北京地区农田氮素养分随地表径流流失机理

田间模拟降雨径流试验研究了北京地区农田暴雨径流氮素流失与雨强、作物覆盖、施肥因子的关系，以及侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征和对氮的富集作用。结果表明：（1）降雨强度越大，地表径流模数和侵蚀模数增大，氮素流失越多；作物覆盖有效地减少地表水土和颗粒态氮流失；（2）颗粒态氮浓度占径流全氮浓度的88.9%(施尿素）和98％以上（未施氮肥），是农田径流氮损失的主要形态；（3）施用化学氮肥增大了农田径流溶解态氮浓度，化学氮肥容易通过地表径流流失；（4）侵蚀泥沙的团聚体组成和原来土壤有很大差异，粒径＜0.25mm的团聚体，尤其是含氮量较高的＜0.045mm团聚体的富集是侵蚀泥沙富集氮的主要原因。减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀，降低表土速效氮含量是减少农田地表径流氮养分流失的关键。     

坡地土壤氮素与降雨、径流的相互作用机理及模型

坡地土壤氮素径流损失表现为两种形式 ,溶解于径流中的矿质氮随径流液流失 ,吸附于泥沙颗粒表面以无机态和以有机质形式存在的氮素。坡地土壤氮素流失过程实际上是表层土壤氮素与降雨、径流相互作用的过程 ,土壤氮素流失的多少主要受相互作用的限制。从分析土壤与降雨、径流相互作用入手 ,分析了土壤氮素与降雨、径流相互作用过程及机理 ,并对相互作用模型进行探讨。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHEET EROSION IN GRANITIC REGION OF WUHUA COUNTY,GUANGDONG PROVINCE

1.IntroductionWuhuaCounty,locatedintheupstreamOfHanjianghiver,isoneofthemostseriouslyerodedcountiesinSouthChinagraniticweatheringregionOfGUangdOngPrOvince.ByinveStighion,thetOtalerodedareaisestimatedtobe875.33km,whichoccupiedbot30percentofthetOtalerodedareaoftenmostseriouserodedcountiesintheregion.Insomeconununes,theeroddareaevenreachedtomorethan6Opercent.ErosionresuItedinwidesPedOfbemountalns,landdopadaion,shortOfwterresourceshoperecotw.~ngthethreetypesoferosionintheupstreamOfHanjian…     

RUNOFF PRODUCTION AND EROSION PROCESSES ON A DEHESA IN WESTERN SPAIN*

ABSTRACT. Runoff generation and soil erosion were investigated at the Guadalperalón experimental watershed (western Spain), within the land‐use system known as dehesa, or open, managed evergreen forests. Season and type of surface were found to control runoff and soil‐loss rates. Five soil units were selected as representative of surface types found in the study area: hillslope grass, bottom grass, tree cover, sheep trails, and shrub cover. Measurements were made in various conditions with simulated rainfall to gain an idea of the annual variation in runoff and soil loss. Important seasonal differences were noted due to surface cover and moisture content of soil, but erosion rates were determined primarily by runoff. Surfaces covered with grass and shrubs always showed less erosion; surfaces covered with holm oaks showed higher runoff rates, due to the hydrophobic character of the soils. Concentrations of runoff sediment during the simulations confirmed that erosion rates at the study site depended directly on the sediment available on the soil surface.     

Runoff and Soil Erosion on Slope Cropland: A Review

Soil erosion has become a serious environmental problem worldwide, and slope land is the main source of soil erosion. As a primary cover of slope land, crops have an important influence on the occurrence and development of runoff and soil erosion on slope land. This paper reviews the current understanding of runoff and soil erosion on slope cropland. Crops mainly impact splash detachment, slope runoff, and sediment yield. In this review paper, the effects of crop growth and rainfall on the splash detachment rate and the spatial distribution of splash detachment are summarized. Crop growth has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient can influence the level of erosive energy that causes soil erosion. Furthermore, other factors such as antecedent soil water content, soil properties, soil surface physical crust, and soil surface roughness can affect soil anti-erodibility. The varying effects of different crops and with different influence mechanisms on runoff and soil erosion, as well as changes in their ability to influence erosion under different external conditions should all remain focal points of future research. The effect of crop vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on slope land is a very important factor in understanding large-scale soil erosion systems, and in-depth study of this topic is highly significant for both theory and practice.     

东北地区融雪期径流及产沙特征分析

严重的水土流失已威胁到东北地区的土地资源,融雪径流及其造成的侵蚀作为该地区水土流失的重要组成部分,但相关研究较少。本文利用全区93个气象站降水资料,分析了东北地区降雪与积雪的基本特征。利用27个典型流域水文站径流泥沙资料,分析了融雪期内径流与产沙特征。结果表明:东北各地雪期长度为5~8个月,自南向北逐渐延长。年降雪量占年降水总量的比例多在7~25％,由此形成的融雪期径流深占全年径流深比例达13.3~24.9％,融雪期输沙模数占全年输沙模数比例达5.8~27.7％。融雪期流域输沙模数受地貌影响十分显著:丘陵漫岗区降雪量和径流深均低于山区,但输沙模数平均为山区的2.9倍。融雪输沙模数与流域面积有十分显著的幂函数递减关系。为揭示融雪侵蚀影响因素及其作用机理,今后应加强融雪期内流域侵蚀及产沙监测。     

A review of runoff generation and soil erosion across scales in semiarid south-eastern Spain

Climate, lithology, soil and especially, intense land use/cover changes, make SE Spain very vulnerable to runoff generation and water erosion leading to loss of nutrients and organic matter and to infrequent but devastating floods, reservoir siltation and mass failures. This susceptibility has led to heavy economic investment and research efforts since the 1980s, making this region a worldwide reference for understanding the hydrology and geomorphology of semiarid ecosystems. Runoff and soil erosion have been intensively studied throughout the last decades in various natural ecosystems as well as in abandoned farmlands. Research has considered a wide range of methods and spatial and temporal scales. This paper reviews the methods and data describing runoff generation and water erosion, synthesising the key processes involved, rates, thresholds and controlling factors from a scale-dependent perspective. It also identifies the major gaps in current knowledge to provide recommendations for further research towards solutions that reduce the negative impacts of erosion. Research in SE Spain has contributed significantly to a better understanding of the effect of spatial and temporal scale on runoff and sediment yield measurements, and highlighted the important role of distinct erosion and sediment transport processes, hydrologic connectivity, spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall, the occurrence of extreme events and the impacts of land use changes. The most effective ways and challenges to predict runoff, soil erosion and sediment yield at the catchment scale are also discussed.     

Seasonal controls on sediment delivery in a small coastal plain watershed, North Carolina, USA

Field measurements of drainage ditch sedimentation and suspended sediment transport were used to construct a simple sediment budget and relate seasonal variations in vegetation and the hydrological characteristics of storms to sediment dynamics in a small agricultural watershed in North Carolina. Results indicate that seasonal variations in crop coverage and vegetation in drainage ditches influence sediment delivery. Following the harvesting of crops and mowing of drainage ditches in late autumn, conditions are favorable to soil erosion and sediment transport through early spring. Storms need not be very intense or produce large rainfall totals to transport significant sediment loads. The maturation of field crops and ditch vegetation in spring produces conditions less conducive to both soil erosion and sediment transport. Intense summer thunderstorms, however, are capable of mobilizing and transporting significant amounts of sediment. The computed sediment yield of 0.1 Mg/ha/yr probably represents a low estimate that, nevertheless, is an order of magnitude less than measured ditch storage and more than two orders of magnitude less than regional estimates of soil loss on Coastal Plain croplands. The results show that headwater ditches may be decoupled from slopes so that much of the eroded soil is stored within small watersheds rather than being transported out of the basin.     

花岗岩崩岗侵蚀劣地的生态恢复试验研究

花岗岩崩岗侵蚀是红壤区最严重的侵蚀方式，本研究根据生态学的原理和方法，探索了花岗岩崩岗区水土流失治理和生态恢复的途径，提出了植被重建的模式。     

多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀

土地利用能够通过改变一系列的自然现象和生态过程影响土壤侵蚀,尺度不同,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的作用机制也会发生变化。本文针对坡面尺度、小流域／流域尺度和区域尺度,综述了不同尺度上土地利用对土壤侵蚀的影响研究。其中,在坡面尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要包括土地利用方式和土地管理措施对土壤侵蚀的影响,相应尺度上的模型有USLE／RUSLE、WEPP等;在小流域／流域尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要涉及土地利用结构和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响,相关的模型有LISEM、AGNPS、EUROSEM和SEDEM等;在区域尺度上土壤侵蚀评价研究主要是通过尺度上推和宏观因子评价的方法进行。多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀研究作为自然地理学研究中的热点问题,在进一步的研究中需要关注多尺度综合与尺度转换、土地利用政策效应、土地利用格局与土壤流失过程等方面的研究内容。     

黄土丘陵小流域土地利用格局对径流与土壤养分流失的影响--土壤侵蚀控制的意义

Serious soil erosion is one of the major issues threatening sustainable land use in semiarid areas, especially in the Loess Plateau of China. Understanding the effects of land use on soil and water loss is important for sustainable land use strategy. Two sub-catchments: catchment A (CA) and catchment B (CB) with distinct land uses were selected to measure soil moisture, runoff and soil nutrient loss in Da Nangou catchment of the Loess Plateau of China. The effects of land use patterns on runoff and nutrient losses were analyzed based on soil moisture pattern by kriging and soil nutrients using multiple regression model. The results indicated that there were significant differences in runoff yield and soil nutrient losses between the two sub-catchments. With similar land uses, the CA produced an average sediment yield of 49 kg ha-1 and 22.27 kg ha-1 during two storm events.Meanwhile, there was almost no runoff in the CB with dissimilar land uses during the same events.Buffer zones should be established to re-absorb runoff and to trap sediments in catchment with similar land use structure such as the CA. Moreover, land use management strategy aiming to increase the infiltration threshold of hydrological response units could decrease the frequency of runoff occurrence on a slope and catchment scale.     

等高活篱笆技术提高坡地持续生产力探讨*—以三峡库区为例

控制坡面水土流失和土地退化,是坡地资源持续利用的关键,也是解决三峡库区移民安置的主要途径之一。在三峡库区所进行的等高活篱笆技术试验表明,这种技术对增加土壤有机质含量、延缓径流及控制土壤流失具有十分明显的作用。篱笆植物新银合欢、马桑和黄荆都是著名的绿肥植物,每年从活篱笆上修剪下的枝叶可分别为篱间地的土壤提供24000kg/hm²、8400kg/hm²和31500kg/hm²的绿肥。营养元素含量较高的新银合欢,每公顷所产绿肥含纯氮素924kg,磷48kg,钾504kg.在坡面上沿等高线种植的篱笆带密闭以后,可以起到削减径流量,延缓产流过程,增加土壤入渗,并可拦截径流中大部分的土粒。由于篱笆带阻挡了各种因素造成的土壤沿坡面下移,篱间地的坡度不断降低。这些对坡地持续生产力的提高都具有积极的意义。     

The effects of land use on runoff and soil nutrient losses in a gully catchment of the hilly areas: implications for erosion control

Serious soil erosion is one of the major issues threatening sustainable land use in semiarid areas, especially in the Loess Plateau of China. Understanding the effects of land use on soil and water loss is important for sustainable land use strategy. Two sub-catchments: catchment A (CA) and catchment B (CB) with distinct land uses were selected to measure soil moisture, runoff and soil nutrient loss in Da Nangou catchment of the Loess Plateau of China. The effects of land use patterns on runoff and nutrient losses were analyzed based on soil moisture pattern by kriging and soil nutrients using multiple regression model. The results indicated that there were significant differences in runoff yield and soil nutrient losses between the two sub-catchments. With similar land uses, the CA produced an average sediment yield of 49 kg ha-1 and 22.27 kg ha-1 during two storm events. Meanwhile, there was almost no runoff in the CB with dissimilar land uses during the same events. Buffer zones should be established to re-absorb runoff and to trap sediments in catchment with similar land use structure such as the CA. Moreover, land use management strategy aiming to increase the infiltration threshold of hydrological response units could decrease the frequency of runoff occurrence on a slope and catchment scale.     

山区土地利用/覆被变化对土壤侵蚀的影响

本文以福建省山区为例,在对福建省水土保持实验站、建瓯市牛坑龙水土保持试验站长期观测、实验资料深入分析对比的基础之上,探讨了土地利用/土地覆被变化对土壤侵蚀的影响规律。分析结果表明,土地利用/土地覆被变化对径流的产生和土壤侵蚀有重要影响,植被的覆盖度的变化直接影响着径流系数和土壤侵蚀模数;植被的覆盖度和径流系数呈负线性关系,随着覆盖度的增加径流系数逐渐减小;植被覆盖度和土壤侵蚀模数为负指数关系,随着植被覆盖度的增大,土壤侵蚀模数急剧下降。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型

在分析现存土壤侵蚀产沙模型基础上，依据大量小流域野外试验小区观测与模拟降雨试验资料，建立了一个适用于黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域预测侵蚀产沙量的侵蚀产沙过程模型。由于黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域的复杂地形和侵蚀产沙的垂直分带规律，土壤侵蚀产沙的空间变化要比现有模型复杂得多，因此，本模型由三个子模型组成：坡面子模型、沟坡子模型、沟道子模型，它可以计算小流域每场暴雨的径流量与侵蚀产沙量。本文较为详细地描述了模型中计算     

IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND USE ON PROCESSES OF SOIL AND WATER LOSS OVER PURPLE SOIL SLOPELAND

ＳｌｏｐｅｌａｎｄａｍｅｌｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｃｏｍｐｌｅｘａｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍｒａｉｓｅｄｂｙＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＨｕａｎｇＢｉｎｇｗｅｉｗａｓｍａｉｎｌｙａｉｍｅｄａｔｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｓｌｏｐｅｌａｎｄｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｂｙｕｓｉｎｇｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｏｆｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇｎｅｗｍｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒｆｕｔｕｒｅｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉ…     

广东鹤山赤红壤坡地林茶利用模式的水土保持效应

野外观测试验于1997年在广东省鹤山茶叶科技研究所的赤红壤坡地上进行，试验设计了人工林下地表覆盖（A）、人工林下地表裸露（B）、等高梯田种植茶树（C）和等高梯田裸地对照（CK）4个处理，采用自制的径流收集器分别测定了各处理4场降雨的径流深度、径流系数、水土流失量和侵蚀量等指标，结果表明，CK的平均径流深度高产田3.72mm/10mm，降水流失率为37.2%，平均每10mm降雨的土壤侵蚀量为43.6kg.hm^-2，年土壤侵蚀模数为7.42t.hm^-2；其它3个不同植被覆盖处理的地表径流量比裸地对照降低2.20%-67.08%，平均土壤侵蚀量减少43.81%-90.83%；林下地表覆盖处理的保土效果果好，等高梯田种植茶树处理的保水效果最好。     

The effects of loess erosion on soil nutrients, plant diversity and plant quality in Negev desert wadis

Severe erosion, initiated by climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene period and resultant declines in dust deposition, causes the formation of waterfalls during the winter floods in many wadi systems in the central Negev desert of Israel. In some areas, erosion of the original loess substrate has been complete, so that the underlying rock has been exposed. We examined the effects of this erosion in four wadis in the central Negev desert on soil nutrients, plant community structure and plant quality. We predicted that erosion has caused reductions in soil nutrients. Reductions in soil nutrients should result in reductions in plant cover. Furthermore, reduced soil nutrient availability should cause reductions in the nutrient status and quality of the plants growing there. In addition to the loss of biodiversity that may result, this erosion may result in economic hardship for the Bedouin peoples whose herds depend on these resources. In this study, there were significant negative effects of erosion on soil organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen and water-holding capacity, but not on soil phosphorus, conductivity or pH. Furthermore, there was a negative effect of soil erosion on an overall measure of soil quality derived from a principal components analysis in three of the four wadis we studied. Erosion resulted in an increase in plant species richness and significantly altered plant community structure in eroded areas of wadis. Increased plant species richness in eroded sites is consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis of plant community structure. Plants growing in eroded areas did not differ in two quality indices (nitrogen content and digestibility), although plants typical of eroded areas had significantly lower levels of common digestion inhibitors (total polyphenols) and toxins (alkaloids) than plants from undisturbed sites. These last-mentioned results are contrary to our prediction and are consistent with the notion that plants growing in disturbed (e.g. eroded) sites maximize growth at the expense of investments in defense.     

黄土高原北部丘陵沟壑区近160年土壤侵蚀量演变及其对ENSO事件的响应

对形成于1851~1861年的靖边（JB）聚湫内22.75 m沉积序列进行完整钻探,并基于XRF Core Scanning的元素分布划分旋回和年际冻融层,在高精度定年的基础上计算旋回及年际产沙量和产沙模数。结果表明：JB聚湫沉积序列由126个旋回叠加而成,且形成于1855~2014年的78 个年份中。JB聚湫内旋回产沙量和产沙模数变化范围分别为0.27×10 ⁴~22.44×10 ⁴t和0.09×10 ⁴~7.82×10 ⁴t/km ²;年际产沙量和产沙模数范围分别为0.27×10 ⁴~90.73×10 ⁴t/a和0.09×10 ⁴~23.40×10 ⁴t/(km ²·a)。 ENSO事件显著影响JB流域强降水作用下的侵蚀产沙,且在El Ni?o次年和La Ni?a年份发生侵蚀产沙的频率较高,可能是这些年份中东亚季风增强后带来更多强降水事件的结果。研究结果有效延长了黄土高原北部丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤侵蚀演变历史,充分理解ENSO事件驱动下该地区侵蚀产沙的响应,为黄土高原北部坝库建设、水土流失治理和防洪减灾等提供理论依据。     

风蚀作用下的土壤碳库变化及在中国的初步估算

土壤有机碳库储量巨大且在表层富集 ,而风力侵蚀具有巨大的卷挟起沙、搬移输运和空间再分配能力 ,对土壤有机碳库的演变具有重要影响。在风力侵蚀作用下 ,风蚀发生地、风蚀土壤输运途中以及风蚀土壤沉降地的土壤有机碳库有着不同的变化过程。基于质量平衡原理 ,可以建立土壤有机碳流失及各路径碳输移量估算的模型。依据第二次全国遥感侵蚀调查以及第二次全国土壤普查数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,分析了中国土壤有机碳库以及风力侵蚀的空间格局 ,并计算得到风力侵蚀作用下中国土壤有机碳库储量变化以及各路径碳输移量。研究表明 ,我国因风力侵蚀造成的土壤有机碳流失量约为 5 9 76× 10 6 tC/yr,风蚀所致CO2 排放约为 2 9 88× 10 6 tC/yr;风蚀所致的土壤有机碳流失主要发生在中国西北部的干旱半干旱的农区和牧区