基于GIS的玛旁雍错流域冰川地貌及现代冰川湖泊变化研究

基于多源多时相的数字遥感影像、地形图和DEM数据,利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对西藏玛旁雍错流域冰川地貌类型和空间分布进行了研究,并对流域内近30 a来冰川和湖泊的变化进行分析.结果表明:1974-2003年玛旁雍错流域冰川总面积减少了7.27 km²,平均退缩速率0.24 km²·a^-1;湖泊总面积减少37.58 km²,平均退缩速率1.25 km²·a^-1.多时相的监测表明,冰川在加速退缩,且阳坡冰川的消融速度大于阴坡,坡度陡、面积小的冰川消融比例大于坡度缓、面积较大的冰川;湖泊面积先减少后有所增加,但总面积还是减少了,不少小湖泊消失.分析流域附近气象资料可知,气温上升和降水量减少是玛旁雍错流域内冰川消融与退缩的主要原因.     

1973-2010年青藏高原西部昂拉仁错流域气候、冰川变化与湖泊响应

采用距离昂拉仁错最近的狮泉河、改则和普兰地区1973-2010年的气象数据和覆盖昂拉仁错流域1973、1976、1990、2000、2001、2002和2009年共7a的Landsat卫星遥感影像提取湖泊变化信息,并选取1976、1990/1992、2001和2009年覆盖全流域的遥感影像分析流域内的冰川变化过程.分析过去近40a内昂拉仁错流域内气候、湖泊和冰川的变化,并探讨了不同时期引起昂拉仁错发生变化的原因.结果表明:昂拉仁错在过去近40a内出现先萎缩后扩张的变化趋势,2000年为转折年,整体的变化趋势为萎缩;流域内冰川在研究时段内一直处于萎缩状态,并持续补给昂拉仁错.分析比较流域附近3个站在气温、降水量和最大潜在蒸发量的变化趋势之后,选用与昂拉仁错流域气候变化最为相近的改则站的气象参数为参照分析引起昂拉仁错湖泊面积发生变化的原因.结果显示,昂拉仁错湖面变化的每个时期内,在气温持续升高、冰川持续消融补给昂拉仁错水量输入的背景环境下,蒸发量和降水量差值的变化主要调控了湖泊面积的变化;区域冰川量的减少与温度持续升高相匹配;当持续增加的冰雪融水与降水量对湖泊水量输入小于流域蒸发量时,湖泊面积萎缩;当冰川冻土随着温度进一步升高而加速融化、流域的降水量逐步上升;当二者的水量输入总和超过流域内蒸发量时,湖泊面积开始扩张.     

The Features of Climate Variation and Glacier Response in Mt.Yulong,Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The Features of climate change in Mt.Yulong, southeasten Tibetan Plateau were analyzed using linear regression, Mann Kendall abrupt test and Morlet wavelet analyses. In addition, the relationship between glacier retreating (Baishui Glacier No.1) and climate warming wasalso analyzed in this study. The main results are showedas follow: ① The annual mean temperature, precipitation have an increasing trend, withinclination rates being 0.15℃/10a and 9.0 mm/10a;annual temperaturedramatically ascend in 1998 with the change values 0.7 ℃; Morlet waveletsin annual temperature andtemperature in dry season mainly have a 10 to 15 year periods,while annual precipitation amount and the precipitation in rainy season presented a quasi 10 year periods. ②Prior to 1998, the important meteorological factor influencing the change of Baishui Glacier No.1 are temperature and precipitation, while in the following years, temperature plays a more important role in affecting its retreat and advance; The main characteristic ofvertical climate change in Mt. Yulong (1982/2009) is that the cold season shortens and temperature rises with elevation, and the maximal value of increased temperature in glacier zone is 2.2~2.5 ℃, resulting in greatly accelerated glacier ablation.     

2003-2011年青藏高原佩枯错相对水量变化及其对气候变化的响应

湖泊的退缩与扩张是全球气候变化的指示器.利用2003-2011年Landsat ETM数据和2003-2009年ICESat激光测高数据, 分别对青藏高原佩枯错湖泊的面积和高程变化进行了分析, 并进一步估算了湖泊2003-2009年相对水量变化.结果表明: 佩枯错面积年内变化明显, 湖泊面积冬季最小, 春季出现小峰值, 秋季达到最大; 面积年内波动明显(1.18%), 但在冬季、 春季和秋季相对稳定, 波动范围分别为0.26%、 0.1%和0.29%. 2003-2011年湖泊呈退缩趋势, 冬季、 春季和秋季面积年际变化率分别为-0.52 km²·a^-1、-0.35 km²·a^-1和-0.61 km²·a^-1; 2003-2009年间湖泊水位下降了1.17 m, 变化率为-0.05 m·a^-1; 2003-2010年, 冬季总水量减少了2.51×10⁸ m³, 春季总水量减少了1.74×10⁸m³, 秋季总水量减少了2.80×10⁸ m³, 平均相对水量变化率分别为-0.35×10⁸ m³·a^-1、-0.21×10⁸ m³·a^-1、-0.37×10⁸ m³·a^-1. 从空间上看, 湖泊退缩主要发生在东北角、 东南角和西南角.气候因素分析表明, 佩枯错湖泊退缩秋季主要是因为夏半年平均气温的升高, 冬季和春季则主要是因为冬半年降水量的减少.     

Spatiotemporal Changes of Vegetation Cover in Response to Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most important ecological barriers in China.Resolving the internal relations and dynamics ruling the association between regional vegetation and climate change is important to understand and protect the regional ecosystems.Based on vegetation,temperature and precipitation data of the Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2010,we analyze the spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover over the past 10 years and discuss the vegetation response to climate change using empirical orthogonal function and singular value decomposition.Our results reveal the following：（1） vegetation cover gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest of the Tibetan Plateau; （2） vegetation cover has increased on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 10 years,mainly in the central and eastern zones; and （3） a significant positive relationship was suggested between vegetation cover during growing season and the temperature in the entire region and with precipitation in the central and southern zones.     

青藏高原兹格塘错流域50年来湖泊水量对气候变化响应的模拟研究

运用数值模拟建立青藏高原兹格塘错流域土壤、植被、气候等的空间和属性数据库;接着,借助分布式流域尺度水文模型（SWAT模型）,对兹格塘错1956—2006年间的流量进行模拟实验;最后,反演50年来兹格塘错流域水文过程,测试流域温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子对湖泊水量变化的效应,探讨50年来湖泊水量对气候变化的响应。模拟实验的边界条件设置为自然地形、土壤、植被覆盖,其中土壤资料包括有机质含量、粒径等理化参数。模拟结果表明：兹格塘错的年平均流量为6.3m3/s,流量高峰集中在8月至10月,并且由于融雪补给的关系,3月出现另一个流量高峰;模拟结果与遥感解译所得到的结果吻合较好。敏感实验表明：兹格塘错流域内温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子实验具有高原特征,即高原湖泊的水文过程和湖泊流量变化有着较为敏感的响应关系;兹格塘错流量受降水的影响最大,随着降水的增加,流量有所增加;在温度升高的情况下,流域蒸发量增加速度大,兹格塘错流量增加的效应不明显,而在冷湿模式下,流域蒸发量降低,兹格塘错流量增加显著。     

Geomorphic and chronometric evidence for high lake level history in Gahai Lake and Toson Lake of north‐eastern Qaidam Basin,north‐eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Palaeoshorelines, highstand lacustrine sediments and lakeshore terraces are preserved around saline lakes in the arid Qaidam Basin. Previous research indicates that the chronology of a mega‐paleolake in the Qaidam Basin during the late Pleisotocene is controversial. Here we report quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age estimates of highstand lacustrine sediments, shoreline features and geomorphic exposures that contribute to a revision of the lake level history of Gahai and Toson lakes in the north‐eastern Qaidam Basin, on the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) margin. The results imply that: (i) high lake levels at Gahai and Toson lakes based on quartz OSL dating occurred at 85–72, 63–55, 31, 5.4 and 0.9–0.7 ka, probably corresponding to periods of warm and wet climate; (ii) periods of high lake levels are almost synchronous with other lakes on the QTP (e.g. Qinghai and Namco lakes), with the highest late Pleistocene levels occurring during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 5; and (iii) highstand phases on the QTP are out of phase with those of low‐latitude lakes in the southern hemisphere, possibly driven by solar insolation variability in the low‐latitude region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Proxy Record of a Firn-Core From an Alpine Glacier and Its Implication to Recent Glacio-Climatic Varia tions on Mt. Yulong, Southeastern Part of Tibetan Plateau

PROXY RECORD OF A FIRN-CORE FROM AN ALPINE GLACIER AND ITS IMPLICATION TO RECENT GLACIO-CLIMATIC VARIATIONS ON MT. YULONG, SOUTHEASTERN PART OF TIBETAN PLATEAU     

石羊河流域水资源对气候变暖的响应及对生态环境的影响

近46年来石羊河流域的气温呈持续升高趋势,1994年显著变暖.与变暖前相比,年平均气温偏高1.0℃,线性增温速率快7倍.显著变暖后,流域年降水增加了15%(约15.8 mm),出山口径流却呈略减少趋势(约2.2亿m3),地下水位也在快速降低.出山口径流的略减少发生在上游山区年降水量减少的大背景下,人类活动是影响流域中游地表径流利用量和下游可利用量变化的主要原因.对植被的监测表明,以荒漠草甸和沙生植被为主的稀疏植被面积在快速减少,同时还存在植被类型的退化现象,植被覆盖面积和地下水位埋深两者呈显著负相关.受气候变化和人类活动的共同影响,石羊河流域的生态环境正在趋于恶化.