黑河流域年冻融指数及其时空变化特征分析

利用黑河流域气象站点的逐日平均温度数据计算空气及地表冻融指数,并分析其变化趋势以及空间分布。结果表明,黑河流域空气冻结指数、空气融化指数、地表冻结指数和地表融化指数变化范围依次为:673~2 135℃·d,1 028~4 177℃·d,682~1 702℃·d,1 956~5 278℃·d;黑河流域冻结指数出现明显的下降趋势,其中空气冻结指数(1951—2007年)下降速率为56.0℃·d/10a,地表冻结指数(1954—2005年)下降速率为35.4℃·d/10a;融化指数表现为上升,其中空气融化指数(1951—2008年)整体以每年47.8℃·d/10a的速率上升,地表融化指数在1954—1975年以135.9℃·d/10a的速率下降,在1976—2006年以185.3℃·d/10a的速率上升;黑河流域各站点冻结指数受海拔及纬度双重影响,而融化指数则主要受海拔影响;年平均气温与冻融指数有非常强的线性关系。     

黑河流域不同下垫面区域的气候变化特征

通过对黑河流域上中下游典型气象站长期观测记录的分析 ,建立了 196 1— 1995年气温、降水变化速率与流域垂直分带的关系 .结果显示 ,流域内不同区域存在着不同的气候变化响应过程 .2 0世纪 90年代与 6 0年代相比 ,上游中高山湿润半湿润区气温升高幅度在 0 .6℃左右 ,降水升高幅度较大 ;前山荒漠区升温幅度较大 ,在 1.3℃左右 ,而降水变化极不稳定 ;山前平原干旱区中的较大面积人工绿洲区 ,升温幅度相对较低 ,大约为 0 .5～ 0 .6℃ ,降水呈稳定的小幅度上升 ;下游尾闾段极端干旱区温度升高、降水减少的趋势极为明显 ,分别为 1.4℃和 - 0 .5mm·a-1左右 .究其原因 ,主要是由于不同区域气候类型的差异和局地环境的影响 ,如大面积人工灌溉绿洲的小气候效应等     

黑河流域水文特性

介绍了黑河流域基本概况,依据黑河流域多年水文资料,分析了黑河流域降水、蒸发、径流的年内分配、年际变化和地域分布。黑河流域降水稀少,蒸发量大,水资源短缺,植被稀疏,水土流失严重,生态环境极为脆弱。     

Groundwater Recharge and Mixing in Arid and Semiarid Regions: Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

A sound understanding of groundwater recharged from various sources occurring at different time scales is crucial for water management in arid and semi-arid river basins. Groundwater recharge sources and their geochemical evolution are investigated for the Heihe River Basin(HRB) in northwest China on the basis of a comprehensive compilation of geochemical and isotopic data. Geochemical massbalance modeling indicates that mountain-block recharge accounts for a small fraction(generally less than 5%) of the shallow and deep groundwater sustaining the oasis, whereas infiltration of rivers and irrigation water contribute most of the groundwater recharge. Dedolomitization is the primary process responsible for the changes in groundwater chemical and carbon isotope compositions from the piedmont to the groundwater discharge zone, where the dedolomitization is very likely enhanced by modern agricultural activities affecting the shallow groundwater quality. Analysis of radioactive isotopes suggests that these primary recharge sources occur at two different time scales. Radiocarbon-derived groundwater age profiles indicate a recharge rate of approximately 12 mm/year, which probably occurred during 2000–7000 years B.P., corresponding to the mid-Holocene humid period. The recharge of young groundwater on the tritium-dated time scale is much higher, about 360 mm/year in the oasis region. Infiltration from irrigation canals and irrigation return flow are the primary contributors to the increased young groundwater recharge. This study suggests that groundwater chemistry in the HRB has been influenced by the complex interaction between natural and human-induced geochemical processes and that anthropogenic effects have played a more significant role in terms of both groundwater quantity and quality.     

数字黑河的思考与实践2:数据集成

数据集成是流域集成研究的核心环节,是发展、改进和验证模型的基础。介绍了"数字黑河"数据集成研究的进展:①定义了数据集成;提出数据库集成应具有数据的完整性、可获取性和有效管理3个基本特征;而模型数据集可根据流域集成模型对科学数据的需求,概化为驱动数据、参数集、验证和诊断数据三大类。②进一步丰富和完善了"数字黑河"信息系统;扩展了黑河数据库,较为系统地收集了黑河流域的基础地理数据、各类观测数据、科学试验数据和现有的模型数据集,在线数据量已扩充至1 000 GB,并且广泛共享。③介绍了模型数据集取得的进展及目前存在的问题;发展了制备高分辨率驱动数据的统计和动力降尺度方法;依靠数据融合方法制备了适用于模型的黑河流域土地覆盖图和土壤图。④指出了数据集成所面临的挑战和需要优先完成的迫切任务,核心是以发展流域集成模型为导向,进一步完善"数字黑河"信息系统,并且制备高分辨率和可靠的模型数据集。     

黑河流域中上游地区降水中氢氧同位素研究

根据黑河流域中上游地区取得的降水水样和气象资料,分析了该区域地区降水线和降水中氘盈余分布特征,为同位素技术在黑河流域水循环研究中的应用提供科学依据.结果表明:受降水再次强烈蒸发同位素动力分馏效应影响,地区大气降水线(LMWL)δD=4.1447δ18O-20.6852(‰)的斜率很低,符合干旱区降水线斜率很低的规律.冬秋两个季节降水线的斜率明显高于春夏季节,氢氧同位素的相关性也远高于春夏季节.降水中氘盈余(d)变化幅度较大,呈现山区高平原低和冬季高夏季低的时空分布规律.     

Nebkha development and its relationship to environmental change in the Alaxa Plateau,China

Extensive nebkha areas develop mainly under the control of aeolian processes, and their sediments record information on regional environmental changes during different periods. Such areas have developed on the dry riverbeds and deserted arable lands of China’s Alaxa Plateau, Taklimakan, and Kumutage deserts. In this paper, we studied nebkhas that had developed in the Heicheng–Juyan region to determine their CaCO₃ contents, particle size distributions, and creation dates. Extensive human activities have occurred in this region since at least in the late Tang Dynasty (618–907 ad). Although historical records show that most of the region’s rivers dried up around 1372, surface water persisted in some areas until the early Qing Dynasty (1644–1911 ad). After the 1600s, extensive nebkhas began to develop due to drying of the region’s rivers. The early stages of nebkha development were controlled by both the sediment supply and the regional wind regime, whereas late stages were controlled primarily by variations in wind activity. In the Alaxa Plateau, it took about 100 years for arable lands and riverbeds to evolve into gobi deserts, and during this time, several phases occurred with different levels of wind activity. The land degradation processes in this region are mainly controlled by surface water resources, and the impact of human activities such as reclamation on land degradation appear to have been overestimated in previous studies.     

黑河下游额济纳盆地景观空间格局动态变化分析

基于1977、1993、2001和2005年4期Landsat遥感影像资料,选用面积、斑块数量、斑块平均大小、斑块面积标准差和面积加权平均斑块形状指数,对额济纳盆地景观空间格局的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明:乔木林面积持续减少,表现为绿洲外部及边缘的小斑块大量消失;灌木林在早期以斑块的萎缩和破碎化为主,随后因建群种演替为旱生生态型而趋于稳定,2001年后部分小斑块消失;草地在1977～1993年以小斑块的消失为主,1993～2001年以斑块的破碎化为主,2001年后斑块的团聚性增强,草地扩张;戈壁在1977～2001年斑块的破碎化程度增大,2001年后受草地恢复和巴丹吉林沙漠入侵的影响,总面积和斑块数量减少;沙地在研究期间持续扩张,1977～1993年表现为向植被的分散入侵,1993～2001年斑块的扩张和新小斑块的形成同步进行,2001年后以斑块的扩展和相互连通为主,团聚性增强。黑河输水量的变化是研究区景观空间格局动态变化的主要驱动力,在生态输水工程实施后,生态环境的恶化趋势得到了一定的扼制,但仍需采取措施提高输水的生态效果。     

黑河流域TM/ETM+影像数字镶嵌图的制作与应用研究

对研究区内两个时期(1986-1990年和1999-2000年)20景Landsat TM5或Landsat ETM7影像图进行多波段合成、色彩优化、几何配准和数字镶嵌等预处理工作,生成试验区两个时期的TM/ETM+影像数字镶嵌图,并利用均方根(Root mean square, RMS)误差法评价几何配准的精度,用采样法评价数字镶嵌的精度. 结果表明,单景TM/ETM+影像图几何配准的精度可以控制在1个像元以内. 多景数字镶嵌时多数点的RMS误差小于2个像元,总的RMS误差在1.3～1.5之间. 利用影像图作为几何配准的数据源的方法要优于利用地形图作为几何配准的数据源的方法.     

1936—2017年北极勒拿河流域气候变化及其对径流的影响

北极河流径流的变化会影响海冰热力过程和海洋温盐环流。基于全球降水气候学中心（GPCC）及俄罗斯水文气象部提供的1936—2017年间的气温、 降水和径流数据, 分析了北极勒拿河（Lena River）流域近80年来的气候和径流变化特征, 并探究了气候变化对径流的影响。通过分析得出： 研究期内勒拿河流域气温上升0.18 ℃·（10a）^-1, 降水量增加率为4.7 mm·（10a）^-1, 径流增加399 m³·s^-1·（10a）^-1。各个季节的径流均呈增加趋势, 其中春季径流增加最为明显, 冬季次之。春季径流的增加主要是由春季气温升高所致的积雪加速消融造成的, 其次是春季降水的补给。夏、 秋季径流增加的主要原因是降水的贡献, 气温升高加剧蒸发反而使径流减少。冬季径流的增加, 是由于气温升高导致冻土退化或活动层厚度增加, 促进更多冻结水进入径流过程, 致使径流增加。     

甘肃西北部黑河流域中游地表径流和地下水补给变异特征

大量实际资料和综合研究表明,在西北内陆区当人类活动影响强度超过37%时,地表径流过程由天然状态转变为以人为干扰为主,不仅造成下游区获得的地表径流量大幅减少,而且中游区地下水补给也失去自然特征,补给量明显减少,同时还影响地下水径流过程及其溢出量衰减,进而导致下游区生态环境需水更加紧缺和退化。调控中游区安全引水量和调整中游区种植产业结构,发展节水型农业,是解决黑河流域下游区生态环境问题的关键。     

Landscape change and sandy desertification in arid areas: a case study in the Zhangye Region of Gansu Province, China

The Zhangye Region of Gansu Province is an important agricultural base in arid northwestern China. During the twentieth century, especially in the last five decades, the region has experienced sandy desertification. To document the status and causes of this deterioration, satellite images, meteorological and socioeconomic data to assess landscape change from 1993 to 2002 were interpreted and analyzed. The results show that during the intervening 9-year period the area of sandy lands has increased by 642.2 km², which consist of aeolian sand dune (357.1 km²) and potential sandy land (216.3 km²). Although the development and reversion of sandy desertification co-exist, the sandy desertification in this area seems serious and is attributable to the irrational use of water and land.     

黑河流域生态系统服务的价值

生态系统服务的价值评估研究是可持续发展评估研究的关键内容和焦点 ,是生态经济学、环境经济学和生态学的前沿研究领域 ,是开展环境 经济综合核算的基础工作 .以黑河流域 1987年和 2 0 0 0年的 1∶10 0 0 0 0LandsatTM图像解译数据为基础 ,在分析黑河流域土地利用和土地覆盖变化状况的同时 ,对黑河流域生态系统服务的价值进行了评估 ,结果表明 :按当前价计算 ,1987年黑河流域生态系统服务的年价值为 2 1.6 2 3× 10 8＄ ,相当于 178.82 2× 10 8元人民币 ;2 0 0 0年黑河流域生态系统服务的年价值为 17.6 74× 10 8＄ ,相当于 146 .16 4× 10 8元人民币 .与 1999年黑河流域的国内生产总值 (GDP) 10 2 .5 4× 10 8元人民币相比 ,2 0 0 0年黑河流域生态系统服务的年价值相当于GDP的 1.42 5倍 .由于缺乏对盐碱地、永久积雪 /冰川、建筑用地、沙丘 /戈壁、裸岩 /裸土地等服务价值的相关研究信息 ,该结果是对流域生态系统服务价值的保守估计 .     

黑河流域生态水文传感器网络设计

在黑河上游八宝河流域和中游盈科灌区,以无线传感器网络为纽带,高效集成流域尺度内密集分布的、多源异构传感器的各种气象、水文及生态观测项目,建立自动化、智能化、时空协同的、各观测节点远程可控的生态水文传感器综合观测网络;通过优化地面采样方案,精细观测和准确度量流域尺度内空间异质性较强的关键水文生态要素的时空动态过程、时空变异性和不确定性;研究针对星载/机载遥感真实性检验的地面传感器采样方案,精细验证遥感反演精度,深入挖掘各种遥感手段在流域综合观测中的作用和潜力;全面提高流域水文生态过程的综合观测能力和观测自动化水平。     

数字黑河的思考与实践1:为流域科学服务的数字流域

多学科数据的收集和积累、多学科模型的集成以及现代化的观测系统是发展流域科学的必要前提。"数字黑河"是为黑河流域科学研究和流域集成管理而搭建的集数据、模型和观测系统于一体的信息化平台,是"数字地球"在流域尺度上的一次实践性尝试。数字黑河由数据平台、模型平台和数字化观测系统组成,其核心是观测、数据和模型平台中的信息基础设施建设,但同时也外延而扩展为以流域综合模型为骨架的各种应用。"数字黑河"已阶段性地完成了数据集成,在线数据量超过1 000 GB,并实现了完全共享,有力地支持了黑河流域的各项研究工作;在模型集成方面已初步建成了流域综合模型和空间决策支持系统。"数字黑河"的进一步构想是在e-Science的框架下将数据系统、观测系统、模型系统、信息发布系统、高性能计算及科学计算可视化集成为一个整体。     

Occurrence of soluble salts and moisture in the unsaturated zone and groundwater hydrochemistry along the middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River in northwest China

Deforestation, over-development of water resources and population growth have contributed to degeneration of vegetation in the Heihe River Basin in northwest China. Salts and water contents are the most important factors affecting the growth of vegetation in this arid area. This study was conducted to determine soluble salt levels of soils in the unsaturated zone and the hydrochemistry of groundwater at 14 sites in this region. Concentrations of soluble ions in the soils deceased with depth. Soil ion contents increased at depths below the root system of native plants. Sulfate was the dominant anion in both the unsaturated zone and the groundwater. Total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater ranged from less than 1 g/L in the middle reaches of the watershed to about 10 g/L in the arid lower reaches. In the middle and upper reaches of the watershed, salinity in soil and groundwater decreased. Groundwater was highly variable in hydrochemistry. The lower reaches was predominated by SO₄–Na•Mg and SO₄–Mg•Na type water, whereas in the middle reaches groundwater is characterized by lower TDS and HCO₃-dominated type water. Evapotranspiration is responsible for occurrence of the soluble salts in the soil profiles. Dissolution is the dominant chemical process in the middle reaches, whereas evapotranspiration prevails in the lower reaches of the Heihe River.     

黑河流域地表反照率估算及其时空特征分析

基于不同空间尺度、长时间序列的地表反照率产品探究黑河流域2000—2012年的反照率时空变化特征。首先基于角度格网化(AB)算法对黑河流域30 m环境卫星一号HJ-1/CCD大气层顶方向反射率进行了地表反照率估算,作为高空间分辨率的地表反照率产品;选择同种算法计算的1 km空间分辨率的Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS)反照率产品作为低空间分辨率反照率产品。结果表明:1利用AB算法反演的HJ卫星反照率具有较高精度,满足流域尺度反照率时空特征分析的精度要求;2黑河流域地表反照率空间分布差异显著,流域上游植被覆盖区域反照率较低,中下游荒漠地表反照率较高;3流域地表反照率的年内变化与季节性降雪和作物物候周期性变化一致。从季节变化角度,黑河流域反照率月平均值的年变化呈"U"字型,其中,冬季反照率最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季最低。从年际变化角度,黑河下游反照率呈上升趋势,上游和整个流域呈下降趋势。     

Environmental isotopic study on the recharge and residence time of groundwater in the Heihe River Basin, northwestern China

The recharge and origin of groundwater and its residence time were studied using environmental isotopic measurements in samples from the Heihe River Basin, China. δ¹⁸O and δD values of both river water and groundwater were within the same ranges as those found in the alluvial fan zone, and lay slightly above the local meteoric water line (δD=6.87δ¹⁸O+3.54). This finding indicated that mountain rivers substantially and rapidly contribute to the water resources in the southern and northern sub-basins. δ¹⁸O and δD values of groundwater in the unconfined aquifers of these sub-basins were close to each other. There was evidence of enrichment of heavy isotopes in groundwater due to evaporation. The most pronounced increase in the δ¹⁸O value occurred in agricultural areas, reflecting the admixture of irrigation return flow. Tritium results in groundwater samples from the unconfined aquifers gave evidence for ongoing recharge, with mean residence times of: less than 36 years in the alluvial fan zone; about 12–16 years in agricultural areas; and about 26 years in the Ejina oasis. In contrast, groundwater in the confined aquifers had ¹⁴C ages between 0 and 10 ka BP.     

60年来黑河流域东部子水系中上游气温、降水、蒸发变化特征分析

利用黑河流域东部子水系中上游10个水文站近60年气温、降水、蒸发观测资料,分析3个要素地域和年际变化特征。结果表明:（1）气温总体地域变化特征表现为从南向北随着海拔高程逐渐降低,多年平均气温呈现逐步升高的趋势。2000年以后气温平均升高0.9℃;（2）降水量总体地域变化特征表现为从南向北、从东向西随着海拔高程的逐渐降低,多年平均降水量呈现逐步减少的趋势。各站历年降水过程呈锯齿状高频振荡,深山区、走廊平原区（荒漠边缘区）降水量长期变化总体上是呈缓慢上升的趋势,浅山区降水量长期变化总体上是呈缓慢下降的趋势;（3）蒸发量地域分布规律跟降水量、气温地域分布规律密切相关,蒸发量总体地域变化特征表现为从南向北随着海拔高程逐渐降低,多年平均蒸发量呈现逐步增大的趋势。19802011年间深山区多年蒸发量变化趋势平稳,无明显增大或减小的变化趋势;浅山区和走廊平原区均呈现出蒸发量逐年减小的总体变化趋势。     

Use of hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotopes for evaluation of groundwater in Qingshuihe Basin,northwestern China

Hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotope data were utilized to understand origin, geochemical evolution, hydraulic interconnection, and renewability of groundwater in Qingshuihe Basin, northwestern China. There are four types of groundwater: (1) shallow groundwater in the mountain front pluvial fans, originating from recent recharge by precipitation, (2) deep paleo-groundwater of the lower alluvial plains, which was formed long ago, (3) shallow groundwater in the lower alluvial plains, which has undergone evaporation during the recharge process, and (4) mixed groundwater (shallow and deep groundwater in the plain). The main water types are Na–HCO₃, which dominates type (1), and Na–SO₄, which dominates types (2) and (3). Geochemical evolution in the upper pluvial fans is mainly the result of CO₂ gas dissolution, silicates weathering and cation exchange; in the lower alluvial plains, it is related to mineral dissolution. The evaporative enrichment only produces significant salinity increases in the shallow groundwater of the lower alluvial plains. Shallow groundwater age in the upper plain is 10 years or so, showing a strong renewability. Deep groundwater ages in the lower plain are more than 200 years, showing poor renewability. In the exploitation areas, the renewability of groundwater evidently increases and the circulation period is 70–100 years.