末次间冰期以来黄河中游黄土高原沟谷侵蚀-堆积过程初探

以陕西洛川北汉寨小流域为基础，建立末次间冰期以来黄河中游黄土高原的沟谷侵蚀－堆积模式，并定量计算流域不同时期侵蚀模数或堆积速率，初步恢复了末次间冰期以来黄土高原中部地区的沟谷侵蚀－堆积过程。计算结果表明，末次间冰期公来，黄土高原中部地区的自然侵蚀作用可能在逐渐加剧。侵蚀－堆积是黄土区沟谷发育的基本过程，并与气候变化密切相关。侵蚀期相当于湿润期，也就是降雨量大的时期；沉积黄土层的时期沟谷发育大大减缓甚至停止，并且在原来的谷底、谷坡上还可堆积黄土。     

土地利用方式对西藏东部河谷山地土壤肥力性质的影响

通过现场调查取样和室内理化分析,研究了西藏东部主要河谷地区不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力性质及其随土地利用方式变化的机制。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质有明显的差异,耕地和裸地土壤砂粒含量高于其他利用方式,本区域土壤砂质特征明显;受有机质积累影响,乔木林地、灌丛地土壤具有相对较高N素养分;受施肥等因素影响,农耕地土壤具有相对较高P、K养分;在所有利用方式中,裸地土壤尽管具有相对较高的粉粒含量,但所有养分指标均最低,显著低于林地土壤。总之,对于西藏脆弱生境而言,耕作使得有机质更易于消耗。由于有机质与植被之间存在明显互相促进的作用,因此维持土壤有机质平衡对于恢复植被、保护青藏高原东缘生态屏障具有重要的意义。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘新垦绿洲土地利用对土壤养分变化的影响

 通过对准噶尔盆地西北缘新垦绿洲克拉玛依农业综合开发区0—30 cm土层土壤理化性状的统计分析,可知该区土壤主要化学特性指标不仅变异明显,而且变异程度也有很大差异。该区土壤总体有机质含量低,养分不高,缺磷少氮,含盐量较高。从实地监测资料可知,土地利用对该区新垦荒地土壤化学特性有影响,其中土地利用年限对土壤化学特性产生明显的影响,除全磷外,新垦荒地土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾的含量均随土地利用年限的增加而增加;同时灌溉量和灌溉方式均能对表层土壤中水溶性盐含量、pH值产生影响;种植苏丹草可以明显降低土壤盐分含量,其中SO2-4下降幅度最大,其次是K+和Na+含量,HCO-3、CO2-3和Cl-量也略有下降,但降幅不大;根据研究结果,针对研究区土地的基本肥力状况,提出了克拉玛依农业研究区土地可持续利用中应注意的几个问题。     

民勤绿洲不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆表面土壤理化性质研究

以民勤绿洲作为研究区域,对不同演化阶段灌丛沙堆表面土壤样品进行了采集和分析。结果表明,随着灌丛沙堆的不断演化,土壤性质发生了显著的变化。不同演化阶段灌丛沙堆表面颗粒组成仍以砂粒为主,从雏形阶段到稳定阶段,砂粒含量逐渐减少,在稳定阶段达到最小,pH值和砂粒的变化趋势一致,粉砂、粘粒、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量增加,在稳定阶段均达到最大;灌丛沙堆活化后,其砂粒含量和pH值重新出现增加趋势,而粉砂和粘粒的含量开始减少,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量也迅速下降;除稳定阶段迎风坡和背风坡有机质、全氮和全磷含量差异比较显著外,其他演化阶段不同坡向粒度和养分差异均不显著;有机质、全氮、速效氮的含量在灌丛沙堆演化过程中变幅最大,全磷和速效磷次之,全钾和速效钾的变幅最小。     

生物结皮恢复过程中土壤生态因子分异特征

对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮恢复过程中土壤因子的动态变化进行关联性测度、方差分析、相关性分析相结合的定量研究,着重分析结皮恢复年限对土壤微生物数量、养分、盐分、土壤酶的影响,有机质与土壤盐分、pH值、土壤酶的线性关系及土壤生态因子间的相关性。结果表明：相对于土层深度,有机养分、土壤酶等生态因子与生物结皮恢复年限的联系更加紧密。结皮恢复年限对全P、全K、有机质、脲酶、真菌的影响极显著（P<0.01）;对速效P、速效K、全N、总盐、中性碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶的影响显著(P<0.05)。随结皮恢复年限的增加,结皮层和结皮以下土层中有机养分、土壤酶均有不同程度的增加,逐步具备较高的生物学活性,沙土性状变化较快,渐渐形成抗风蚀、抗干扰能力较强的地衣苔藓结皮。结皮恢复过程中pH值与有机质呈显著线性负相关（R2＝0.701,P<0.05）,土壤盐分与有机质存在线性正相关（R2＝0.653）,但显著性不强（P>0.05）。电导率、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶与有机质存在极为显著的线性正相关（R2分别为0.888、0.993、0.958、0.948、0.911,P<0.01）,土壤生态因子的协调发展和紧密配合促进了生物结皮的恢复。     

城乡交错带土地利用变化对土壤养分的影响--以北京市大兴区为例

以北京市大兴区为城乡交错带的分析样区,对1982年、2000年土地利用方式变化和两期不同土地利用方式的土壤养分变化情况进行分析。结果表明:与1982年相比,2000年土壤有机质含量在不同土地利用方式下增加的顺序为:果园>水浇地>稻田>菜地>林地>旱地; 土壤全氮含量增加的顺序为:稻田>菜地>水浇地>果园>旱地>林地;土壤碱解效氮含量增加的顺序为稻田>水浇地>菜地>果园>旱地>林地;土壤速效磷含量增加的顺序为果园>水浇地>稻田>旱地>菜地>林地;土壤速效钾含量在不同土地利用方式下变化规律为, 在果园和稻田中略有增加,在其他利用方式中有不同程度降低。水稻田转变为水浇地、菜地、果园后,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量增加幅度顺序为旱地>果园>水浇地>菜地;速效磷含量增加的顺序为果园>水浇地>菜地>旱地。旱地转变为果园、水浇地后,除速效钾含量降低外,其他养分含量都有不同程度的提高。沙荒地转变为旱地、水浇地、菜地、果园、林地后,除速效钾含量降低外,其他养分含量都有不同程度的增加。     

Spatial variability and pattern analysis of soil properties in Dehui city, Jilin province

1IntroductionSoil nutrient, as the synthetic results under the influence of various anthropogenic activities and the factors such as climate and topography, etc., possesses certain spatial distribution characteristics, and certain structural and stochastic characteristics. The study of the differences existing in different parts of the region lays the foundation for adjusting all management measures and all material input capacities and for gaining the maximal economic benefit. Presently, the …     

Spatial variability and pattern analysis of soil properties in Dehui city, Jilin province

Based on regionalized variable theory, semivariograms of geo-statistics were used to research the spatial variation of soil properties quantitatively. The results showed that the semivariogram of soil organic matter is best described by spherical model, the best model for semivariograms of soil total N and available K is exponential models and that of available P belongs to linear with sill model. Those soil properties have different spatial correlations respectively, the lag of organic matter is the highest and that of available P is the lowest, the spatial correlation of N and available K belongs to moderate degree. Spatial heterogeneities are different too, the degree of organic matter and total N are higher, the degree of available K is in the next place and that of available P is the lowest. Influenced by the shape, topography and soil of the study area, all isotropies of available P are obvious in all directions while anisotropies of others are manifested. According to the analytical results, supported by GIS, Kriging and IDW methods are applied to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of soil properties. The results indicate that soil organic matter, total N and available K are distributed regularly from northeast to southwest, while available P is distributed randomly.     

吉林省德惠市土壤特性空间变异特征与格局

Based on regionalized variable theory, semivariograms of geo-statistics were used to research the spatial variation of soil properties quantitatively. The results showed that the semivariogram of soil organic matter is best described by spherical model, the best model for semivariograms of soil total N and available K is exponential models and that of available P belongs to linear with sill model. Those soil properties have different spatial correlations respectively, the lag of organic matter is the highest and that of available P is the lowest, the spatial correlation of N and available K belongs to moderate degree. Spatial heterogeneities are different too, the degree of organic matter and total N are higher, the degree of available K is in the next place and that of available P is the lowest. Influenced by the shape, topography and soil of the study area, all isotropies of available P are obvious in all directions while anisotropies of others are manifested. According to the analytical results, supported by GIS, Kriging and IDW methods are applied to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of soil properties. The results indicate that soil organic matter, total N and available K are distributed regularly from northeast to southwest, while available P is distributed randomly.     

The impact of land use on soil properties in a karst agricultural region of Southwest China:a case study of Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan

Supported by RS and GIS, the land use change from 1982 to 2003 were analyzed and the impacts of land use changes on pH value, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, and available K in soil of Xiaojiang watershed, a typical karst agricultural region of Yunnan Province, Southwest China were assessed. The following aspects are concluded. (1) The total land use converted during the past 20 years in Xiaojiang watershed covers an area of 610.12 km2, of which 134.29 km2 of forestland was converted into cultivated land, and 210 km2 of unused land was converted into cultivated land. (2) The rapid growth of population and the economic development were the main driving forces of land use change. (3) With the change in land use, the soil properties have been changed significantly. The pH, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K in soil in 1982 were 6.3, 38.02 g kg-1, 1.86 g kg-1, 1.63 g kg-1, 10.94 g kg-1, 114.42 g kg-1, 11.65 mg kg-1 and 64.69 mg kg-1g, respectively; and those in 2003 were 6.73, 25.26 g kg-1, 1.41 g kg-1, 0.99 g kg-1, 12.6 g kg-1, 113.43 mg kg-1, 11.11 mg kg-1 and 151.59 mg kg-1, respectively. Pared samples t-test of the tested indices of soil properties indicate that those indices have changed significantly during the last 20 years. But the soil properties changed differently, due to the differences in land use change. (4) Also, with the change in land use and management measures of soil, the modifications in soil properties which developed from carbonate rocks were more sensitive than those in the soil developed from sandstone.     

典型岩溶农业区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响——以云南小江流域为例

1 Introduction Because of modifying land-cover (Turner et al., 1991) and management measures of soil (Dalal, 1986), land use changes can cause significant modifications in soil properties (Islam, 2000; Mcalister, 1998; Braimoh, 2004; Lal, 1996; Shepherd, …     

吉林省德惠市土壤特性空间变异特征与格局

基于区变量理论,通过地统计学的半变异函数定量研究吉林省中部德惠市土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和速效磷的空间异质性特征。表明土壤有机质的理论模型属于球状模型、全氮和速效钾的理论模型为指数模型、速效磷则属于有基台值的线状模型。空间结构上,有机质具有很强的空间相关性,全氮和速效钾的空间相关性属于中等程度,而速效磷则具有弱相关性。四种土壤养分的空间自相关范围具有明显的差异,有机质和全氮的有效变程最大,速效钾次之,速效磷的有效变程最小。受研究区形状、地形及土壤母质区域性差异的影响,速效磷各向同性显著,其他养分各向带状性比较明显。根据空间分异的分析结果,在GIS支持下,采用Kriging和IDW两种插值方法,分析研究区土壤养分的空间格局,表明土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾均自东北向西南有规律地分布;速效磷分布的随机性较强,较前三者结构性特征不明显。     

粤北岩溶山区石漠化过程中土壤养分变化研究

为了探讨石漠化过程对土壤养分的影响,了解粤北岩溶山区石漠化过程中土壤养分的变化规律,选择岩背镇和江英镇为调查区,按照石漠化的不同程度设置样地,系统调查了轻度、中度、重度和极重度石漠化土地表层（0~20 cm）土壤养分的变化。结果表明,石漠化过程与土壤养分状况有密切关系,随着土地石漠化的发展,土壤有机质、全N以及速效N、速效P、速效K含量呈现出显著下降趋势（P<0.05）,土壤逐步贫瘠化。土壤养分含量的减少与石漠化过程形成正反馈关系,并具有退化方向的一致性和退化过程的同步性等特点。     

准噶尔盆地南缘绿洲-沙漠过渡带“肥岛”形成过程中土壤颗粒的分形研究

通过野外调查取样和室内分析的方法研究了准噶尔盆地南缘绿洲-沙漠过渡带不同地段的梭梭灌丛土壤不同空间位置（包括灌丛下和灌丛间）的土壤颗粒分形维数的变异特征,以及分形维数与土壤机械组成、土壤养分的关系。结果表明:①土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤沙粒含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤粉粒和粘粒含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),并与土壤养分含量中的有机质、全氮、全磷呈极显著的正相关 (P<0.01),与可被植物吸收利用的速效形态养分碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷等的含量有极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤颗粒分形维数可用以表征土壤结构性状和肥力特征。②沙漠-绿洲过渡带典型空间位置的土壤粒级分布呈梯度性变化,从绿洲到沙漠1~0.25 mm的土壤颗粒体积百分比从0.4%增加到16%,而小于0.05 mm的颗粒体积百分比从76.6%减少到3.5%,土壤的粗粒组分明显增加,细粒组分明显递减,并且土壤颗粒分形维数从2.50降低到2.03。③不同粒径土粒的分布规律表现为灌丛下的粉粒、粘粒含量均大于灌丛间的,其中沙漠腹地灌丛下的表层土壤粉粒增加了1.23%,粘粒增加了0.06%;退耕还林地灌丛下土壤表层的粉粒增加了10.78%,粘粒增加了2.91%,说明梭梭灌丛能有效截获风蚀带来的微细尘埃、粘粒和粉沙,使灌丛下土壤的结构及肥力性状得以改善,形成灌丛“肥岛”。     

伊犁河流域林业生态建设基地淡灰钙土土壤特征研究

在伊犁河流域林业生态建设基地,随机挖土壤剖面11个,依照土壤发生层分层取样,同时观察其颜色、结构、干湿度、松紧度、孔隙大小及植物根系的分布等生态特征,以此来鉴别土壤质地、土壤发育状况,并测定土壤中的盐分和养分。分0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm共4层取样,测定土壤容重,并分别在灌水前及灌水后不同日期测定了土壤含水量。实验结果表明:在伊犁河流域林业生态建设基地淡灰钙土土壤剖面发育微弱;含盐量低;有机质含量平均只有0.80%,全N、全P含量较少,全K含量较高,速效N、速效P含量较低,速效K含量较高;0~10 cm和10~20 cm的土壤容重分别为1.35~1.62 g/cm3和1.36~1.50 g/cm3之间。灌水后土壤含水量普遍都有所提高,其中0~10 cm土层土壤含水量比灌水前增加了59.31%,10~20 cm、20~30cm和30~40 cm土层的土壤含水量分别比灌水前增加了37.74%、27.29%和6.36%。     

阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期植被与土壤环境的变化

对阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期(1998-2001)植被特征和土壤养分的变化进行了研究。结果表明:草地恢复过程中,植被的盖度和生物量比封育前分别增加272%~536%和44.39%~305.3%。植被的恢复使土壤理化性质发生了变化,与封育前相比土壤中有机质、全N、速效K以及细砂、特别细砂和粘粒含量显著增加;速效N、速效P降低。土壤有机质、全N和全P的含量与土壤中<0.05 mm颗粒和速效K含量呈极显著正相关,并且前三者之间也呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

临泽绿洲农田土壤肥力质量时空变化特征

干旱区荒漠绿洲农田土壤肥力质量的研究是绿洲功能和生产力评价的一个重要方面。通过1982年和2008年临泽绿洲农田287个样点耕层土壤（0~20 cm）有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾数据,利用地理信息系统和地统计学分析手段,研究了26 a来土壤肥力质量的变化特征。结果表明,研究区土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量为13.8 g·kg-1、0.81 g·kg-1、64.4 mg·kg-1、32.3 mg·kg-1、199 mg·kg-1,较1982年分别提高了13.5%、7.8％、9.3%、225.6％和26.8％;土壤肥力指标的变异性较大,变异系数均大于25%;模糊数学综合评价方法适合研究区土壤肥力质量评价,土壤肥力质量综合值由1982年的强度空间变异发展为中等空间变异;根据全国农业地力等级划分标准,研究区土壤属于4、5、6、7级,较1982年的土壤肥力呈上升趋势。土壤肥力综合值分布图可以为该区域土壤资源的合理利用提供理论依据。     

宁夏盐池沙地3种植物群落土壤表层养分的空间异质性

采用经典统计学和地统计学方法,通过半变异函数及其模型、克里格局部插值估计、空间分布图及分形维数等对宁夏盐池沙地3种植物群落(牛枝子、牛枝子-黑沙蒿、黑沙蒿)土壤表层养分的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明:0~5 cm土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷含量的空间自相关尺度分别是67 m、519 m、143 m;结构方差比分别为0.558、0.882、0.514,说明结构性因素和随机性因素在0~5 cm土壤有机质和速效磷的空间分布中共同发挥作用。全氮表现出较强空间自相关性,在空间分布上具有明显的结构特征,表明结构性因素在其空间总变异中发挥主导作用。空间格局图反映出0~5 cm土壤有机质、全氮含量表现为牛枝子群落较高,经牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落,含量逐渐减少,至黑沙蒿群落含量又有所增加;0~5 cm土壤速效磷含量表现为牛枝子群落和黑沙蒿群落含量较高而牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落含量较低的趋势。反映出研究区从牛枝子群落经牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落至黑沙蒿群落,植被从以草原种为主的群落,逐渐灌木化,植物群落结构组成由复杂到简单的过程,深刻影响了土壤养分的分布格局,导致了土壤“肥力岛”的形成和发展,又反作用引起研究区植物群落的进一步灌丛化,并逐步向沙漠化的方向发展的趋势。     

Species diversity and its relation with soil factors under different site conditions in a desert-oasis ecotone

Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007–2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dune. Results of the Hill’s index (diversity ordering) shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation distribution was soil water content > pH > total K > organic matter > available N > total N > available K > total P > saline content > available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%.     

改造华家岭防护林带的土壤改良效果

为探讨华家岭低效防护林带改造对土壤的改良效果,在华家岭地区选取生长不良的低效杨树纯林和改造后的云杉纯林、云杉×杨树、云杉×油松、云杉×落叶松混交林5种典型林带类型,对其土壤理化性状进行对比研究。结果表明:（1）云杉纯林及其混交林土壤的平均容重、平均毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、通气度与杨树纯林的差异显著（p<0.05）,经过低效林改造后的云杉纯林及其混交林较杨树纯林的土壤容重有所下降,孔隙度和通气性有所提高\.（2）除速效P外,各林型的土壤速效N、速效K、全N、全P、全K和有机质含量随土层深度的增加而降低;云杉纯林及其混交林的土壤有机质含量、速效N、P、K和全量N、P、K养分均高于杨树纯林,pH值低于杨树纯林\.（3）云杉纯林及其混交林的有机质含量和全N含量与容重和总孔隙度的相关性较杨树纯林的好,云杉纯林及其混交林对土壤理化性能的改良作用优于杨树纯林。