Morphometric,statistical, and hazard analyses using ASTER data and GIS technique of WADI El-Mathula watershed,Qena, Egypt

An attempt to carry out morphometric, statistical, and hazard analyses using ASTER data and GIS technique of Wadi El-Mathula watershed, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Morphometric analysis with application of GIS technique is essential to delineate drainage networks; basin geometry, drainage texture, and relief characteristics, through detect forty morphometric parameters of the study watershed and its sub-basins. Extract new drainage network map with DEM, sub-basin boundaries, stream orders, drainage networks, slope, drainage density, flow direction maps with more details is very necessary to analyze different morphometric and hydrologic applications for the study basin. Statistical analysis of morphometric parameters was done through cluster analysis, regression equations, and correlation coefficient matrix. Clusters analyses detect three independents variables which are stream number, basin area, and stream length have a very low linkage distance of 0.001 (at very high similarity of 99.95%) in a cluster with the basin width. Main channel length and basin perimeter (at very high similarity of 99.83%) are in a cluster with basin length. Using the regression equations and graphical correlation matrix indicates the mathematical relationships and helps to predict the behavior between any two variables. Hazard analysis and hazard degree assessment for each sub-basin were performed. The hazardous factors were detected and concluded that most of sub-basins are classified as moderately to highly hazardous. Finally, we recommended that the flood possibilities should be taken in consideration during future development of these areas.     

Morphometrical analysis of two tropical mountain river basins of contrasting environmental settings, the southern Western Ghats, India

The morphometric analysis of river basins represents a simple procedure to describe hydrologic and geomorphic processes operating on a basin scale. A morphometric analysis was carried out to evaluate the drainage characteristics of two adjoining, mountain river basins of the southern Western Ghats, India, Muthirapuzha River Basin (MRB) in the western slopes and Pambar River Basin (PRB) in the eastern slopes. The basins, forming a part of the Proterozoic, high-grade, Southern Granulite Terrain of the Peninsular India, are carved out of a terrain dominantly made of granite- and hornblende-biotite gneisses. The Western Ghats, forming the basin divide, significantly influences the regional climate (i.e., humid climate in MRB, while semi-arid in PRB). The Survey of India topographic maps (1:50,000) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation data were used as the base for delineation and analysis. Both river basins are of 6th order and comparable in basin geometry. The drainage patterns and linear alignment of the drainage networks suggest the influence of structural elements. The Rb of either basins failed to highlight the structural controls on drainage organization, which might be a result of the elongated basin shape. The irregular trends in Rb between various stream orders suggest the influence of geology and relief on drainage branching. The Dd values designate the basins as moderate- to well-drained with lower infiltration rates. The overall increasing trend of Rl between successive stream orders suggests a geomorphic maturity of either basins and confirmed by the characteristic I _hyp values. The Re values imply an elongate shape for both MRB and PRB and subsequently lower vulnerability to flash floods and hence, easier flood management. The relatively higher Rr of PRB is an indicative of comparatively steeply sloping terrain and consequently higher intensity of erosion processes. Further, the derivatives of digital elevation data (slope, aspect, topographic wetness index, and stream power index), showing significant differences between MRB and PRB, are useful in soil conservation plans. The study highlighted the variation in morphometric parameters with respect to the dissimilarities in topography and climate.     

Levee morphology and sedimentology along the lower Tuross River, south-eastern Australia

Levees on the lower Tuross River in south-eastern Australia reflect a complex interplay between depositional and erosional processes. Stream power, conditioned primarily by valley width, is the key determinant of levee morphology and sedimentology in this confined valley setting. Three styles of levee are described. The Rewlee levee is functionally linked to a flood channel in narrow valley settings (< 250 m). These levees contain a diverse facies assemblage characterized by various scales of erosion surfaces. Vertical accretion on levees has produced conditions under which stream power values exceed the threshold for catastrophic floodplain stripping. The levee at the Mortfield site is associated with less confined settings (valley width 500–600 m), which present lower flood stage and stream power conditions. This levee hosts a wide range of facies, but erosion surfaces are seldom observed. In the more open valley setting at the Central site (valley width 700–1000 m), levees comprise uniform, fine-grained deposits, which grade to pronounced distal floodplains with backswamps. As levees reflect a combination of within-channel and overbank processes, both depositional and erosional, these geomorphic features influence the character and sedimentology of adjacent landforms and the associated alluvial architecture of the basin.     

DEM and GIS analysis of sub-watersheds to evaluate relative tectonic activity. A case study of the North–south axis (Central Tunisia)

Morphotectonic analysis using geomorphic indexes has been developed as a basic tool to identify recent tectonic deformation in specific areas.This study was undertaken to develop an integrated quantitative geomorphic analysis of tectonic activity in the North–south axis, central of Tunisia. Different geomorphic indexes, including elongation ratio (E), drainage basin asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), Valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), and stream length gradient index (SL) were calculated. The relationships between the calculated indexes, their correlations and their significance (based on p-values) were also investigated.. Using the hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s method, these indexes were classified into three classes describing the relative, different effect of tectonics in each fault segment. The higher deformation is concentrated in the NE-SW Boudinar fault, followed, in order of decreasing activity, by Goubrar, Gouleb, and Majoura normal faults. This pattern of variation in the relative degree of tectonic activity is consistent with field evidence.     

基于地貌参数法的无资料地区洪水预报研究

为了探索无资料流域的洪水预报问题,以改进的HBV模型为例,介绍应用地貌参数法推求无资料地区模型参数的方法。并利用武江流域实测50场雨洪资料,对改进的HBV模型进行率定,在参数达到较好的模拟效果后,与流域的地貌参数建立相关关系,然后利用所建立的相关关系及武江支流田头水和韩江支流丰良河的地貌参数,推求模型参数,最后用田头水和丰良河各50场洪水进行验证,取得了较好效果。     

Complexity of the 8 ka climate event in Sweden recorded by varved lake sediments

Mineral magnetic and carbon analyses of a continuous varved lake sediment sequence in west-central Sweden (Lake Mötterudstjärnet) complement similar palaeoclimate proxies obtained from two varved lake sediment sequences in northern Sweden and one in central Finland. The varve chronology is supported by tephrochronology, palaeomagnetic secular variations and ¹⁴C AMS dating of terrestrial macrofossils. We apply a simple model in which the transport and deposition of catchment mineral matter reflect the amount of winter snow accumulation, spring snow-melt and stream discharge. Our data show that winter snow accumulation was generally enhanced in Sweden between 8100 and 7750 cal. yr BP. If dating errors are taken into account, the 350-year period of increased erosion is the geomorphic response to a multi-centennial scale climatic cooling that occurred some time between 8500 and 7500 cal. yr BP. The most significant erosion event in central Sweden was centred at 8050 cal. yr BP. It lasted 150 years (between 8100 and 7950 cal. yr BP) and is equivalent to the most extreme Holocene climate anomaly in the northern hemisphere, known as the 8 ka or 8200 cal. yr BP climate event. Our high-resolution paramagnetic susceptibility and ferrimagnetic grain-size parameters suggest that snowpack accumulation increased most significantly in northern Sweden between 7900 and 7750 cal. yr BP. We suggest that this north–south difference was a response to the re-establishment of moisture-laden westerly air masses, as meridional Atlantic overturning circulation was re-established at the beginning of the Holocene thermal maximum.     

Predicting stream channel erosion in the lacustrine core of the upper Nemadji River, Minnesota (USA) using stream geomorphology metrics

The USA Clean Water Act requires the development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) when Minnesota’s water quality standard for turbidity is exceeded; however, regions underlain with fine-grained lacustrine deposits yield large natural background loads of suspended inorganic sediment. A review of hydrogeologic pathways was conducted along with the statistical analysis of geomorphic metrics, collected at 15 sites with varying drainage areas in the upper Nemadji River basin, northeastern Minnesota. Regression analysis indicated a strong linkage between bankfull cross-sectional area and drainage area. Dimensionless geomorphic metric ratios were developed to predict channel evolution potential and associated channel erosion risk. Sites located in drainage areas less than 2 km² had low erosion risk and showed a correlation between channel slope and relative roughness (D ₈₄/mean bankfull channel depth, 88%). A principal components analysis explained over 98% of the variance between sites and indicated five important channel shape metrics to predict channel erosion: bankfull width, bankfull depth, maximum depth, cross-sectional area, and valley beltwidth. Mass wasting of cohesive stream channel sediment was influenced by groundwater discharge and produced turbid waters in the upper Nemadji River.     

太行山中段羊角玄武岩形态特征及其地质意义

太行山中段左权羊角镇发育新生代玄武岩, 记录了太行山新生代以来的构造隆升事件。在详细的野外调查和研究的基础上, 通过与玄武岩发育相关的地貌面及其上的地层特征分析, 初步确定该玄武岩是上新世末期到早更新世初期的喷发产物, 初步揭示了太行山中段区域上晚上新世以来地貌发育历史, 主要存在6次构造隆升与剥蚀期: 在唐县期宽谷面形成的基础上, 于上新世晚期存在一次隆升和一次稳定侵蚀期, 并侵蚀形成“U”形谷; 早更新世初, 玄武岩开始间歇性喷发, 同时发生以西武家坪为中心的地区上拱, “U”形谷为玄武岩充填, 之后经剥蚀堆积形成第四级阶地面; 早更新世末, 该区再次发生隆升, 并形成第四级阶地; 中更新世末, 该区发生隆升, 形成第三级阶地; 晚更新世以来, 太行山中段又连续发生两次抬升, 从而在玄武岩体上形成了4级阶地, 形成太行山现今地貌。研究同时表明, 太行山中段上新世晚期以来的隆升主要发生于上新世末到早更新世时期。这一认识为探讨太行山中段晚上新世以来的构造隆升提供了具体证据。     

黄河口尾闾段河床形态调整及过流能力变化

为全面描述黄河口尾闾段的河床形态调整及过流能力变化,采用河段平均的计算方法,确定了尾闾段(利津—西河口)1990—2016年汛后断面及河段尺度的平滩特征参数,分析河段平滩河槽形态调整特点、河段平滩流量变化过程及其与累积河床冲淤量的关系。结果表明:近30年来黄河尾闾段的河床形态调整过程较为复杂,河相系数在1990—2003年呈振荡式升高,2003年以后持续减小,说明断面形态朝窄深方向发展;平滩流量变化与河段冲淤过程密切相关,淤积时平滩流量减小,反之则增大;建立这些河段平滩特征参数与利津站前4年汛期平均水流冲刷强度的幂函数关系,且相关系数均大于0.8,说明黄河口尾闾段河床形态调整及过流能力变化能较好地响应利津站水沙条件的改变。     

Terrain evaluation through the assessment of geomorphometric parameters using DEM and GIS: case study of two major sub-watersheds in Attapady, South India

Spatial pattern of geomorphometric parameters of two sub-watersheds in the Attapady valley, Kerala, is evaluated using the Geographical Information System. Both the aspatial and spatial morphometric and hypsometric measurements of the sub-watershed are compared. The analysis of geomorphometric parameters coupled with DEM and GIS suggests that the two sub-watersheds are structurally complex with high relief and the denuded hills are undergoing severe soil erosion. Terrain analysis enables evaluation of landform changes in the two sub-watersheds which indicate differences in the denudational history of adjoining watersheds. It is demonstrated that the domainal variations in the lithology and structural complexity are reflected in differences in the denudational history which in turn is manifested in the geomorphic parameters. The study also helps in developing functional relationships between geomorphometric parameters and hydrological variables.     

多元层状边坡土体风蚀速率与微结构参数关系

吐鲁番交河故城台地多元层状土质边坡由于风蚀而形成空腔的现象表明,不同类型的土具有不同的抗风蚀能力,抗风蚀能力的强弱是多因素影响的共同结果,微观结构是其中一个重要内因。风蚀速率是表征土抗风蚀能力强弱的重要物理量,研究运用风洞试验、微结构分析等手段揭示了风蚀速率与颗粒面积比、颗粒圆度、孔隙等效直径、孔隙充填比等微结构特征参数之间的良好对应关系;进而采用相关分析法分析并证实风蚀速率与各特征参数间的良好相关关系,应用回归分析方法建立3个试验风速下风蚀速率与单个参数和多个参数之间的回归方程,验证了微结构特征对土抗风蚀能力有显著影响,进而为土抗风蚀能力的评价提供了微观依据。     

重大水利工程对长江中下游干流河槽和岸线地质环境影响研究

本文主要采取历史水下地形和水位数据分析、干流河槽现场测量、室内测试和综合评价等方法对重大水利工程影响长江中下游干流河槽和岸线进行了分析和研究,取得如下新进展：（1）创新构建了一套多模态传感器系统,实现陆上和水下一体化水动力、沉积和地貌特征测量与数据采集。（2）调查研究发现,长江干流河槽冲刷强烈,岸线窝崩、条崩发育。（3）悬沙和床沙粗化,河床阻力下降,发育侵蚀型链珠状沙波,长江大桥主桥墩冲刷严重。（4）潮区界显著上移,潮区界变动河段地貌发生重要变化。在此基础上,研究认为应该加强长江中下游干流河槽、沿岸高陡岸坡、支流入汇干流河口、崩岸以及跨江大桥桥墩冲刷等调查、监测和成因机理分析。上述研究成果对长江岸滩防护和修复、航道整治、沿岸防洪、长江大桥桥墩维护等具有重要意义。     

Morphotectonics of a small river basin in the South Indian granulite terrain: An assessment through spatially derived geomorphic indices

Neotectonic activity in Mahe (Mayyazhi) river basin and its implication in landform development and stream characteristics were investigated with the help of the digital elevation model-derived geomorphic indices. The analysis is based on the commonly used geomorphic indices such as hypsometric curve and integral, drainage basin asymmetry, transverse topographic symmetric factor (T), stream length (SL) gradient index and longitudinal profiles of the stream. Hypsometric integrals indicate that the basin has reached the base level and lesser amount of material remains for erosion and transportation. The basin is asymmetric and has a south-south-east directional tilt, but with a probable spin caused due to the presence of major strike slip fracture, the mouth portion of the Mahe river has been tilted towards north-north-west. The SL index with sudden and non-uniform variations supports the finding and indicates the relative tectonic activity and its influence over the river networks in the area. Longitudinal profile of the stream also reveals gradational changes in the profile with the presence of knick points. Cross comparison of the analysed geomorphic indices points towards neotectonic activity in the basin, which modified the river basin to the present morphology and is reflected in the characteristics of the river and the basin as a whole.     

河流堰塞的地貌响应

堰塞作为一种极端地表过程,深刻影响着河流地貌的变化,特别是河流纵剖面的变化。其对河流纵剖面的影响主要体现在两方面:一方面,堰塞坝将抬高局地的侵蚀基准面,阻碍了上游河道侵蚀,形成河流裂点;另一方面,堰塞坝溃决往往形成大型/巨型洪水,造成下游河道和岸坡的剧烈侵蚀。稳定的堰塞坝形成后,在1~105 a的时间尺度上对河流裂点的发育以及河流纵剖面变化上甚至会超过构造、气候和岩性作用,占据主导。本文在简要概述堰塞地貌相关概念的基础上,介绍了部分河流堰塞的研究方法和案例,以及河流堰塞的发育过程和研究意义。目前多仅从堰塞坝与河流纵剖面的空间关系的相关性来论证其地貌响应,并且发现一些堰塞坝与河流纵剖面的相关性,但是也有一些古堰塞坝对现代河流纵剖面的影响并不显著,原因可能与堰塞坝规模、溃决洪水次数、堵江的持续时间和距今年代的不同有关,目前还缺乏深入研究。     

Geomorphic characteristics of a bedrock river inferred from drainage quantification,longitudinal profile,knickzone identification and concavity analysis: a DEM-based study

An examination of river channels has ability to provide substantial information regarding the geomorphic characteristics, control of lithology, tectonic uplift and geomorphic evolution during the geological past of an area. In this paper, a detailed study of geomorphic and structural investigation has been carried out for Pravara basin, Maharashtra, with the help of 90-m resolution SRTM DEM and geospatial techniques. Drainage network analysis performed in this paper demonstrates the general geomorphic characteristics, while the analysis of longitudinal profile synthesises lithological control over Pravara basin. Pravara is a 6th order drainage basin, encompassing an area of 2637 km². Bifurcation ratio reveals low to moderate structural control. Due to the hard rock lithology, the drainage density and stream frequency are low, and it indicates higher permeability in the sub-surface layers. The shape parameters denote that Pravara is highly elongated and it is easier to control floods in this basin. Relief parameters show very steep slope and higher vulnerability to the slope failure in some areas. Upstream of Pravara river has shown that series of breaks and knickzones indicate active erosion and acute lithological control on the channel. Major breaks are observed only in the main channel whereas in two major tributaries, no such breaks found, instead these tributaries are characterised by several knickzones which indicate regional variation in the lithological physiognomies. Different lithological stages on knickpoint and channel incision substantiate rejuvenation of Pravara river in several phases during geological past. The geospatial methodology carried out in this study can be pragmatic elsewhere around this world to recognise the geomorphic appearances and lithological control of a drainage basin.     

Scale of relief growth in the forearc of the Andes of Northern Chile (Arica latitude, 18°S)

The stream profiles of rivers of northern Chile reveal two graded segments separated by 20‐km‐long knickzones. Their formation was initiated in the Late Miocene in response to surface uplift of the western flank of the Altiplano. This phase of uplift that was coeval with the shift of deformation from the Altiplano to the sub‐Andean zone caused relief to grow at the scale of the whole drainage basin. Above and beneath these knickzones, the presence of braided channels and the absence of erosion on adjacent pediplains suggest no substantial modification in the local relief. The knickzones, however, show bedrock channels, and fluvial dissection rates have exceeded erosion rates on adjacent pediplains by two orders of magnitudes. Hence, the data imply that the only geomorphic recorders of relief growth are the knickzones that currently transpose the effects of the Late Miocene phase of surface uplift from the coast to the Altiplano.     

金沙江“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件在奔子栏—石鼓段的地貌作用和沉积特征

古堰塞湖溃决洪水事件的重建是当前地学研究的热点问题之一,寻找足够的可参考的现代溃决洪水事件案例是顺利开展这项工作的基础。2018年11月13日发生在金沙江干流的白格堰塞湖超万年一遇的溃决洪水事件(学术界称之为“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件)就是一个难得的样本。这次溃决事件发生在枯水期,洪峰完全由溃决洪水产生,没有叠加其他来源,对评估流域地貌和沉积体系对堰塞溃决事件的响应有很好的参考价值。本文以溃决洪水事件受灾最为严重的奔子栏—石鼓段为研究区,通过详细的野外调查和初步的水力学估算发现“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件在奔子栏—石鼓段的地貌作用主要表现为洪水淹没区的岸坡塌岸和沉积物堆积,未发现明显的基岩侵蚀。沉积物主要由分选良好的具水平纹层的砂组成。受金沙江较低的河床比降影响,洪水产生的基底剪切应力较弱在27~142 N/m²,不能悬浮和搬运直径5 cm以上的砾石,也不能产生明显的磨蚀和冲(撞)击作用。在发生塌岸的部分段落,洪水沉积物中有砾石坠入,甚至会出现类似浊流沉积的层序。这些现象的发现对深入理解堰塞湖溃决洪水的复杂地貌过程和沉积特征有重要参考意义。     

黄河上游干支流交汇区沙坝淤堵形成条件

针对黄河上游干、支流交汇区形成的沙坝淤堵事件,利用野外观测资料,分析了支流高含沙洪水特性及交汇区沙坝淤堵特点,探讨了汇流比(支流流量与干流流量之比)、支流洪水水量、支流洪水沙量等因素对沙坝淤堵形成的影响;根据动量原理建立了交汇区形成沙坝淤堵的判别关系,结合黄河上游干、支流洪水输移特性,得出了基于汇流比与支流洪水水量关系及支流洪水沙量与支流洪水水量关系的沙坝淤堵判别条件。由此,可根据汇流比、支流洪水水量及沙量判断交汇区能否形成沙坝淤堵,可为暴雨洪水期黄河上游交汇区形成沙坝淤堵灾害的预报及防治提供参考。     

Juncture of erosion,land use/cover status and hazardous geomorphic processes in central lesser Himalaya

The high relief energy of the central lesser Himalayan terrain of Jaigan watershed would indicate to favour the occurrence of highly active geomorphic processes. Present investigation was based on two watersheds with different juncture of erosion, viz. Ghuniyoli and Santri watershed under youthful and equilibrium state of erosion respectively. The juncture of erosion of these watersheds was assessed under the impact of altitudinal variation as well as the erosion environment of these studied watersheds was evaluated under different land use/cover status. However, the present morphodynamics of Ghuniyoli and Santri watersheds can be considered for the detailed investigation of physical factors including geological situation as well as the cultural factors. The litho-structural set-up completely altered the sequential development of landform. The landscape under the resistant strata had undergone equilibrium (early mature) juncture while vulnerable lithology determined youthful (late) juncture. This occurred due to the active tectonics of the watershed. The existence of thrust along with contact zone of two lithologies created more erosion prone conditions in resistant strata. Land use/cover status when compared with juncture of erosion for the entire watershed also followed the same juncture of erosion. Finally it was observed that the juncture of erosion was reflected in hazardous geomorphic processes too. Landform under youthful juncture caused significant hazardous geomorphic processes in comparison to landform under mature juncture.     

基于ZY3 DEM和SRTM DEM的北京平原区地貌特征探析

研究区主要包括北京东部的通州、平谷、顺义、燕郊、大厂和三河,位于华北沉降带北部、阴山东西向构造带南缘。该区地势总体上西北略高,东南略低,为大型缓倾斜平原,地形不仅受本区内北东向断裂的影响,还受北西向断裂的影响。资源三号卫星立体影像(ZY3)DEM和NASA航天飞机雷达地形任务(SRTM)DEM在北京地区地貌特征研究中显示出了许多优于其他DEM的优势。文章利用包括水系偏转、河长坡降指标(SL)、面积-高程积分值(HI)、等值线分级色彩显示和地形粗糙度等几种地形参数,分析了地形特征与断层构造活动性的关系。水系的右旋偏转证实了该区北东向断裂的右旋走滑活动,如夏垫断裂和其他相邻断裂。SL指数表明,河床纵剖面在横跨断层处均是陡坡;HI的高值主要集中在南口-孙河断裂与该区其他北东向断裂的交汇处,夏垫断裂的中段,以及香河县西北部,反映了该区强烈的构造活动,同时也反映出可能存在隐伏断层。另外,研究表明,面积、高程积分值的高值区与低值区相邻衔接处,往往是地震危险性较大的地方。此外,平原区相同值域的面积-高程积分所反映的构造活动强度应该与山区不同,因此地貌演化阶段划分标准也应与山区有所不同。等值线分级色彩显示对地形变化非常敏感,当与已识别的断层重叠时,大部分地形突变的地方都与断层活动有关。地形粗糙度分析显示不同断裂带的地形粗糙度与断裂活动强度呈正相关关系。