我国海洋意识教育探究

我国作为海洋大国,拥有广阔的海域和丰富的海洋资源。在全球海洋布局的时代背景下,加快海洋强国建设成为重中之重。国家开展海洋强国建设需要全民海洋意识的全面提升,由此海洋意识教育显得尤为重要。文章根据多年工作经验,从各方面研究数据出发,分析了海洋意识教育的含义以及加强海洋意识教育的重要性。根据我国国民海洋意识调查的现状,从基础教育、高等教育和大众宣传等方面提出了加强海洋意识教育的举措建议。最终得出应加强我国海洋意识教育,建设过硬的海洋人才队伍,以社会主义核心价值观为导向,加快我国海洋强国建设的步伐。     

加快建设海洋强国背景下大学生海洋意识培养的优化路径

随着海洋强国和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设的稳步推进,培养并提升当代大学生的海洋意识成为我国高等教育的重要任务,且具有重大的现实意义。推进海洋强国建设需要人才支撑,而人才培养需要海洋高等教育的创新与发展,且在当前国际战略环境下,提升大学生海洋意识刻不容缓。国内高校是海洋意识培养的“主阵地”,高校教师是执行主体。文章在分析我国大学生海洋意识现状和海洋强国建设进程的基础上,建议加大政府的重视程度与支持力度,发挥高校教师和课程思政建设的引导作用,大力建设高校海洋知识文化软、硬件设施,形成加快建设海洋强国的强大推动力,提升海洋强国“软实力”,为国家加快实现涉海战略目标奠定坚实基础。     

基于全国大中学生海洋知识竞赛的大学生海洋意识评价

面向青少年的海洋宣传教育对于我国建设海洋强国具有深远意义。全国大中学生海洋知识竞赛至2019年已举办11届,在社会上引起较大反响。文章提出全新的研究方法,在历届全国大中学生海洋知识竞赛获奖数据的基础上,构建竞赛参与度、竞赛有效性、海洋意识指数等指标,系统和全面地对我国大学生海洋意识及其区位差异进行评价。研究结果表明:我国大学生海洋意识水平总体表现为东南沿海和西南地区较高,而西北内陆和中部地区较低;目前我国大学生海洋意识总体处于较低水平,但有逐渐上升的趋势;全国大中学生海洋知识竞赛的发展向好,高校参与积极性逐渐提高,对提升我国大学生海洋意识具有重要作用。     

我国海洋生态文明素养培育现状与发展对策

海洋生态文明是习近平生态文明理念在海洋领域的具体体现,也是我国发展海洋强国的基础性要求。近年来,我国海洋生态环境保护仍面临严峻威胁,海洋生态文明素养培育迫在眉睫。本文通过分析海洋生态文明素养培育的重要性、教育现状和存在问题,提出了加强全民海洋意识教育顶层设计与监督管理,进一步发挥海洋生态文明示范区的示范带头作用及海洋意识教育基地辐射作用,结合学校及地方公共图书馆开展丰富多彩的海洋阅读推广服务活动,打造线上线下一体化全方位渗透的海洋科普教育平台,从而形成纵向贯通、横向融通的海洋生态文明素养培育体系等对策建议,为海洋生态文明建设的职能部门、教育部门和海洋科技教育人员进一步推动海洋生态文明的文化建设提供参考。     

如何培养我们的海洋意识？

我国国民海洋意识提高的基础土壤比较薄弱,海洋意识培育的最主要的途径应该是正式的海洋教育,以重点人群（中小学生）为切入点,通过正式教育途径提高学生群体对海洋文化的认识。     

美国海洋科学教育概况分析

美国作为海洋强国,海洋科学高等教育发挥了重要作用。文章分析了美国涉海高校空间地理分布、师资力量和专业特点。涉海高校和师资力量主要分布在美国东西两岸,以东北海岸居多,与美国经济文化地理分布相一致。在专业比例上,本科教育偏重海洋生物,而高端人才的培养则加大了物理和化学海洋学比重。此外,美国海洋教育正在致力于加强中学教育和全民知识普及化。     

海洋教育：教育思想与实践的嬗变

当今世界,国与国之间海洋实力的竞争,已经从最初对海洋资源的竞争变成海洋人才竞争,而海洋教育则是海洋人才的摇篮,逐渐成为教育体系中不容忽视的重要实践。从少数人海洋教育意识的觉醒,再到如今面向普罗大众的社会海洋教育,由海洋教育衍生的知行、创新、问题思维教育模式,成为推动教育思想与教育实践嬗变的活力因素。文章梳理海洋教育思想及教育实践发展的特点,围绕发展过程中存在的优势与不足,提出海洋教育发展的新路径,使海洋教育更好地服务建设“海洋强国”等国家战略。     

海洋通识教育问题初探

通识教育的概念最初来自西方,对于培养高端型、战略性人才具有积极意义。通识教育在我国国内方兴未艾。海洋通识教育以一般通识教育的实践为背景。目前,国内的海洋通识教育大约分为两类,各有利弊。文章认为,在一般的通识教育领域发起海洋议题可能要比建立具有海洋特色的专门的海洋通识教育体系更有优势和成效。     

海洋通识教育问题初探

通识教育的概念最初来自西方,对于培养高端型、战略性人才具有积极意义。通识教育在我国国内方兴未艾。海洋通识教育以一般通识教育的实践为背景。目前,国内的海洋通识教育大约分为两类,各有利弊。文章认为,在一般的通识教育领域发起海洋议题可能要比建立具有海洋特色的专门的海洋通识教育体系更有优势和成效。     

浅论海洋文化在建设海洋强国战略中的作用

党的十八大报告提出了建设海洋强国的战略部署。文章针对我国海洋文化现状,以及我国长期形成农耕文化传统和几百年来闭关锁国造成的海洋意识淡漠,提出应该确立海洋文化的应有地位,发挥海洋文化在建设海洋强国中的作用。中国的和平崛起已经成为不可逆转的历史潮流,建设海洋强国是实现中华民族伟大复兴的重要历史任务和必由之路,建设和弘扬海洋文化将对中华民族的伟大复兴具有明确的现实意义和深远的历史意义。     

On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams

Recent global warming caused by humans and the prediction of a reduced Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation in the future has increased interest in the role of the overturning circulation in climate change. A schematic diagram of the overturning circulation called the “Great Ocean Conveyor Belt,” published by Wallace Broecker in 1987, has become a popular image that emphasizes the inter-connected ocean circulation and the northward flux of heat in the Atlantic. This seems a good time to review the development of the conveyor belt concept and summarize the history of overturning circulation schematics.In the 19th century it was thought that symmetric overturning circulation cells were located on either side of the equator in the Atlantic. As new hydrographic measurements were obtained, circulation schematics in the early 20th century began to show the inter-hemispheric overturning circulation in the Atlantic. In the second half of the 20th century schematics showed the global ocean overturning circulation including connections between the Atlantic and the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Some recent schematics of the overturning circulation show its complexities, but as more information is included these schematics have also become complex and not as easy to understand as the simple Broecker 1987 version. However, these complex schematics, especially the quantitative ones, represent valuable syntheses of our developing knowledge of the overturning circulation.     

Turbulent dispersion in the ocean

The mathematical framework for turbulent transport in the ocean is reasonably well established. It may be applied to large-scale fields of scalars in the ocean and to the instantaneous or continuous discharge from a point. The theory and its physical basis can also provide an interpretation of passive scalar spectra. Spatial variations in the rate of turbulent transfer can be related to the movement of the center of mass of a scalar and to a formulation in terms of entrainment. The relative dispersion of a scalar with respect to its center of mass and the streakiness of the concentration field within the relative dispersion domain need to be considered. In many of these problems it is valuable to think in terms of simple models for individual streaks, as well as overall statistical properties.     

On the growth of ocean waves

The availability of 10 h of continuous, uninterrupted field measurements of wind waves recorded in the western Pacific and containing a complete wave growth episode, has provided a distinct opportunity for us to make a novel, unprecedented examination of detailed wave growth processes. We found that the significance of the size of data used in the measurement, which can only be addressed with continuous and uninterrupted measurements, reflected the ineptness of the conventional approach toward further detailed understanding of realistic wave growth processes, as the conventional 20 min data size essentially stamped out any dynamics with time scale below 20 min. While our conventional understanding and modeling were generally operative and useful, they left no real vestige on time localized mechanisms such as wave grouping or wave breaking processes all with time scales much less than 20 min.     

Cetacean research in the southern African subregion: a review of previous studies and current knowledge

Cetacean research, in terms of the number of papers, and areas for which data are available, has expanded considerably in the southern African subregion in the past decade, especially in the South-West Indian Ocean. We review cetacean research within this subregion from the 1800s to the present to provide an overview of findings, investigate trends and identify knowledge gaps. Data are presented separately for large whales (those subject to commercial whaling) and smaller cetaceans, and are separated by era and ocean basin. Over 550 peer-reviewed papers and books were identified relating to research on cetaceans within the subregion. More than half (284) have been produced since 1990 and 193 relate specifically to South African waters. The most-studied species are those that are most accessible due to their coastal distributions (southern right whale Eubalaena australis: 45 papers, humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae: 31 papers, killer whales Orcinus orca: 27 papers, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus: 30 papers, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin Sousa chinensis (plumbea form): 25 papers) and/or were hunted commercially (sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus: 25 papers). Identified conservation concerns vary throughout the subregion, but include bycatch and directed hunts, oil and gas development, ecotourism activities, shifts in prey resources, and noise and chemical pollution. The inshore stocks of Bryde's whales Balaenoptera edeni, the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and the Atlantic humpback dolphin S. teuszii were identified as the populations of highest conservation concern, although there are considerable knowledge gaps relating to deep-water species and almost no data (even on species occurrence) are available for several areas and countries.     

The Ocean Loading Effect in the GPS Analysis: A Case Study in the Antarctic Peninsula Region

The accuracy of GPS data analysis for the vertical component has reached a level where the vertical crustal deformation due to the ocean tidal loading should be taken into consideration. Ocean loading affects in particular the results of the GPS analysis for those observation sets covering less than 24 hours. Especially in these cases, a correction for this phenomenon should be performed during the data analysis. On the other hand, it is possible to estimate the ocean loading effect from GPS data sets. In this way it is possible to validate models for the loading deformation derived from global ocean tide models.     

Flow of winter-transformed Pacific water into the Western Arctic

The dynamics of the flow of dense water through Barrow Canyon is investigated using data from a hydrographic survey in summer 2002. The focus is on the winter-transformed Bering water—the highest volumetric mode of winter water in the Chukchi Sea—which drains northward through the canyon in spring and summer. The transport of this water mass during the time of the survey was 0.2–0.3 Sv. As the layer flowed from the head of the canyon to the mouth, it sank, decelerated, and stretched. Strong cyclonic relative vorticity was generated on the seaward side of the jet, which compensated for the stretching. This adjustment was incomplete, however, in that it did not extend across the entire current, possibly because of internal mixing due to shear instabilities. The resulting vorticity structure of the flow at the canyon mouth was conducive for baroclinic instability and eddy formation. Multiple eddies of winter-transformed Bering water were observed along the Chukchi–Beaufort shelfbreak. Those to the west of Barrow Canyon were in the process of being spawned by the eastward-flowing shelfbreak current emanating from Herald Canyon, while the single eddy observed to the east originated from the Barrow Canyon outflow. It is argued that such an eddy formation is a major source of the ubiquitous cold-core anti-cyclones observed historically throughout the Canada Basin. Implications for the ventilation of the upper halocline of the Western Arctic are discussed.     

赤道印度洋中部断面东西水交换的季节变化及其区域差异

采用海洋再分析资料和实测资料研究了热带印度洋中部东西水交换特征。结果表明存在两个相互独立的过程,即北印度洋过程(4°~6°N)和赤道过程(2°S-2°N)。北印度洋过程受季风影响显著,11月至翌年3月冬季风期间表现出很强的低盐水向西输送,5-9月夏季风期间则为高盐水向东输送;由于冬季风期间的输送较强,年平均表现为低盐水向西输送。赤道过程分为表层过程和次表层过程。表层赤道过程受局地风场驱动,有明显的半年周期;4-5月和10-11月的东向流将赤道西印度洋的高盐水向东输送,其余月份相反;向东的输送较强,年平均表现为净高盐水向东输送。在次表层赤道过程没有明显的季节变化,海流全年一致向东,将海盆西部的高盐水向东输送。     

热带西南印度洋上升流区季节和年际变化研究及与印太系统海气相互作用

用59年Ishii再分析温度资料,讨论了热带西南印度洋(SWTIO)上升流区的季节和年际变化以及与上升流区有关的温度距平的变化,同时分析了其与热带印太海气系统的关系,结果显示SWTIO 上升流在南半球冬、夏季比较强,春季最弱。它的范围在5°~1°S,在东西向从50°E可以伸展到90°E。该上升流区的变化与温跃层的温度距平有密切的关系,并存在明显的5 a振荡周期。SWTIO上升流区温度距平的5 a周期振荡是由热带东印度洋温度距平在最大垂直温度距平曲面(MTAL)上向西沿着11.5°~6.5°S传播过来的,它与热带太平洋的温度距平传播方式不同。SWTIO上升流是热带印太海气系统的一个重要组成部分,印度洋偶极子 超前SWTIO上升流区温度变化5个月,最大相关系数达到0.57,NINO3区指数超前SWTIO上升流区指数2个月达到0.49。当热带印太区域的大气风场改变,影响热带太平洋和印度洋表层SSTA,出现ENSO和DIPOLE,进一步向西传播到SWTIO次表层,导致SWTIO上升流区出现改变。     

Chromium(VI) distributions in the Arctic and the Atlantic Oceans and a reassessment of the oceanic Cr cycle

Chromium(VI) concentrations ranging between 3.0 and 6.1 nmol l⁻¹ and 3.1 and 7.3 nmol l⁻¹ were found in the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, respectively. The vertical profiles show modest depletion of chromium(VI) in surface waters, but poor overall correlations between Cr(VI) and nutrient profiles. Given that Cr(VI) is the dominant oxidation state of chromium in open-ocean waters, these data are combined with literature data to reassess the distribution of Cr in oceanic waters. It is concluded that while Cr shows some characteristics of both “recycled” and “accumulated” vertical profiles, it does not fall clearly within either group.