ASSESSMENT OF MACCORMACK SCHEME IN UNSTEADY SEDIMENT LADEN FLOW COMPUTATION

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A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results

Five common numerical techniques for solving the advection-dispersion equation (finite difference, predictor corrector, total variation diminishing, method of characteristics, and modified method of characteristics) were tested using simulations of a controlled conservative tracer-test experiment through a heterogeneous, two-dimensional sand tank. The experimental facility was constructed using discrete, randomly distributed, homogeneous blocks of five sand types. This experimental model provides an opportunity to compare the solution techniques: the heterogeneous hydraulic-conductivity distribution of known structure can be accurately represented by a numerical model, and detailed measurements can be compared with simulated concentrations and total flow through the tank. The present work uses this opportunity to investigate how three common types of results--simulated breakthrough curves, sensitivity analysis, and calibrated parameter values--change in this heterogeneous situation given the different methods of simulating solute transport. The breakthrough curves show that simulated peak concentrations, even at very fine grid spacings, varied between the techniques because of different amounts of numerical dispersion. Sensitivity-analysis results revealed: (1) a high correlation between hydraulic conductivity and porosity given the concentration and flow observations used, so that both could not be estimated; and (2) that the breakthrough curve data did not provide enough information to estimate individual values of dispersivity for the five sands. This study demonstrates that the choice of assigned dispersivity and the amount of numerical dispersion present in the solution technique influence estimated hydraulic conductivity values to a surprising degree.     

Analytical Solutions for Water Flow and Solute Transport in the Unsaturated Zone

Analytical solutions for the water flow and solute transport equations in the unsaturated zone are presented. We use the Broadbridge and White nonlinear model to solve the Richards’ equation for vertical flow under a constant infiltration rate. Then we extend the water flow solution and develop an exact parametric solution for the advection-dispersion equation. The method of characteristics is adopted to determine the location of a solute front in the unsaturated zone. The dispersion component is incorporated into the final solution using a singular perturbation method. The formulation of the analytical solutions is simple, and a complete solution is generated without resorting to computationally demanding numerical schemes. Indeed, the simple analytical solutions can be used as tools to verify the accuracy of numerical models of water flow and solute transport. Comparison with a finite-element numerical solution indicates that a good match for the predicted water content is achieved when the mesh grid is one-fourth the capillary length scale of the porous medium. However, when numerically solving the solute transport equation at this level of discretization, numerical dispersion and spatial oscillations were significant.     

基于非结构网格求解三维D'Alembert介质中声波方程的并行加权Runge-Kutta间断有限元方法

间断有限元方法(Discontinuous Galerkin method,简称DGM)在求解地震波动方程时具有低数值频散、网格剖分灵活等优点,因此,为适应数值模拟对模拟精度和复杂地质结构的要求,本文提出一种新的加权Runge-Kutta间断有限元(weighted Runge-Kutta discontinuous ...     

Divergence of solutions to perturbation-based advection-dispersion moment equations

Moment equation methods are popular and powerful tools for modeling transport processes in randomly heterogeneous porous media, but the application of these methods to advection-dispersion equations often leads to erroneous oscillations. Perturbative methods, required to close systems of moment equations, become inaccurate for large perturbations; however, little quantitative theory exists for determining when this occurs for advection-dispersion equations. We consider three different methods (asymptotic approximation, Eulerian truncation, and iterative solution) for closing and solving advection-dispersion moment equations describing transport in stratified porous media with random permeability. We obtain approximate analytical expressions for time above which the asymptotic approximation to the mean diverges, in particular quantifying the impact that dispersion has on delaying—but not eliminating—divergence. We demonstrate that Eulerian truncation and iterative solution methods do not eliminate divergent behavior either. Our divergence criteria provide a priori estimates that signal a warning to the practitioner of stochastic advection-dispersion equations to carefully consider whether to apply perturbative approaches.     

间断有限元方法的数值频散分析及其波场模拟

数值求解波动方程是大尺度正演波场模拟、基于波动方程的地震偏移和反演成像的关键.本文针对求解二维声波方程的Runge-Kutta 间断有限元（RKDG）方法的数值频散问题,从理论推导和数值分析的角度进行了深入研究,并将其与近似解析离散化方法（Optimal Nearly Analytic Discrete Method,简称ONAD 方法）、Lax-Wendroff 修正方法、交错网格（Staggered-Grid,简称SG）方法的数值频散进行了比较研究.结果表明：RKDG方法以及近似解析离散化方法在压制数值频散方面要好于上述其他方法,特别是空间精度为3阶的RKDG方法,即使当空间步长取波长的一半,即一个波长内取2个网格点时,最大的频散误差也不超过1.67%.同时,我们也通过波场模拟对比研究了不同数值方法的数值频散问题,进一步直观地验证了数值频散的理论分析结果.     

Positive solution of two-dimensional solute transport in heterogeneous aquifers

The transport of contaminants in aquifers is usually represented by a convection-dispersion equation. There are several well-known problems of oscillation and artificial dispersion that affect the numerical solution of this equation. For example, several studies have shown that standard treatment of the cross-dispersion terms always leads to a negative concentration. It is also well known that the numerical solution of the convective term is affected by spurious oscillations or substantial numerical dispersion. These difficulties are especially significant for solute transport in nonuniform flow in heterogeneous aquifers. For the case of coupled reactive-transport models, even small negative concentration values can become amplified through nonlinear reaction source/sink terms and thus result in physically erroneous and unstable results. This paper includes a brief discussion about how nonpositive concentrations arise from numerical solution of the convection and cross-dispersion terms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of directional splitting with one-dimensional flux limiters for the convection term. Also, a new numerical scheme for the dispersion term that preserves positivity is presented. The results of the proposed convection scheme and the solution given by the new method to compute dispersion are compared with standard numerical methods as used in MT3DMS.     

基于辛格式离散奇异褶积微分算子的弹性波场模拟

本文发展了基于辛格式离散奇异褶积微分算子(SDSCD)的保结构方法模拟弹性波场,求解弹性波动方程时,引入辛差分格式进行时间离散,采用离散奇异褶积微分算子进行空间离散.相比于传统的伪谱方法,该方法提高了计算精度和稳定性.数值结果表明SDSCD方法可以有效地抑制数值频散,为解决大尺度、长时程地震波场模拟问题提供了合适的数值方法.     

A model based on Hirano-Exner equations for two-dimensional transient flows over heterogeneous erodible beds

In order to study the morphological evolution of river beds composed of heterogeneous material, the interaction among the different grain sizes must be taken into account. In this paper, these equations are combined with the two-dimensional shallow water equations to describe the flow field. The resulting system of equations can be solved in two ways: (i) in a coupled way, solving flow and sediment equations simultaneously at a given time-step or (ii) in an uncoupled manner by first solving the flow field and using the magnitudes obtained at each time-step to update the channel morphology (bed and surface composition). The coupled strategy is preferable when dealing with strong and quick interactions between the flow field, the bed evolution and the different particle sizes present on the bed surface. A number of numerical difficulties arise from solving the fully coupled system of equations. These problems are reduced by means of a weakly-coupled strategy to numerically estimate the wave celerities containing the information of the bed and the grain sizes present on the bed. Hence, a two-dimensional numerical scheme able to simulate in a self-stable way the unsteady morphological evolution of channels formed by cohesionless grain size mixtures is presented. The coupling technique is simplified without decreasing the number of waves involved in the numerical scheme but by simplifying their definitions. The numerical results are satisfactorily tested with synthetic cases and against experimental data.     

求解双相和黏弹性介质波传播方程的间断有限元方法及其波场模拟

间断有限元（Discontinuous Galerkin：DG）方法具有低数值频散、网格剖分灵活、能模拟地震波在复杂介质中传播等优点.因此,本文将一种新的DG方法推广到双相和黏弹性等复杂介质的地震波场模拟,发展了求解Biot弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程的DG方法.首先通过引入辅助变量将Biot双相介质弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程转化为关于时间-空间的一阶偏微分方程组,然后对该方程组进行DG空间离散,得到半离散化的常微分方程组.最后,对此常微分方程组,应用加权的Runge-Kutta格式进行时间推进计算.数值结果表明,DG方法可以有效地求解Biot双相介质弹性波方程和D'Alembert介质波动方程,并能很好地压制因离散求解波动方程而产生的数值频散,获得清晰的各种地震波震相.     

Hybrid Laplace transform finite element method for solving the convection–dispersion problem

It can be very time consuming to use the conventional numerical methods, such as the finite element method, to solve convection–dispersion equations, especially for solutions of large-scale, long-term solute transport in porous media. In addition, the conventional methods are subject to artificial diffusion and oscillation when used to solve convection-dominant solute transport problems. In this paper, a hybrid method of Laplace transform and finite element method is developed to solve one- and two-dimensional convection–dispersion equations. The method is semi-analytical in time through Laplace transform. Then the transformed partial differential equations are solved numerically in the Laplace domain using the finite element method. Finally the nodal concentration values are obtained through a numerical inversion of the finite element solution, using a highly accurate inversion algorithm. The proposed method eliminates time steps in the computation and allows using relatively large grid sizes, which increases computation efficiency dramatically. Numerical results of several examples show that the hybrid method is of high efficiency and accuracy, and capable of eliminating numerical diffusion and oscillation effectively.     

一种时空域优化的高精度交错网格差分算子与正演模拟

如何有效压制数值频散是有限差分正演模拟研究中的关键问题之一.近年来,许多学者对二阶声波方程的差分算子开展了大量的优化工作,在压制频散方面取得不错的效果.一阶压强-速度方程广泛用于研究地震波在地下变密度模型中传播规律,目前针对一阶方程的优化工作大多只是在空间差分算子上展开.本文在前人研究的基础上,推导出一阶声波方程中压强场与偏振速度场之间的解析关系,据此在传统交错网格基础上给出一种高精度的显式时间递推格式,该递推格式将时间差分与空间差分算子结合在一起,并采用共轭梯度法得到精确时间递推匹配系数,实现时空差分算子的同时优化.在编程实现算法的基础上,通过频散分析与三个典型模型测试表明:本文方法能够较为有效地压制时间频散与空间频散,提高数值计算精度;同时对复杂模型也有很好适用性.     

求解弹性波方程的辛RKN格式

将弹性波方程变换至Hamilton体系,构造适用于弹性波模拟的高效显式二阶辛Runge-Kutta-Nystrm(RKN)格式,运用根数理论得到此格式的阶条件方程组.通过给定系数的限定条件,得到方程的对称解.为了使时间离散误差达到极小,提出数值频率与真实频率比较,通过Taylor展开,得到关于辛系数的限定方程,求解方程组得到最小频散辛RKN格式.对比分析时间演进方程的稳定性,得到使库朗数达到极大值的限定方程,求解方程组得到最稳定辛RKN格式.发现此两种格式为同一格式.新得到的辛RKN格式不依赖于空间离散方法,为了对比的需要,选取有限差分法进行空间离散.在频散、稳定性分析中,与常见辛格式对比,从理论上分析了本文提出的格式在数值频散压制、稳定性提升等方面的优势,数值实验进一步证实了理论分析的正确性.     

基于Low-rank分解的复杂TI介质纯qP波正演模拟与逆时偏移

近年来,面向实际应用的TI介质准P波正演模拟与逆时偏移成像技术受到空前的关注.基于常规耦合型传播方程的正演模拟方法不仅存在伪横波及频散假象干扰,而且还遭受模型参数限制(η0)和不稳定影响;而纯qP波方程的推导繁琐,且由于方程中包含拟微分算子造成求解难度大且精度有限.为此,本文首先构建了一种适用于任意TI介质的纯qP波传播算子,然后借助Low-rank分解求取该算子中的空间-波数域矩阵,同时引入Cerjan衰减边界条件来压制边界反射干扰,最终实现了一种间接的纯qP波波场外推方案,并将其成功应用于复杂TI介质正演模拟与逆时偏移成像中.通过开展数值模拟,并与其他方法对比表明:①该方法既避免了纯qP波方程的繁琐推导,又克服了耦合型方程对模型参数的限制;②还彻底消除了残余伪横波噪音及数值频散;③且能适应较大时间或空间步长及高频震源,是一种相对准确且稳定的各向异性纵波正演与成像策略.     

三角网格有限元法声波与弹性波模拟频散分析

本文对声波与弹性波方程进行有限元法离散,构造有限元法频散关系的一般特征值问题,分析了时间离散格式为中心差分的三角网格有限元法声波与弹性波模拟的频散特性. 比较了三种质量矩阵即分布式质量矩阵、集中质量矩阵和混合质量矩阵对有限元法频散的影响;选取四种典型三角网格,分析了混合质量矩阵有限元（MFEM）频散的方向各向异性;数值频散、方向各向异性随插值阶数的增加逐渐减弱,当空间为三阶插值时,频散主要表现为随采样率的变化而几乎无明显方向各向异性, 其频散幅值也较小. 控制其他影响因素不变的情况下,研究了不同波速比介质中弹性波的数值频散. 最后给出了三角网格MFEM的数值耗散性.     

A method to solve the advection-dispersion equation with a kinetic adsorption isotherm

This study deals with a method to solve the transport equations for a kinetically adsorbing solute in a porous medium with spatially varying velocity field and dispersion coefficients. Making use of the stochastic nature of a first-order kinetic process, we show that the advection-dispersion equation and the adsorption isotherm can be decoupled. Once the solution for a non-adsorbing solute is known, the method provides an exact solution for the kinetically adsorbing solute. The method is worked out in four examples. In particular we demonstrate how the method can be applied simultaneously with a numerical transport code: the advective-dispersive transport is computed numerically, whereas kinetic effects are incorporated analytically. The proposed approach may be useful in field scale applications with complex flow patterns.     

A nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on a locally one-dimensional technique for solving two-dimensional acoustic wave equations

In this paper, we develop a new nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on locally one-dimensional technique for numerically solving two-dimensional acoustic wave equations. We first split two-dimensional acoustic wave equation into the local one-dimensional equations and transform each of the split equations into a Hamiltonian system. Then, we use both a nearly analytic discrete operator and a central difference operator to approximate the high-order spatial differential operators, which implies the symmetry of the discretized spatial differential operators, and we employ the partitioned second-order symplectic Runge–Kutta method to numerically solve the resulted semi-discrete Hamiltonian ordinary differential equations, which results in fully discretized scheme is symplectic unlike conventional nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta methods. Theoretical analyses show that the nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on locally one-dimensional technique exhibits great higher stability limits and less numerical dispersion than the nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify advantages of the nearly analytic symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method based on locally one-dimensional technique, such as their computational efficiency, stability, numerical dispersion and long-term calculation capability.     

High-order finite volume WENO schemes for the shallow water equations with dry states

The shallow water equations are used to model flows in rivers and coastal areas, and have wide applications in ocean, hydraulic engineering, and atmospheric modeling. These equations have still water steady state solutions in which the flux gradients are balanced by the source term. It is desirable to develop numerical methods which preserve exactly these steady state solutions. Another main difficulty usually arising from the simulation of dam breaks and flood waves flows is the appearance of dry areas where no water is present. If no special attention is paid, standard numerical methods may fail near dry/wet front and produce non-physical negative water height. A high-order accurate finite volume weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme is proposed in this paper to address these difficulties and to provide an efficient and robust method for solving the shallow water equations. A simple, easy-to-implement positivity-preserving limiter is introduced. One- and two-dimensional numerical examples are provided to verify the positivity-preserving property, well-balanced property, high-order accuracy, and good resolution for smooth and discontinuous solutions.     

Numerical modeling of lock-exchange gravity/turbidity currents by a high-order upwinding combined compact difference scheme

This study presents two-dimensional direct numerical simulations for sediment-laden current with higher density propagating forward through a lighter ambient water.The incompressible NavierStokes equations including the buoyancy force for the density difference between the light and heavy fluids are solved by a finite difference scheme based on a structured mesh.The concentration transport equations are used to explore such rich transport phenomena as gravity and turbidity currents.Within the framework of an Upwinding Combined Compact finite Difference(UCCD)scheme,rigorous determination of weighting coefficients underlies the modified equation analysis and the minimization of the numerical modified wavenumber.This sixth-order UCCD scheme is implemented in a four-point grid stencil to approximate advection and diffusion terms in the concentration transport equations and the first-order derivative terms in the Navier-Stokes equations,which can greatly enhance convective stability and increase dispersive accuracy at the same time.The initial discontinuous concentration field is smoothed by solving a newly proposed Heaviside function to prevent numerical instabilities and unreasonable concentration values.A two-step projection method is then applied to obtain the velocity field.The numerical algorithm shows a satisfying ability to capture the generation,development,and dissipation of the Kelvin-Helmholz instabilities and turbulent billows at the interface between the current and the ambient fluid.The simulation results also are compared with the data in published literatures and good agreements are found to prove that the present numerical model can well reproduce the propagation,particle deposition,and mixing processes of lock-exchange gravity and turbidity currents.     

TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW AND GEO-MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES NEAR HEADLANDS BY USING UNSTRUCTURED GRID

1 INTRODUCTION In recent years, due to the increase in population and industrial developments, mankind has faced manyproblems associated with rivers, coastal waters and reservoirs. Some of these problems are flood control,water supply, power generation, and irrigation. In addition, making new hydraulic structures changesnatural conditions. Prediction of these changes is necessary for designing such constructions. For solutionof these problems usually an assessment of flow pattern, sedim…