate the extent of asymmetry of the bow shock. On the basis of the multiple parameters fitting, we obtain the changing relationship of both semi-axes with the clock angle and the distance away from the Earth. For general southward IMF(Bz 0), the cross sectional line of the bow shock is highly asymmetrical under the multiple effects of magnetopause and Mms. The effects of IMF clock angle on subsolar point depend mainly on the changing subsolar point of magnetopause as an obstacle. The distance of subsolar point of bow shock from the Earth increases with the increasing IMF clock angle for Bz 0, and decreases with the increasing IMF clock angle for Bz 0.     

亚暴期间高纬黄昏-子夜扇区极光弧增亮与衰减及其与IMF的关系

利用南极中山站极光全天空摄相、地磁、地磁脉动数据和Wind卫星的行星际磁场IMF观测数据，分析了7个亚暴期间高纬黄昏-子夜扇区极光弧的短暂增亮现象.极光弧特征是，短暂增亮随后很快衰减，历时10-20min，基本沿着日-地方向，有明显黄昏方向运动.这些事件大都发生在IMFB_z南转之后，亚暴增长相或膨胀相期间，极光浪涌到达之前10-73min消失.相应的IMFB_x＞0，IMFB_y＜0.这种极光弧和亚暴极光不同，它们与地磁活动及Pi2脉动不相关.这7个极光弧的形态和IMF特征表明，极光弧的增亮很可能由尾瓣重联产生，很快衰减归因于IMFB_z南向条件，而黄昏方向运动受IMFB_y控制.     

Multiple Flux Rope Events at the High-Latitude Magnetopause: Cluster/Rapid Observation on 26 January, 2001

Cluster measurements of the cusp and high latitude magnetopause boundary on 26 January, 2001 confirm that the cusp is a dynamic region full of energetic charged particles and turbulence. An energetic ion layer at high-latitudes beyond and adjacent to the duskside magnetopause exists when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) has a southward orientation. Multiple energetic ion flux bursts were observed in the energetic ion layer. Each energetic ion flux burst was closely related to a magnetic flux rope. The axes of the flux ropes lie in the direction pointing duskward/tailward and somewhat upward. An intense axis-aligned current flows inside the ropes, with the current density reaching ∼10⁻⁸ A/m². The main components of the energetic ions are protons, helium and CNO ions, which originate from the magnetosphere, flowing out into the magnetosheath along the axis of the flux ropes. The velocity of the magnetosheath thermal plasma relative to the deHoffman-Teller (DHT) frame is found to be basically along the axis of the flux ropes also, but towards the magnetosphere. These flux ropes seem to be produced somewhere away via magnetic reconnection and move at similar DHT velocities passing over the spacecraft. These observations further confirm that the high-latitude magnetopause boundary region plays an important role in the solar wind-magnetopause coupling.     

2004年3月18日高纬磁层顶多重通量管事件分析

2004-03-18 23:10～23:50 UT期间,“双星（Double Star）”探测一号卫星（TC 1）在向阳面磁层顶高纬晨侧由内向外穿越磁层顶,其时TC_1的GSM坐标为 (75RE, -55RE, -54RE), RE为地球半径.穿越过程中TC_1观测到了8个通量管和1个磁通量传输事件（FTEs）.在此期间Cluster星簇位于向阳面太阳风内,其GSM坐标为(180RE, -31RE, -62RE),其4颗卫星监测到行星际磁场（IMF）的BZ分量持续南向,BＹ有较大的负值.本文的研究表明：TC_1观测到的前7个通量管具有准周期重现性,周期大约是1～4 min,明显小于以前所观测到的FTEs的平均周期(8～11 min);所有的通量管都具有较强的核心场.本文分别使用最小方差分析法（MVA）和Grad_Shafranov反演方法（GSR）对通量管的轴向进行了分析和对比,发现所有的通量管主轴基本沿晨昏向,结果显示GSR方法在轴向分析上比MVA优越.本文使用GSR方法对通量管的磁场结构进行了分析,恢复出了通量管的磁场在卫星穿越面的结构图;此外,本文还对这次多重通量管事件进行了deHoffmann Teller(HT)分析,结果表明,所有通量管大致朝南极方向运动,均来源于向日面低纬区域.这说明它们可能起源于向日面低纬区,由该区的磁场分量重联产生.     

Energy as a tracer of magnetospheric processes: GUMICS-4 global MHD results and observations compared

This paper reviews quantitative analysis results of the energy transfer and dissipation processes in the GUMICS-4 global MHD simulation. Reconnection power dissipating magnetic energy, dynamo power transferring energy from plasma to the field, and energy flux transport across the magnetopause surface are all examined separately and shown to yield consistent results. This is used to argue that magnetic reconnection is the process controlling the energy transfer, even though it is not localized near the reconnection line. The most important factors controlling the reconnection efficiency are the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and the solar wind speed, while the IMF magnitude and solar wind density play a lesser role. During northward IMF, the reconnection efficiency is larger for high speed and low IMF than for low speed and high IMF magnitude, even though the solar wind electric field in both cases is the same. Moreover, increasing pressure by increasing density has a different effect from equal increase of pressure by increasing the solar wind speed. Comparison with statistical observational results shows that the simulation results are in qualitative agreement with the observations, which significantly increases our confidence in interpreting the simulation results.     

地球弓激波及其与行星际激波相互作用

给定地球轨道附近的行星际条件和地球弓激波的几何位形,本文分析向阳侧弓激波强度参数沿激波阵面的分布,以及行星际激波与弓激波的相互作用.对于弓激波阵面相对日地连线轴对称的情形,得到如下结论：（1）弓激波强度参数分布相对由行星际磁场和日地连线构成的基准面对称,各激波强度参数的最大值出现在基准面上.磁压比在垂直激波线一侧较大,而气压比在平行激波点一侧较大,导致总压比相对日地连线大致呈轴对称分布.（2）随着行星际磁场与日地连线夹角的增大,弓激波强度参数的最大值有所减小,且位置朝远离日下点方向偏移;但气压比和总压比的分布基本上不受影响.（3）行星际激波透过弓激波之后,切向磁场比更接近于1,但总磁场跳变幅度增大.（4）透过弓激波之后,行星际准垂直激波的总磁场比更接近于1,准平行激波的总磁场比则反之.     

Magnetic field behavior in the magnetosheath when the IMF slightly differs from the solar wind velocity vector

The magnetic field behavior in the magnetosheath, when the IMF and the solar wind velocity are almost collinear, has been analyzed based on the perturbation method. Magnetic disturbances are considered against a background of the stationary MHD solar wind flow around the magnetosphere when the magnetic field and the solar wind velocity are strictly collinear. It has been indicated that the angle between the magnetic field and velocity vectors increases considerably in a relatively thin layer near the magnetopause. The angle rise factor profiles have been determined for different distances from the subsolar point. The thickness of the layer, where the angle reaches values of about unity and more, has been estimated. It is important to take this layer into account when the magnetopause stability with respect to Kelvin-Helmholtz waves is analyzed.     

Dependence of magnetic field parameters at the subsolar point of the magnetosphere on the interplanetary magnetic field according to the data of the THEMIS experiment

We analyze the dependence of the magnitude of the magnetic field, its three components, and the clock angle in the magnetosheath just in front of the magnetopause on the same values in the solar wind before a shock wave using the data of the THEMIS experiment. We take into account the time delay of the solar wind arrival at the subsolar point of the magnetopause. We obtain dependencies of the components of the magnetic field and the clock angle at the magnetopause on the corresponding quantities in the solar wind for different averaging intervals. We point to the events for which the direction of the magnetic field at the magnetopause is highly different from the direction of the magnetic field in the solar wind up to the sign change.     

Reconfiguration and closure of lobe flux by reconnection during northward IMF: possible evidence for signatures in cusp/cleft auroral emissions

Observations are presented of the response of the dayside cusp/cleft aurora to changes in both the clock and elevation angles of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) vector, as monitored by the WIND spacecraft. The auroral observations are made in 630 nm light at the winter solstice near magnetic noon, using an all-sky camera and a meridian-scanning photometer on the island of Spitsbergen. The dominant change was the response to a northward turning of the IMF which caused a poleward retreat of the dayside aurora. A second, higher-latitude band of aurora was seen to form following the northward turning, which is interpreted as the effect of lobe reconnection which reconfigures open flux. We suggest that this was made possible in the winter hemisphere, despite the effect of the Earth’s dipole tilt, by a relatively large negative X component of the IMF. A series of five events then formed in the poleward band and these propagated in a southwestward direction and faded at the equatorward edge of the lower-latitude band as it migrated poleward. It is shown that the auroral observations are consistent with overdraped lobe flux being generated by lobe reconnection in the winter hemisphere and subsequently being re-closed by lobe reconnection in the summer hemisphere. We propose that the balance between the reconnection rates at these two sites is modulated by the IMF elevation angle, such that when the IMF points more directly northward, the summer lobe reconnection site dominates, re-closing all overdraped lobe flux and eventually becoming disconnected from the Northern Hemisphere.     

Magnetopause magnetic barrier parameters in dependence on the solar wind magnetic field orientation

Some theories predict the magnetosheath magnetic field strength will decrease and the density increase just outside the dayside magnetopause as the interplanetary magnetic field turns southward. Two studies have recently reported results which confirm these expectations. In contrast, we briefly review our own theoretical predictions which indicate that precisely the opposite effect is expected. We survey new and previously reported magnetosheath observations and demonstrate that they are consistent with the predictions of our model. The conflicting results indicate a need for further theoretical and observational work.     

Role of interchange instability in flux transfer event origin

It is shown that the interaction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), when it has southward component, with the geomagnetic field leads to the formation of an enhanced pressure layer (EPL) near the magnetopause. Currents flowing on the boundary between the EPL and the magnetosheath prevent the IMF from penetrating the magnetosphere. However, the outward boundary of the EPL is unstable. The interchange instability permanently destroys the EPL. Separate filaments of the EPL move away from the Earth. New colder plasma of the magnetosheath with a frozen magnetic field replaces the hotter EPL plasma, and the process of EPL formation and destruction repeats itself.The instability increment is calculated for various magnitudes of the azimuthal wave number, k_y, and curvature radius of the magnetic field lines, R_c. The disturbances with R⁻¹_e\leqk_y\leq4R⁻¹_e (where R_e is the Earth’s radius) and R_c\simeqR_e are the most unstable.A possible result of the interchange instability of the EPL may be patchy reconnection, displayed as flux transfer events (FTEs) near the magnetopause.     

EISCAT雷达观测到的极区电离层等离子体反常对流

综合分析EISCAT雷达与卫星当地测量数据,并利用磁层磁场模式对磁力线进行追踪,研究了发生在极光椭圆朝极盖边界附近电离层中,一例反常的背离太阳流动的强等离子体对流事件,及相关的太阳风-磁层-电离层耦合过程.结果表明,磁暴期间IMFBz指向南时观测到这一反常高速对流,及其相应的等离子体性态特征,很可能是向阳侧磁层顶磁重联过程在电离层中的印记.     

2001年3月2日磁通量传输事件特性的研究

2001年3月2日11:00 至11:15 UT 期间,Cluster Ⅱ在南半球极尖区晨侧附近磁鞘内探测到3个通量传输事件（简称FTEs）. 本文利用Cluster Ⅱ星簇4颗卫星观测到的磁场和等离子体资料研究了这些通量传输事件的磁场形态和粒子特征. 并利用它们探测到的空间磁场梯度资料由安培定律直接求出星簇所在区域的电流分布. 结果指出：（1）BY占优势的行星际磁场结构在磁层顶的重联可以在极尖区附近发生;（2）FTEs通量管形成初期内外总压差和磁箍缩应力不一定平衡,达到平衡有一发展过程;（3）FTEs通量管截面在L M平面内的线度约为1.89RE;（4）FTEs通量管中等离子体主要沿轴向场方向流动,整个通量管以慢于背景等离子体的速度沿磁层顶向南向尾运动;（5）FTEs通量管中不仅有轴向电流,也存在环向电流. 轴向电流基本沿轴向磁场方向流动. 轴向和环向电流在管内均呈体分布,因而轴向电流产生的环向磁场接近管心时不断减小到零,而环向电流生成的轴向场则不断增大到极值;（6）在通量管的磁鞘部分观测到磁层能量粒子流量的增强,这表明通量管通过磁层顶将磁鞘和磁层内部连通起来了.     

不考虑磁层顶磁重联的全球三维MHD模型

本文介绍了一个新的磁层全球三维MHD模型,该模型可通过把IMF和地球磁场分开处理的方法“关闭”磁层顶的磁重联,从而可直观地显示不同IMF条件下磁层顶的IMF与地磁场的反平行区域,即磁重联最可能发生的地方,结果表示,IMFBx分量对磁层顶磁重联有重要影响。由于可关闭磁重联,该模型还可有效地研究有无磁重联时,太阳风对磁层位形（如晨-昏不对称性）、粒子输运等重要问题的影响,有助于揭示磁层物理现象的基本特性。