发展中的现代农业园区用地思路与对策探讨

发展农业园区是提高农地经济收益的有效途径,也是保护耕地的一项重要手段.我国的农业园区处于起步阶段,园区性质、用地方向、用地结构、经营范围等都有待规范.针对这一现象,从我国园区发展的现状和存在的问题出发,提出了解决农业园区用地的基本思路,构建了园区用地的体系,同时在确定土地经营的性质,规定其发展模式、方向和土地经营的收益分配原则方面进行了探讨,并从法律法规的完善、园区规划的审批、规划执行、经营过程中的监管以及耕地保护的激励措施等方面提出了相应的对策措施.     

景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究进展

景观格局的形成反映了不同的景观生态过程,与此同时景观格局又在一定程度上影响着景观的演变过程。 空间格局、生态过程与尺度之间的相互关系是景观生态学研究的核心内容。本文对景观格局与生态过程的研究方 法、景观格局与生态过程相互关系等方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述。最后分析了目前景观格局与生态过程相 互关系研究中存在的问题与不足、未来的研究热点及发展趋势。     

东北地区古代城市空间形态发展背景与进程

东北地区古代城市的产生和发展遵循城市发展的一般规律,通过不同历史时期城市的空间形态特征研究,发现由于地域的特殊性,东北地区古代城市呈现空间特征呈现间歇性、不平衡性和空间地域隔离特征以及空间形态差异性特征,主要受区位条件、文化因素、民族因素、社会制度以及社会经济形态的深刻影响,形成独特的城市地域体系。同时,受中原文化的影响,东北地区古代城市表现为不同寻常的相继相承,能够因地制宜地建设、管理城市,不尊求常规封建礼仪,在城市管理等方面有独到的借鉴意义。     

A statistical method for detecting spatiotemporal co-occurrence patterns

Spatiotemporal co-occurrence patterns (STCOPs) are subsets of Boolean features whose instances frequently co-occur in both space and time. The detection of STCOPs is crucial to the investigation of the spatiotemporal interactions among different features. However, prevalent STCOPs reported by available methods do not necessarily indicate the statistically significant dependence among different features, which is likely to result in highly erroneous assessments in practice. To improve the reliability of results, this paper develops a statistical method to detect STCOPs and discern their statistical significance. The proposed method detects STCOPs against the null hypothesis that the spatiotemporal distributions of different features are independent of each other. To construct the null hypothesis, suitable spatiotemporal point-process models considering spatiotemporal autocorrelation are employed to model the distributions of different features. The performance of the proposed statistical method is assessed by synthetic experiments and a case study aimed at identifying crime patterns among multiple crime types in Portland City. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is more effective for detecting meaningful STCOPs than the available alternative methods.     

改革开放以来中国国内人口迁移及其研究

从人口迁移进程的变化、人口迁移的主要原因与迁移选择和迁移方式、迁移人口对城市社会经济活动的参与及影响等方面,综述中国改革开放以来的人口迁移进程及研究成果。大量的实证研究,使人们对中国国内人口迁移有了日益清晰的认识,但多数仍停留在国外人口迁移理论的框架之内。在人口迁移与加快户籍制度改革、与城市居民就业和产业结构调整的关系,及迁移人口对区域社会经济发展差异分析比较的影响等方面还需进行深入研究。     

丘陵半干旱区沟壑分类及治理开发模式研究

应用沟壑纵剖面信息熵、主成份分析、聚类分析等方法,将丘陵半干旱区沟壑分为初期“Ⅴ”型发展沟,中期“U”发展沟、后期扩展“V”型稳定三大类。研究建立了乔灌草混交综合防护型;经济林果立体型;水井－养殖－林果型;窖－棚－果（林）型;沟道大棚－葡萄－食用菌三位一体型等不同类型沟壑治理开发模式,可为同类地区山地沟壑资源高效治理开发,实现农业经济可持续发展提供科学决策依据。     

Residential Settlement Patterns among Immigrants in Atlanta Metropolitan Area,Georgia

This study investigates the diversity of immigrant populations and their spatial residential patterns at the census tract level within twenty‐nine counties of the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), using 2013 American Community Survey (ACS) five‐year estimates summary data from 2008–2012. Correlations coefficient analyses with local job opportunities, education level, and English proficiency and the presence of foreign‐born populations are also discussed. We find that immigrants have different patterns of settlement depending on their place of birth and region of origin. Local job opportunities, dominant language at home, and education levels also relate to the distribution of foreign‐born populations. Further research opportunities concerning differential settlement are discussed.     

Landscape pattern change and driving force of blowout distribution in the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland

The land coverage pattern changes for the past 50 years in a typical region of the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland were interpreted and analyzed based on a series of remote sensing images in 1959, 2002, 2004 and 2009. The temporal and spatial changes of landscape patterns were revealed and the driving forces were analyzed. The results show that all land coverage types had large variable amplitudes. The grassland area decreased, whereas other areas increased. Owing to implementation of artificial sand fixation from 2004 to 2009, the areas of flowing blowouts and depositional area decreased by 71,369 and 128,835 m², respectively. The average patch area reduced, but the number of blowouts increased, fractal dimension increased, and blowout structure became complex. The fragmentation index increased, whereas contagion index decreased. Driving force analysis shows that human factors such as overgrazing are slightly larger than natural factors of increased temperature and decreased precipitation.     

基于空间统计分析与GIS的人口空间分布模式研究--以甘肃省天水市为例

该文将空间统计分析与GIS相结合,探讨天水市人口空间分布模式。研究表明,天水市人口空间分布呈现“西北-东南”模式,存在显著的空间集聚现象,四种类型的空间关联在空间分布上具有明显的规律性。利用空间统计分析方法能够扩展和加强GIS的空间分析功能,从而更深入地探索、分析、处理和解释人口分布的空间模式与空间关联,为进一步研究空间模式的发生尺度和塑造该模式的空间过程奠定基础。     

Spatial energy efficiency patterns and the coupling relationship with industrial structure:A study on Liaoning Province,China

Using a sample of 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province, this study first explored the spatial hierarchy and structural characteristics of energy efficiency from the following three viewpoints: energy technical efficiency based on data envelopment analysis, energy consumption per unit of GDP, and energy utilization efficiency combining the previous two indexes. After measuring and analyzing the advancement, rationality, and concentration of the industrial structure in each city, we made some generalizations about the coupling features of the energy efficiency and industrial structure in Liaoning, using the coupling degree rating model. Some of our conclusions are as follows: (1) The 14 cities differ significantly in their energy efficiency, with Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, and Jinzhou enjoying the highest energy efficiency. Northwestern Liaoning and other heavy-industrial cities such as Fushun and Benxi belong to low-efficiency and high-consumption areas. (2) In areas with higher efficiency, the spatial patterns of the energy technical efficiency, energy consumption per unit of GDP, and energy utilization efficiency are, respectively, "π"-,"Ⅱ"- and "H"- shaped. Geographically, the energy utilization efficiency shows different trends from east to west and from north to south. Factors such as the binuclear structure of economic development have a major effect on this spatial pattern of energy efficiency. (3) Southeastern Liaoning enjoys a highly advanced industrial structure. Areas with a highly rational industrial structure form an “H” shape, with Shenyang and Dalian at the two poles. The urban agglomerations in middle and southern Liaoning have a highly concentrated industrial structure. (4) Overall, the coupling between energy efficiency and industrial structure is low in Liaoning, except for Shenyang and Dalian at both ends, where the coupling between an advanced industrial structure and energy efficiency is higher than in other cities.     

Seismic quiescence before the M 7, 1988, Spitak earthquake, Armenia

A detailed analysis of the 35  yr of seismicity between 1962 and 1997 using a gridding technique shows that the M 7, Spitak earthquake of 1988 December 7 was preceded by a quiescence anomaly that started at approximately 1984±0.5, and lasted about 5±0.5  yr, up to the main shock. This quiescence anomaly had a radius of about 20±3  km, estimated from circular areas with 75 per cent rate decrease, centred at the point of maximum significance of the anomaly. The quiescence was clearly present in the aftershock volume during the 5  yr before the 1988 main shock, but its statistically strongest expression was located 30  km NW of the epicentre. This anomaly fulfills the association rules between precursory quiescence anomalies and main shocks, even for a tight definition, and is therefore proposed as a case of precursory quiescence. The largest value of the standard deviate Z , found by random selection of samples by gridding, was Z =14 for a time window of T _w=3  yr, using a sample size of N =300 events. This makes this anomaly the strongest observed so far, and it is the first documented in an environment of continental collision. There are no false alarms exceeding in significance the precursor. The Armenian earthquake catalogue used for this study had 4600 earthquakes with M ≥ M _min=2.2 in the area bounded by 39.5° to 42°N/42.5° to 47°E. From the point of view of homogeneous reporting this is the best catalogue we have analysed so far. The limits of the data used and the density of the grid are dictated by the data, and have no influence on the results. The choice of free parameters does not influence the results significantly within the following limits: 100≤ N ≤500, 2≤ T _w≤7, 2.2≤ M _min≤2.8.     

湖北省A级旅游景区的空间格局与优化

为了充分利用、整合湖北旅游资源,运用图表法、空间计量分析法研究了湖北省125家A级旅游景区的空间结构特征及其与资源、行政区、交通、水系等要素之间的关系。结果表明:湖北省旅游景区趋于集聚型分布,以武汉市为中心呈现出一定的集聚规律;绝大多数旅游景区属于自然资源导向型;各地市(州、林区)景区的数量和等级组成、空间结构特征不同;旅游交通网不够完善;旅游景区有较明显的沿长江及其支流分布的趋势。进一步探讨了湖北省旅游景区空间布局中存在的问题,并提出优化方案。     

关于库姆塔格沙漠“羽毛状”风沙地貌的讨论

库姆塔格沙漠是我国最后一个完成综合科考的沙漠,以其北部的“羽毛状”沙丘著称。以往关于库姆塔格沙漠风沙地貌的认识主要基于遥感影像判读。最近深入沙漠腹地的实地考察引发了对该沙漠“羽毛状”沙丘的争论。本文从地质构造、遥感影像纹理特征、沙丘形态特征、风况特征、组成沙丘沉积物的粒度特征、矿物组成、光谱特征、颗粒形貌等多层次、多视角探讨库姆塔格沙漠的“羽毛状”风沙地貌。提出从三种空间尺度上区分“羽翼状”沙漠、“羽毛状”图案（伪羽毛状沙丘）和“羽毛状”沙丘的必要性。认为：①库姆塔格沙漠的 “羽翼状” 总体格局是受新构造运动控制的。②以往基于航片判读确认的“羽毛状”沙丘实际上是由线性（赛夫）沙丘、丘间走廊的亮色浮沙片和残余暗色粗沙地的反照率对比形成的“羽毛状”图案,并非真正的复合沙丘。③真正的“羽毛状”沙丘应该是指有明显新月形沙丘遗留翼角的赛夫沙丘（线性沙丘）的变型。④由赛夫沙丘到“羽毛状”沙丘,风况愈来愈复杂。     

21世纪初中国海岸带土地利用空间格局特征

基于GIS空间分析技术、条带分割法以及优势度和土地利用程度综合指数,分析了21世纪我国海岸带区域（海岸线向陆30km范围）土地利用的数量、结构、空间格局和集约化特征。研究表明：21世纪我国海岸带土地利用以耕地、林地和建设用地为主。距海远近不同,土地利用的结构特征和空间格局差异显著,水域和建设用地的向海特征最为显著,其次...     

Residential Patterns in the Pre‐Automotive American City

The classic geographic distinction between situation and site factors suggests that the former will have declined and the latter increased since the late 19th century in their importance as determinants of American urban residential patterns. We test the prediction by examining the relation of socioeconomic status to horizontal and vertical distance from the city center in the largest American cities in 1880. A comparison of the results with the patterns prevalent in the twentieth century largely, though not entirely, supports the prediction, as do changes in the status of main streets and harbor islands.     

Mapping Polka and Its Ethnic Heritage in the United States

Abstract

Ethnic music is a strong indicator of cultural identity. Central and Eastern European ethnic groups have historically been associated with folk music traditions, such as polka, and radio broadcasting patterns in the United States reflect continued demand for and support of this music. Data from the 2000 Census was used to generate maps of the county-level ancestral patterns from European regions traditionally associated with polka music and was compared with the locations of radio stations that play polka. This article demonstrates straightforward quantitative approaches to evaluating these patterns of musical preferences. This study serves as an example for ways in which mapping and GIS can be used as tools for teaching and learning topics related to cultural geography.     

Patterns in the sand: From forcing templates to self-organization

The nearshore region exhibits many striking morphological patterns with a variety of spatial and temporal scales. The formation of these rhythmic features has been initially ascribed, depending on the pattern in question, to spatial structures in the flow or geological constrains. These forcing templates have been hypothesized to provide the spatial structure that becomes imprinted on the shoreline or seabed morphology. More recently, new explanations for rhythmic patterns have involved interactions between fluid flow and sediment transport that create morphological feedbacks and lead to pattern self-organization. While forcing-template models do not explicitly treat transport of the sediment that makes up the pattern, self-organization models focus on the strong couplings within flow/sediment systems, and on interactions between emergent structures. We illustrate the sweeping shift from template explanations to self-organization by discussing four nearshore patterns: beach cusps, surfzone crescentic sandbars, inner-shelf sorted bedforms, and large-scale cuspate shorelines. Models involving self-organization show that local interactions between flow and sediment transport can collectively give rise to patterns with large-scale coherence and that the driving feedbacks can be associated with either topographical or grain-size composition instabilities. An approach based on self-organization also allows researchers to establish limitations in the predictability of the occurrence of rhythmic patterns and characteristics as well as to study mechanisms leading to the observed variability of pattern or lack of regularity.