潮汕坳陷中生代沉积层纵横波速度结构

潮汕坳陷残留有巨厚的中生代沉积层,是南海油气勘探的重要区域。已经开展了大量的多道地震反射工作,同时也有折射地震和海底地震仪研究,但尚未开展纵横波联合研究。纵横波联合探测,可以获得更多的地下结构信息,对油气勘探有重要的意义。在OBS2006-3剖面潮汕坳陷中生代沉积层纵波速度结构的基础上,对转换横波震相进行了射线追踪和走时模拟。结果表明,潮汕坳陷中生代沉积层厚度较大,最大厚度达到8km,纵波速度从顶部的4.4km.s–1增加到底部的5.3km.s–1,相应的横波速度由2.6km.s–1增大到3.0km.s–1,泊松比为0.24—0.26,波速比为1.74—1.80,其成分可能包含有砂岩、泥岩和火山岩。同时根据该区的地球物理特征,结合前人的研究,分析了油气勘探潜力。     

南海东北部中生代海相地层的分布及其地质地球物理特征

南海东北部的珠江口盆地珠一坳陷、东沙隆起、潮汕坳陷和台西南盆地等4个地质构造单元中,除发育巨厚新生代地层外,还发育并保留较厚的早白垩世和早侏罗世海相地层.这些地层的地震反射特征表现为大角度倾斜、可连续追踪和中低频的反射层序.由叠加速度推算的层速度为4.3-5.0km·s-1.这些中生代地层具坳陷型沉积特征而与新生代断陷型充填式沉积明显不同,残存厚度约4 000-5 000m.东沙-澎湖-北港隆起带是中生代华南地块与南海地块的缝合拼接带.该拼接带显示为地壳增厚和高磁异常,古特提斯在此消亡.     

海底地震仪的时间同步技术

海底地震仪(OBS)是记录海底地震数据的主要仪器.在我国,OBS仍处于研究与实验阶段.时间同步的精准度是海底地震仪的重要指标,直接影响了地震数据分析和地震数据反演的准确性.以法国MicroOBS _Plus为例,对海底地震仪时间同步技术进行深入分析,详细介绍其时间同步原理及实现方法,为OBS在海底地震地壳深部结构调查研究等方面的应用提供参考依据.     

中国海域海相中生代油气

我国近海沉积盆地已发现的油气大部分产于陆相第三系。随着勘探工作尤其是地球物理勘探的逐步深入，在我国东海南部和南海北部陆坡深水海区，包括潮汕坳陷和台西南盆地的地震调查对可能存在的海相中生代地层的了解已取得了突破性进展。调查成果结合区域地质背景，认定海相中生代沉积主要来自由西而东的特提斯入侵。而寻找海相油气将会成为我国海域油气勘探的重大目标。     

SEDIS Ⅳ型短周期自浮式海底地震仪及应用体会

国家海洋局第二海洋研究所新引进15台SEDIS Ⅳ型短周期自浮式海底地震仪,并成功用于2006年南海中北部海底深部结构调查。详细描述了SEDIS Ⅳ型短周期自浮式海底地震仪的各项指标、主要仪器性能,以2006年南海中北部海底深部结构调查为基础,简要介绍了该型号地震仪的设置、投放、回收方法及数据处理技术,并总结了海上作业及数据处理中获得的一些经验体会。     

珠江口盆地潮汕坳陷中生代构造变形分析

潮汕坳陷位于南海东北部陆缘,具有较厚的中生代沉积层,地层发育全,是研究南海北部中生代构造演化的最佳场所。根据研究区丰富的地震勘探资料以及最新地层解释,利用平衡剖面方法和2DMove软件对过潮汕坳陷的地震剖面进行构造分析,定量计算了潮汕坳陷及其围区中生代—新生代的地层伸缩量和相对伸缩速率。主要结论有:1)潮汕坳陷经历中生代挤压到新生代拉伸的构造环境转变,其中中生代变形以地层挠曲为主。2)潮汕坳陷中生代的地层压缩量为11%左右,为弱挤压环境。新生代地层拉伸量仅为1.8%,而周围凹陷(如潮汕坳陷南侧的靖海凹陷)地层拉伸量可达14.3%以上。说明新生代潮汕坳陷相对于周围凹陷处于极弱拉伸环境。3)坳陷晚侏罗世—早白垩世(J3—K1)挤压速率达到最大值,推测与库拉-太平洋板块快速向北西俯冲至欧亚大陆之下有关。     

南海东北部深部构造与中新生代沉积盆地

利用OBS资料作约束条件对南海东北部的地球物理资料，主要是重力资料和多道反射地震资料进行反演，获取比较理想的莫霍面深度，地壳厚度，中生代沉积基底面，新生代沉积底界面等地壳结构信息，研究发现该区中生代沉积盆地形成模式与新生代沉积盆地的形成模式不同，中生代沉积基底与莫霍面呈正相关，而新生代沉积基底则与莫霍面呈明显的镜像关系。中生仝层不受边界断层控制，中生代沉积基底与莫霍面呈正相关，而新生代沉积基底则与莫霍面呈明显的镜像关系。中生代地层不受边界断层控制。中生代沉积坳陷边界实质上是残留的中生代地层的边界，中生代沉积盆地具有大型坳陷沉积特征，而新生代盆地为断陷盆地。     

南海深地震探测的重要科学进程:回顾和展望

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一,研究其深部地壳的结构对深入认识南海共轭边缘的构造属性、深海盆形成演化历史、含油气盆地的形成机制均具有十分重要的科学意义。南海地壳结构的深地震探测从构造区域上可分为南海北部陆缘、南海南部陆缘、南海中部深海盆等几个海域,在探测技术上经历了声纳浮标、双船扩展剖面(expanding spread profile,ESP)、海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer,OBS)探测3个阶段。特别是近20年OBS探测蓬勃发展,从南海北部、发展到南海南部、再到南海中部,从二维直线探测到三维网格探测。这些探测和研究得到了宝贵的深部地壳结构信息,为南海的形成演化理论提供了重要依据,同时也推动了国产OBS的应用和人才队伍的培养。而最新完成的深海盆三维OBS探测标志了一个新的历史阶段,具有非常深远的科学意义。     

折射方法在南海北部潮汕坳陷中生界地层研究中的应用

潮汕坳陷是中生界地层为主的沉积坳陷,被认为是南海油气勘探的重要勘探领域.潮汕坳陷已有丰富的多道反射地震资料,但是由于多次波干扰严重,获取的反射波速度精度低.潮汕坳陷多道反射地震资料中包含丰富的折射波数据,但是很少人重视多道地震记录中的折射波信息并利用他.在此我们通过编写处理程序拾取了折射层的地震速度.试验测线所在海区的水深在600-800m,测线的最大偏移距为6 250m.测线所测的第三系地震折射波速度为2.0-2.5km·s-1,与潮汕坳陷其他地方的第三系地震波速度基本相等.但是潮汕坳陷西南部中生界的地震折射波速度在3.5-4.2km·s-1,低于潮汕坳陷中东部中生界的地震波速度(4.0-5.0km·s-1),预示潮汕坳陷西南部油气储集物性可能较好.     

地震属性分析在南黄海盆地北部坳陷白垩系油气地质特征研究中的应用

以多道反射地震剖面和钻井资料为基础,采用合成地震记录和地震属性分析的方法,开展南黄海盆地北部坳陷白垩系地层沉积及油气地质特征的研究。研究结果表明,白垩系地层在坳陷内保存较完整,厚度较稳定,斜坡部位变形微弱,连续性好,坳陷沉积中心变形强烈,小断层发育、密集,连续性较差,各层组厚度变化不大,可在全坳陷追踪对比。泰州组为良好的烃源岩,赤山组下部和浦口组为良好的储集层,泰州组和赤山组上部构成区域性盖层。白垩系内部及上、下地层之间形成了多类型的油气生-储-盖组合关系。断裂构造发育的凹陷深部是油气聚集的有利场所。采用三维地震资料进一步开展本项研究工作对南黄海前新生界油气勘探具有重要意义。     

南海东北部陆缘地壳结构特征及下地壳高速层成因

南海东北部陆缘构造演化信息丰富,对于理解南海的演化过程至关重要。本文收集了南海东北部的深反射地震和海底广角地震成果剖面,提取地壳和下地壳高速层的厚度结果,并结合水深、重磁异常和岩石圈的流变学等地质地球物理资料,对南海东北部的地壳减薄特征、吕宋-琉球转换板块边界的性质和下地壳高速层的分布及成因进行了分析和讨论。南海东北部的地壳减薄在横向和垂向上都存在不均匀性,以下地壳减薄为主,在台西南盆地存在极端减薄地壳;南海北缘的白云凹陷、西沙海槽和西缘的中建南盆地也存在类似的极端减薄地壳,且都与刚性地块共轭或邻近,推测刚性地块的存在导致地壳初始破裂时下地壳流动和地幔上隆是局部出现地壳极端减薄的主要原因。吕宋-琉球转换板块边界两侧在海底地形、新生代反射和重磁异常等方面均存在差异,与中生代岛弧引起的高磁异常大角度相交,其可能是中生代古特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域转换的边界断裂。下地壳高速层在南海东北部广泛发育,结合其分布特征和波速比V_p/V_s的分布区间,认为其是多期次岩浆底侵形成的铁镁质基性岩。     

Crustal velocity structure off SW Taiwan in the northernmost South China Sea imaged from TAIGER OBS and MCS data

During TAiwan Integrated GEodynamics Research of 2009, we investigated data from thirty-seven ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) and three multi-channel seismic (MCS) profiles across the deformation front in the northernmost South China Sea (SCS) off SW Taiwan. Initial velocity-interface models were built from horizon velocity analysis and pre-stack depth migration of MCS data. Subsequently, we used refracted, head-wave and reflected arrivals from OBS data to forward model and then invert the velocity-interface structures layer-by-layer. Based on OBS velocity models west of the deformation front, possible Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, revealed by large variation of the lateral velocity (3.1–4.8 km/s) and the thickness (5.0–10.0 km), below the rift-onset unconformity and above the continental crust extended southward to the NW limit of the continent–ocean boundary (COB). The interpreted Mesozoic sedimentary rocks NW of the COB and the oceanic layer 2 SE of the COB imaged from OBS and gravity data were incorporated into the overriding wedge below the deformation front because the transitional crust subducted beneath the overriding wedge of the southern Taiwan. East of the deformation front, the thickness of the overriding wedge (1.7–5.0 km/s) from the sea floor to the décollement decreases toward the WSW direction from 20.0 km off SW Taiwan to 8.0 km at the deformation front. In particular, near a turn in the orientation of the deformation front, the crustal thickness (7.0–12.0 km) is abruptly thinner and the free-air (?20 to 10 mGal) and Bouguer (30–50 mGal) gravity anomalies are relatively low due to plate warping from an ongoing transition from subduction to collision. West of the deformation front, intra-crustal interfaces dipping landward were observed owing to subduction of the extended continent toward the deformation front. However, the intra-crustal interface near the turn in the orientation of the deformation front dipping seaward caused by the transition from subduction to collision. SE of the COB, the oceanic crust, with a crustal thickness of about 10.0–17.0 km, was thickened due to late magmatic underplating or partially serpentinized mantle after SCS seafloor spreading. The thick oceanic crust may have subducted beneath the overriding wedge observed from the low anomalies of the free-air (?50 to ?20 mGal) and Bouguer (40–80 mGal) gravities across the deformation front.     

东沙群岛海域的折射地震探测

综合近十多年以来在东沙群岛海域进行的反射地震资料，声纳浮标资料，双船扩长排列剖面地震测量资料及海底地震仪的折射地震资料，绘制了东沙群岛海域关于沉积层基底与地壳结构的地震地质剖面，揭示了陆架，陆坡至中央海盆之间的地壳从陆壳向洋壳的变化中，过渡睦壳具有断块构造及被拉薄的特点。     

Ocean-bottom seismometer observations of seismic activity at Loihi Seamount,Hawaii

This study reports the result of deep ocean-bottom seismometer recording of an undersea volcanic event in progress. An array of five three-component, isolated sensor ocean-bottom seismometers (ISOBS) was deployed for 28 days on the summit and flanks of Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, to monitor seismicity. The deployment was prompted by reports from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) of a swarm of small-magnitude events located beneath the active submarine volcano in late September, 1986. Monitoring of this earthquake swarm by the University of Hawaii commenced 1 October 1986. Although seismicity tapered off rapidly after 11 October, more than 200 events were located. Systematic changes in spatial clustering during the initial swarm activity suggest changing patterns of stress within this crustal volume, possibly due to induced stress resulting from magma movement in the underlying crust or deep portions of the edifice.Most of the very shallow (< 10 km) events were located beneath the summit and southwest flank of the elongate edifice. No shallow tremor was observed despite a search through the data, although such tremor may have ceased prior to deployment of the ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS). Constraints on the association between seismicity and observed topographic and tectonic elements of Loihi are also of primary importance. Many of the earthquakes located near the steep flanks generated rock falls that were recorded on the OBSs. This is consistent with the results of dredge and bottom photography data indicating that the flanks are covered with fragments of shattered lava pillows and flows. Dike intrusion and mass wasting are major influences on the morphology of Loihi. Intact flows have been observed near the deep portion of the south rift zone; however, few events were located in that region during this swarm.     

Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb ages of the Oligocene sediments in the Baiyun Sag,Zhujiang River Mouth Basin

In this study, element geochemistry and zircon chronology are used to analyze the Oligocene sediments in the Baiyun Sag, Zhujiang River Mouth Basin. The experimental results are discussed with respect to weathering conditions, parent rock lithologies, and provenances. The chemical index of alteration and the chemical index of weathering values of mudstone samples from the lower Oligocene Enping Formation indicate that clastic particles in the study area underwent moderate weathering. Mudstone samples exhibit relatively enriched light rare earth elements and depleted heavy rare earth elements, "V"-shaped negative Eu anomalies, and negligible Ce anomalies. The rare earth element distribution curves are obviously right-inclined, with shapes and contents similar to those of post-Archean Australian shale and upper continental crust, indicating that the samples originated from acid rocks in the upper crust. The Hf-La/Th and La/Sc-Co/Th diagrams show this same origin for the sediments in the study area. For the samples from the upper Enping deltas, the overall age spectrum shows four major age peaks ca. 59–68 Ma, 98–136 Ma, 153–168 Ma and 239–260 Ma. For the Zhuhai Formation samples,the overall age spectrum shows three major age peaks ca. 149 Ma, 252 Ma and 380 Ma. The detrital zircon shapes and U-Pb ages reveal that during Oligocene sedimentation, the sediments on the northwestern margin of the Baiyun Sag were supplied jointly from two provenances: Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in the extrabasinal South China fold zone and Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the intrabasinal Panyu Low Uplift, and the former supply became stronger through time. Thus, the provenance of the Oligocene deltas experienced a transition from an early proximal intrabasinal source to a late distal extrabasinal source.     

Velocity-Interface Structure of the Southwestern Ryukyu Subduction Zone from EW9509-1 OBS/MCS Data

A wide-angle seismic survey, combining ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) and multi-channel seismic (MCS) profiling, was implemented in the southwestern Ryukyu subduction zone during August and September 1995. In this paper, we present the data analysis of eight OBSs and the corresponding MCS line along profile EW9509-1 from this experiment. Seismic data modeling includes identification of refracted and reflected arrivals, initial model building from velocity analysis of the MCS data, and simultaneous and layer-stripping inversions of the OBS and MCS arrivals. The velocity-interface structure constructed along profile EW9509-1 shows that the northward subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate has resulted in a northward thickening of the sediments of the Ryukyu Trench and the Yaeyama accretionary wedge north of the trench. The boundary between the subducting oceanic crust and the overriding continental crust (represented by a velocity contour of 6.75 km/s) and a sudden increase of the subducting angle (from 5 degrees to 25 degrees) are well imaged below the Nanao Basin. Furthermore, velocity undulation and interface variation are found within the upper crust of the Ryukyu Arc. Therefore, the strongest compression due to subduction and a break-off of the slab may have occurred and induced the high seismicity in the forearc region. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

南黄海盆地烃源潜力比较性评价

南黄海中—新生代盆地经历了中生代印支运动以来的多期构造运动改造,凹陷分隔性强,各凹陷烃源岩发育条件差异大。利用地质调查获得的最新资料,从烃源岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟度以及成熟烃源岩体积参数等方面,重点探讨了中—新生代陆相盆地生烃条件好和较好的7个凹陷的烃源潜力及中—古生界海相烃源岩的演化特征。结果表明,北部坳陷的北部凹陷、东北凹陷以及南部坳陷的南四凹陷属于一类生烃凹陷,北部坳陷的南(西)部凹陷、南部坳陷的南五凹陷属于二类生烃凹陷,而北部坳陷的中—东部凹陷以及南部坳陷的南七凹陷为三类生烃凹陷。印支构造面之下的中—古生界海相层系是盆地内另一套重要烃源岩,其有机质热演化程度分异明显,在中—新生代凹陷间低凸起区最低,坳陷周围的隆起区最高,新生代凹陷区"基底层"内热演化程度介于上述两者之间。     

New Scientific Underwater Cable System Tokai-SCANNER for Underwater Geophysical Monitoring Utilizing a Decommissioned Optical Underwater Telecommunication Cable

We have developed a new cost-effective scientific underwater cable system named Tokai Submarine Cabled Network Observatory for Nowcast of Earthquake Recurrences (Tokai-SCANNER) using a decommissioned optical underwater telecommunication cable. We have used this cable in two ways simultaneously: 1) to construct an ocean-bottom observatory at the end of the cable, and 2) to use the cable as a long emitting antenna to sense electromagnetic properties of the Earth's crust. We have also developed a new time-synchronization system that sends a one-pulse-per-second (1PPS) signal and NMEA data to underwater sensors. To vary the supply voltage and current to the observatory and to emit a low-frequency electromagnetic field around the underwater cable, we have also developed an underwater power unit that has a wide input voltage and current range. Tokai-SCANNER has been functioning since April 2007.