套管中环向传播的准SH波的衰减特征

套管井中的准SH波测井可有效解决声阻抗类声波仪器在低密度水泥胶结评价上的不适应性.本文结合解析计算、三维数值仿真和实验测量研究了套管中环向传播的准SH波的衰减特征.数值仿真和实验测量结果均表明准SH波的衰减主要由波传播过程中的几何扩散和向套管后胶结的固体水泥泄漏能量引起的;解析计算显示在0~300 kHz的测井频段随着频率的增加零阶准SH波的泄漏衰减逐渐增大、一阶准SH波的泄漏衰减逐渐减小,在现有油气井使用的水泥阻抗范围内,准SH波的衰减与水泥阻抗成正比.数值仿真和实验测量的零阶准SH波的衰减与解析计算结果吻合,一阶准SH波的衰减稍高于解析计算结果.另外在实验测量过程中记录了水泥从浇筑到逐渐凝固过程中准SH波测井的全波波形,可清晰观测到直达的准SH波在水泥未凝固前（仍是流体）幅度较强,随着水泥逐渐凝固强度增大准SH波的泄漏衰减逐渐增加,泄漏到水泥环中的能量越来越强,来自水泥外界面的反射波幅度逐渐增加且到时逐渐提前.通过理论计算和实验测量套管井SH横波的衰减特征,为现场应用SH横波测井评价套管井水泥胶结质量奠定基础.

     

The attenuation of stress waves in fluid saturated porous rock

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Attenuation of S wave in the crust of Ordos massif

Introduction Located between Qingzang (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau that highly uplifts due to compression and North China plain that badly subsides due to crustal extension, the Ordos massif has both the basic attributes of stretching tectonic region of North China marginal basin and the features of marginal shear-compression zone of Qingzang Plateau. It has a length of about 600 km in the N-S direction and a width of about 400 km in the W-E direction. Its geological structure is very simple…     

Attenuation of ground vibrations using in-filled wave barriers

Ground vibrations generated by construction activities can adversely affect the structural health of adjacent buildings and foundations supporting them. Therefore propagation and rate of attenuation of construction induced ground vibrations is important during construction activities, particularly in urban areas where constructions are carried out in the vicinity of existing structures. In practice wave barriers are installed in the ground to mitigate the ground vibration propagation and hence to minimise the effect of ground vibrations on surrounding structures. Different types of fill materials such as bentonite, EPS geofoam and concrete are used in constructing wave barriers. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model is developed to study the efficiency of different fill materials in attenuating ground vibrations. The model is first verified using data from full scale field experiments, where EPS geofoam has been used as a fill material in wave barriers. Then the same model has been used to evaluate the efficiency of open trenches, water filled wave barriers and EPS geofoam filled wave barriers on attenuation of ground vibrations. EPS geofoam is found to be the most efficient fill material, providing attenuation efficiency closer to open trenches. The efficiency of EPS geofoam and water filled wave barriers can be significantly increased by increasing the depth of the wave barrier.     

Attenuation operators and complex wave velocities for scattering in random media

The concept of attenuation operators and complex velocities is applied to scattering attenuation in two and three dimensions, using the minimum-phase assumption for the attenuation operator. Acoustic 2D finite-difference computations of synthetic seismograms show, that the attenuation operator describes well the decay and lowpass filtering of the averaged wave form, which follows from averaging travel-time-corrected wave forms along the wave front. In the case of exponential random media, analytical forms of the attenuation operators and complex velocities are available. The complex velocities are incorporated into the reflectivity method. As an application, synthetic seismograms are presented for theS _n wave, attenuated by lithospheric velocity and density fluctuations. The limitations of attenuation operators and complex velocities for scattering are also discussed. With these quantities it is not possible to model phenomena related to the scattered waves themselves, such as amplitude and travel-time fluctuations along the wave front, codas and precursors.     

Estimation of frequency dependent coda wave attenuation structure at the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area

Estimation of seismic wave attenuation in the shallow crust in terms of coda wave Q structure previously investigated in the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area was improved using seismograms of local earthquakes recorded by the Egyptian National Seismic Network. The seismic wave attenuation was measured from the time decay of coda wave amplitudes on narrow bandpass filtered seismograms based on the single scattering theory. The frequency bands of interest are from 1.5 to 18 Hz. In general, the values obtained for various events recorded at El-Fayoum and Wadi Hagul stations are very similar for all frequency bands. A regional attenuation law Q _c = 85.66 f ^0.79 was obtained.     

Intrinsic and Scattering Seismic Attenuation in Southwestern Anatolia

The intrinsic dissipation and scattering attenuation in southwestern (SW) Anatolia, which is a tectonically active region, is studied using the coda waves. First the coda quality factor (Q_c) assuming single scattering is estimated from the slope of the coda-wave amplitude decay. Then the Multiple Lapse Time Window (MLTW) analysis is performed with a uniform earth model. Three non-overlapping temporal data windows are used to calculate the scattered seismic energy densities against the source-receiver distances, which, in turn, are used to calculate separate estimates of the intrinsic and scattering factors. In order to explore the frequency dependency, the observed seismograms are band pass-filtered at the center frequencies of 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0. The scattering attenuation (Q_s⁻¹) is found lower than the intrinsic attenuation (Q_i⁻¹) at all frequencies except at 0.75 Hz where the opposite is observed. Overall the intrinsic attenuation dominates over the scattering attenuation in the SW Anatolia region. The integrated energy curves obtained for the first energy window (i.e., 0–15 s) are somewhat irregular with distance while the second (i.e., 15–30 s) and third (i.e., 30–45 s) data windows exhibit more regular change with distance at most frequencies. The seismic albedo B₀ is determined as 0.61 at 0.75 Hz and 0.34 at 12.0 Hz while the total attenuation factor denoted by L_e⁻¹ changes in the range 0.034–0.017. For the source-station range 20–180 km considered the scattering attenuation is found strongly frequency dependent given by the power law Q_s⁻¹ = 0.010*f^−1.508. The same relations for Q_i⁻¹, Q_t⁻¹ (total), Q_c⁻¹ and (expected) hold as Q_i⁻¹ = 0.0090*f^−1.17, Q_t⁻¹ = 0.019*f^−1.31, Q_c⁻¹ = 0.008*f^−0.84 and respectively. Compared to the other attenuation factors Q_c⁻¹ and are less dependent on the frequency.     

龙滩水库地区P波、S波和尾波衰减

利用发生在龙滩水库地区的144次ML≥1.0地震资料,研究了该地区地壳介质的衰减特征,并采用尾波归一化方法分别估算了P波、S波的品质因子QP和QS,用单次反散射模型计算了尾波品质因子QC．结果表明,该地区上述3个值与频率的依赖关系分别为QP（f）=（7.43±0.78）f(1.05±0.06),QS（f）=（13.08±3.20）f(1.76±0.15),QC（f）=（50.52±2.71）f(1.13±0.03),总体呈现低QO和高η值的特点．在所研究的频带范围1—16Hz内,QS／QP比值均大于1,表明该地区体波衰减中散射可能起着较大作用．QC与QS的比较结果表明,在小于8Hz时,QS＜QC;而大于8Hz时,则QS＞QC．这可能是由于介质的多次散射作用的结果．     

黏弹性介质中瑞利波频散曲线和衰减系数曲线的反演

瑞利波具有能量大、信噪比高等特点,可以用来反演介质内部的力学信息,近年来在浅层地球物理勘探、深层地震学研究以及超声波无损检测等多个领域都有较广泛的应用。目前大多数瑞利波的应用中都假设介质是弹性的,然而实际中岩石、土壤和金属等介质都在一定程度上体现出了黏弹性。当介质的黏弹性较强时仍然采用弹性假设研究其中瑞利波的反演将增大误差,因此有必要考虑黏弹性介质中的瑞利波反演,但是目前这方面的研究仍不够深入。本文研究黏弹性介质中瑞利波频散曲线和衰减系数曲线的反演问题,给出其在半空间中联合反演的方法,并对该方法的误差进行分析。     

赣南地区P波、S波随频率衰减关系研究

利用发生在赣南地区的183次ML≥1.0地震资料,采用尾波归一化方法对寻乌、安远和龙南3个台站的P波、S波品质因子QP和QS值进行了计算,分析了该地区地壳介质的衰减特征。研究结果表明,寻乌(流逝时间35 s)和龙南台(流逝时间40 s)QP值较可靠且值相近,拟合平均值为QP(f)=(20.76+1.67)*f(1.03±0.04),寻乌台和安远台(流逝时间均为21 s)拟合平均值为QS(f)=(18.86+1.46)*f(0.84±0.04)。Q值总体呈现低Q0和高η值的特点,这是构造运动活跃地区的特征体现,也和该地区中强地震比较活跃的特征相符。     

Seismic wave propagating in Kelvin-Voigt homogeneous visco-elastic media

The earth media friction attenuates the energy of seismic wave. Obviously, that earth medium is treated as viscoelasticity is more appropriate than as elasticity. Seismic wave in visco-elastic media contains abundant lithology information of the medium. The investiga-tions of the solutions of visco-elastic wave equations, velocities of seismic wave propagating and the at-tenuation of seismic wave in the visco-elastic media are very important for geophysical prospecting tech-nology. Under a sma…     

应力波理论在动测锚杆锚固质量中的应用

运用应力波理论，分析了不同锚固质量的锚杆在瞬态冲击下的响应规律，包括锚固质量优的、中等的、劣的对锚杆中应力波的影响规律。这些规律都将会对实际锚杆锚固质量的无损检测起到很好的指导作用。     

地形对地震烈度衰减的影响

本文采用阶跃截面固体的一维弹性波传播模型,研究了地形对地震烈度衰减的影响。采用固体入射纵波来模拟无地形影响的地震烈度衰减;采用固体透射波来模拟有地形影响的地震烈度衰减。利用阶跃截面处的放松连续条件,得出了烈度与高度差的近似定量关系。同时,以新疆地区逆冲走滑型地震为例,讨论了烈度与高度差的近似定量关系描述地形对地震烈度衰减影响的有效性。     

Attenuation of ground vibrations due to different technical sources

The attenuation of technically induced surface waves is studied theoretically and experimentally.In this paper, nineteen measurements of ground vibrations induced by eight different technical sources including road and rail traffic, vibratory and impulsive construction work or pile driving, explosions, hammer impulses and mass drops are described, and it is shown that the technically induced ground vibrations exhibit a power-law attenuation v～r-q where the exponents q are in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 and depend on the source types.Comparisons performed demonstrate that the measured exponents are considerably higher than theoretically expected.Some potential effects on ground vibration attenuation are theoretically analyzed.The most important effect is due to the material or scattering damping.Each frequency component is attenuated exponentially as exp(-kr), but for a broad-band excitation, the sum of the exponential laws also yields a power law but with a high exponent.Additional effects are discussed, for example the dispersion of the Rayleigh wave due to soil layering, which yields an additional exponent of 0.5 in cases of impulsive loading.     

海城地震震源区的地震尾波衰减特征

本文使用简化的能流模型(Frankel，A．et al.,1987)研究了海城地震震源区的地震尾波衰减及介质Q值的时空分布特征。结果表明,使用该方法求得的尾波Q值基本上是介质非弹性吸收的度量；海城7．3级地震前震的Q值较高，约为500，震后显著降低至380，但5．9级最大余震震源区的Q值仍与大震前相同。这可能说明大震发生时该处介质并未破裂。最大余震发生后，整个震源区的平均Q值降至344。但地震前后介质Q值发生明显变化的范围并不大，直径约为20km。     

首都圈地区横波分裂与地壳应力场特征

利用宽频带流动地震台阵和首都圈固定台网记录到的近震波形数据,研究了首都圈地区（38.6°N～41.0°N,〖JP〗115.0°E～119.7°E）的横波分裂,给出了快波偏振优势方向的场分布,讨论了首都圈地区的应力场特征. 在此基础上,采用二维线弹性有限元数值模拟方法,探讨了断层不均匀滑动对区域构造应力场的影响. 结果表明：（1）首都圈地区的应力场整体特征表现为NE向的背景应力场和受张家口-蓬莱断裂带控制的NW向的局部应力场;（2）在研究区域的西半部分和中部,最大主压应力方向为NE60°～70°,在唐山大震区及其东部区域,最大主压应力方向近WE向;（3）首都圈地区的局部应力场最大主压应力方向比较一致,基本上都与张家口-蓬莱断裂带走向平行,为120°～130°;〖JP2〗（4）首都圈区域内断层的存在及其郴均匀滑动是研究区内出现大量局部应力场的一个重要原因,张家口-〖JP〗蓬莱断裂带对首都圈局部应力场起着重要的控制作用.      

长应力波对于深部隧道衬砌的作用

应力波与隧道衬砌的相互作用问题为岩石力学的一个十分复杂的问题,到目前为止还没有得到圆满的解决。对于考虑介质与结构弹塑性性质的课题,解析解更难以求得。研究表明长波与深地下硐室的作用问题可以用拟静法解答。本文用拟静法研究了考虑岩体塑性性质时长纵波与地下硐室的相互作用问题。并获得了确定长应力波对于隧道支护作用的解析解。     

不同应力状态和摩擦系数对综合P波辐射花样影响的模拟研究

为研究不同应力状态(包括主应力相对大小)和摩擦系数对大量地震P波初动辐射花样(综合P波辐射花样)的影响,首先给出了不同应力状态下的剪应力、摩擦应力和库伦破裂应力在断层面法向上的三维分布.表明即使在不考虑摩擦的情况下,剪应力在不同取向断层面上的分布也有很大差别,摩擦应力也在不同取向断层面上造成一定影响.其次,根据库伦破裂应力与单个地震产生的P波辐射花样大小成比例的原则,假定地震断层面均匀取样整个方向空间,将各种取向断层面产生的P波辐射花样叠加,给出了不同应力状态和摩擦系数情况下产生的大量地震综合P波辐射花样的空间分布.发现主应力的相对大小和摩擦系数同时影响综合P波辐射花样的空间形态,在一定程度上,辐射花样从一种形态改变为另一种形态可通过改变任一参数进行,表明同时反演此两种参数是困难的.但通过其他手段确定摩擦系数后,可以采用P波初动信息得到较为合理的应力相对大小.该研究为考虑摩擦系数、采用大量P波初动资料精确确定应力场提供了新的思路.     

横波各向异性在裂缝和应力分析中的应用

针对裂缝性和低孔低渗地层的横波各向异性特征,反演得到横波各向异性参数,研究了裂缝的发育程度、方位和有效性,并对低孔低渗地层的应力场分布状态和方位进行了综合评价;通过对反演得到的快、慢弯曲波形进行频散分析以及计算单极横波各向异性大小,确定了引起横波各向异性的原因,并结合常规测井资料、岩心及FMI成像资料对分析结果进行了验证和对比,最后对研究区8口典型井的横波各向异性进行了综合处理和评价,得到了该区的横波各向异性特征以及和总的应力场走向.结果表明,利用横波的各向异性参数可以有效的评价裂缝的发育程度、走向及有效性,并能准确的确定地应力分布状态和最大水平应力方位.     

中国大陆Lg波衰减成像

本文利用2009—2019年间中国大陆固定台站记录的宽频带地震波形数据, 采用反双台法, 获得了约36万个台站对的Lg波Q值, 并反演得到了中国大陆Lg波的衰减模型.结果显示, 中国大陆Lg波衰减的Q值结构存在显著的横向非均一性.青藏高原、渤海湾盆地以及祁连山造山带等构造活动块体展现出明显的地壳低Q值强衰减特征, 而华南块体、鄂尔多斯盆地以及塔里木盆地等相对稳定的地区则呈现地壳高Q值弱衰减特征.Lg波衰减与构造活动强度、松散沉积物、地下流体或部分熔融以及地质块体结构等因素密切相关.渤海湾盆地的强衰减主要由上地壳巨厚的松散沉积物和较高的地壳温度导致.青藏高原和祁连山造山带的地壳强衰减主要归因于现今活跃的构造活动、复杂的断裂系统和地质结构以及富含地下流体甚至是部分熔融等因素.华南造山带和大兴安岭地区的地壳弱衰减特征可能与侵入岩冷却形成高强度的结晶基底以及古老造山带地壳构造趋于稳定相关.