天生桥一级水电站1^#导流隧洞塌方成灾分析

天生桥一级水电站１＾＃导流隧洞工程进口段，在处理原塌方掘进过程中又发生了大面积塌方地质灾害，经调查分析。坍塌变形破坏主要受岩体结构控制。塌方机制为弱面组合失稳，结构面组合稳是主要破坏形式。     

小山电站引水洞塌方处理与浅析

本文介绍了小山电站引水塌方情况,原因分析和处理措施,对今后隧道防止塌方及塌方处理具有借鉴作用。     

某电站库区公路隧道塌方处理施工技术

西南某电站库区公路隧道地质条件复杂,在已掘进的覆盖层围岩段发生坍塌冒顶。本文分析塌方的原因,介绍处理塌方体的施工技术和工艺流程,供类似工程参考。     

采用灌浆技术处理隧洞塌方

１工程概况十三陵抽水蓄能电站输水系统布置形式为两条输水隧洞,经斜井、岔管分为４条输水管道与４台机组联接。输水隧洞的成洞直径为５．２ｍ,其走向需穿越数条断层破碎带。在２号引水隧洞穿越Ｆ１０２断层洞挖施工中,在桩号０＋１２２～０＋１２８之间发生大规模塌方...     

组合钢支撑在隧洞塌方处理中的应用

介绍了组合钢支撑技术在石棉镇龙电站隧洞塌方中的应用情况，同时探索出了该项技术的适用条件和推广前景。     

岳阳铁山灌区打山坡等引水隧洞工程地质问题及对策

岳阳铁山灌区的打山坡等３条引水隧洞,工程地质条件极为复杂,４１４队采用“新奥法”掘进,成功地解决了施工过程中遇到的严重片邦、冒顶和塌方等技术难题。     

采用小管棚技术处理中小型隧洞塌方

湖南省岳阳市铁山灌区引水工程金明冲隧洞在施工时发生大塌方。通过对3种处理方案的比选，采用了小管棚支护技术。介绍了小管棚支护施工技术工艺，并对其稳定性进行了验算。     

小山水电站引水隧洞不良地质条件洞段施工及支护措施

松江河梯级电站小山水电站引水隧洞工程,属于Ⅳ类围岩洞段占洞长近一年,在施工中多次发生塌方,广大技术人员经过现场调查、分析,采用合理的施工方法和支护措施,终于按期全线贯通。本文简要介绍了小山引水隧洞在施工中的经验和教训,对进一步工作具有指导意义。     

桃曲坡灌区低干渠输水工程2#隧洞穿越铁路施工技术

结合低干渠输水工程2#隧洞成功穿越梅七铁路段的施工,阐述了隧洞穿越铁路时,在埋深较浅,并穿越土石结合变化区,围岩成洞条件较差,开挖极易塌方的不良地质段时,采取"短掘、弱爆、强支、快衬"的施工方案,采用钢拱架结合管棚超前支护技术,施工效果较好,对解决类似工程问题具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

木寨岭板岩隧道塌方的结构失稳分析及预防措施研究

目前国内已有较多穿越板岩地层的隧道工程,由于板岩的独特性质,板岩隧道工程问题多发,塌方是较为频发的现象之一。通过对木寨岭隧道塌方现象的分析,研究板岩隧道塌方的工程特征及影响因素,在此基础上运用板的稳定理论探讨板岩塌方现象的发生机制,结合实例进行分析,提出预防塌方现象的关键措施,并通过现场实际效果进行检验。结果表明,板岩的层状特性及初期支护跟进的不及时是发生塌方的根本因素,预防塌方现象应从这两点加以入手。木寨岭隧道后续施工的顺利进行,证明对于板岩隧道塌方原因的认识及预防措施的选取较为准确,对类似隧道工程塌方的预防及治理有一定的借鉴和参考意义。     

后疫情时期全球铁矿资源格局分析

铁是我国用量最大、用途最广的金属,新冠肺炎疫情期间国际铁矿石市场出现较多新变化,分析国际铁矿石供需和市场格局变化原因,研判未来趋势,对于保障我国铁矿石资源稳定供应具有重要意义.本文首先分析了新冠肺炎疫情下,全球钢铁产量、铁矿石供应和价格变化趋势,分析发现受新冠肺炎疫情影响,全球铁矿石供需格局进一步集中,呈现"两个国家,...     

Ben Nevis—remnant of a lost volcanic landscape

The summit region of Ben Nevis, Britain's highest mountain, consists of late Silurian to Early Devonian age volcanic rocks originally interpreted as a thick sequence (> 600 m) of andesite lavas and agglomerates that were down‐faulted during caldera subsidence. New digital field mapping of the Ben Nevis area, including both the steep north and south faces of the mountain, has revealed that the volcanic rocks consist largely of volcaniclastic debris flows, and extensive block and ash flow deposits with minor air‐fall tuff units. There is no evidence of any andesite lava flows or a volcanic vent. The volcanic detritus was derived from a volcanic centre situated to the NW of Ben Nevis, perhaps several tens of kilometres away. The rocks forming the summit region of the mountain have been re‐interpreted as a large roof pendant or keel of the former late Silurian to Early Devonian volcanic land surface that once covered much of the SW Highlands of Scotland.     

Patterns in seasonal abundance,growth and biomass of the atlantic silverside,Menidia menidia,in a New England estuary

Patterns in seasonal abundance (no. per m² surface area), growth and biomass (g per m² surface area) of an annual fish, the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (L.) were investigated in a marsh and more seaward bay region of Essex Bay, Massachusetts from August 1976 to May 1978 using a quantitative beach seining technique. Silverside abundance varied greatly by season and year class during the study period. Abundance was high in 1976 but winter mortality (99%) left an adult density of only .01 per m² surface area in the marsh during spring 1977. Resultant 1977 year class density in the marsh was 1.88 per m² by late fall 1977 but winter mortality again produced an adult density of .01 per m² in spring 1978. Abundance was generally higher in the marsh than in the bay region especially during spring and late fall when catches in the bay were negligible. Based on catch rate comparisons, the summer and fall juvenile abundance of the 1976 year class was much higher than the juvenile abundance of the 1977 year class. Coincidentally, mean lengths and condition of the abundant 1976 year class in the late fall were significantly lower than those of the 1977 year class, suggesting density dependent population regulation. In both years, juveniles grew rapidly and reached full adult size by November when an offshore movement to deeper waters outside Essex Bay occurred. Biomass peaked in the marsh region in late fall 1977 at 7.8 g per m² wet weight. Winter mortality was size selective, favoring larger individuals. The annual life history design of M. menidia including an offshore winter movement and high winter mortality suggests that silversides represent an important pathway of energy flow from marsh to offshore trophic systems.     

Computer simulation-based evaluation of rock fall roll-out distances for catchment ditch design in Ohio,USA

Catchment ditches along highways are designed to contain hazardous rock falls from cut slopes. RocFall, a rock fall simulation software, was used to evaluate the maximum roll-out distances of rock falls in order to determine rock fall catchment ditch dimensions for Ohio's cut slopes. Based on stratigraphy, cut slopes in Ohio were classified into five types. The parameters required for simulation process included friction angle between rock fall and slope face, coefficient of normal and tangential restitution, slope roughness and average weight of rock falls. A total of 400 simulations were performed for various slope heights, slope angles and catchment ditch slopes. The results are useful in designing catchment ditch for Ohio and neighbouring states where the stratigraphy consists of sub-horizontal, inter-layered hard and soft rock units. The widely used guidelines developed by the Oregon Department of Transportation do not work well for Ohio's stratigraphy.     

Seasonal abundance of atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) in relation to bottom salinity and temperature in South Carolina estuaries

During 1973 and 1974 seasonal abundance and mean total length of Atlantic croaker,Micropogonias undulatus, were investigated by otter trawl at 33 stations in South Carolina estuaries in relation to bottom salinity and temperature. Relative abundance of Atlantic croaker was measured by catch per unit effort at 3°C temperature intervals and 3‰ salinity intervals. Croaker occurred over a bottom temperature range of 9.0–31.4°C while occurring most abundantly in waters above 24.0°C. No significant correlation between size and temperature was found. Croaker were collected in salinities from 0.4 to 34.4‰. High correlations of size and salinity were evident in 1973 during winter (r=0.79), summer (r=0.82), and fall (r=0.94). In 1974, correlations were significant only during fall (r=0.76).     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组凝灰岩夹层展布特征及其地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组凝灰岩夹层分布广泛,通过众多凝灰岩夹层的实际岩心观察,归纳总结出凝灰岩夹层的常规测井曲线表现为具有相对低电位、高自然伽马、高电阻率、高声波时差值的特征,并且高值常略低于致密泥岩段;单井分析凝灰岩夹层与上、下部岩石整合接触,较少发育同沉积构造,以典型的火山尘灰大气降落沉积产物为主,但也偶见凝灰岩与砂泥岩一起发育扰动构造,明显经受了水动力改造;连井剖面分析说明延长组长1—长9皆有凝灰岩分布,横向上可对比性凝灰岩主要有4套,分别为长91、长73底、长72、长71期,以盆地西南部长73期最发育;凝灰岩平面展布特征整体呈北西向展布,由南西—北东向凝灰岩厚度逐渐变薄,并且与烃源岩、放射性异常展布形态一致,因此认为凝灰岩的沉积作用所引起的元素迁移和古环境变化,可能对延长组优质烃源岩的发育具有重要意义。     

Spatial and temporal distribution and characteristics of eukaryote-dominated microbial biofilms in an acid mine drainage environment: implications for development of iron-rich stromatolites

Spatial and temporal distribution and characteristics of three eukaryotic biofilms were monitored for an 18-month period in an acid mine drainage environment at the Green Valley coalmine in Indiana, USA. Each biofilm is dominated (>90 %) by a single eukaryotic microorganism based on enumeration: Euglena mutabilis, the diatom species Nitzschia tubicola, and a filamentous alga belonging to the genus Klebsormidium sp. The E. mutabilis-dominated biofilm occurs year round, covering up to 100 % of the channel bottom in spring and fall. The N. tubicola-dominated biofilm is less abundant, exists as small patches in spring and fall, expands from these patches to cover up to 50 % of the channel bottom in June, and is absent in winter. The Klebsormidium-dominated biofilm is restricted to small patches covering <5 % of the channel bottom from spring through fall and is absent in winter. Also present are floating microbial scum layers. The eukaryotic biofilms and scum layers contribute to the attenuation of precipitates and to the formation of organosedimentary structures, or stromatolites, by trapping and binding chemical precipitates via aerotaxis and phototaxis and by serving as a medium for passive accumulation of precipitates. Each stromatolite layer represents the morphological characteristics of each eukaryotic biofilm that served as the architect of the layer and the time of year the biofilm populated the channel. Processes involved in stromatolite formation also attenuate chemical sediments by binding them to the channel bottom and prior stromatolite surface rather than allowing them to be carried to the adjacent drainage system where they may become bioavailable to other forms of life.     

武宁县煤矿矿山地质灾害发育现状及防治措施

江西省武宁县煤矿多属小型矿山,但小煤矿的开采同样会引起诸多矿山地质灾害问题,如废石乱堆乱放,诱发泥石流;不规范开采,造成区域地下水位下降,引起地面沉降、塌陷和矿井冒顶、突水、瓦斯爆炸等,这些问题需要评估和解决。对上述问题进行成因分析、危害性探讨,并针对每项矿山地质灾害问题提出相应的防治措施,可使该区地质灾害得到有效的控制。     

宁夏春、夏、秋季干旱与降水集中期及集中度的关系

应用宁夏气象台站1961-2010年逐候降水量序列资料, 计算了春、夏、秋季3个季降水的集中期、集中度和干旱Z指数, 运用趋势分析、相关分析、合成分析讨论了3季的集中期、集中度与旱涝程度的时空变化特征及其相互关系. 结果表明: 50 a来宁夏春夏秋干旱等级均呈加剧趋势, 秋季加剧更明显, 3季中中部干旱带加剧最严重, 南部山区次之, 北部最小. 春季集中期无明显变化趋势, 但集中度有上升趋势, 夏季集中期、集中度缓慢下降, 秋季集中期、集中度变化不明显;近10 a来3季集中度明显增大, 春夏两季集中期推迟. 春季降水集中度对干旱没有显著影响, 但首场透雨出现早晚对干旱影响显著, 透雨出现偏早, 干旱等级低, 反之亦然;夏季集中期对干旱影响不显著, 但集中度显著影响干旱, 集中度高, 雨涝发生概率越大, 集中度低, 干旱发生概率大;秋季集中期、集中度对干旱都有影响, 集中度高, 集中期早, 雨涝发生概率大, 反之干旱出现概率大.