黄土及一般含细粒土体液化判别方法研究

黄土液化的判别是工程界长期存疑的问题,现场黄土含水量较低,剪切波速较高,而实验室对其饱和,饱和过程对其土体结构影响还不确定,又由于固结比对土体刚度的影响仍然没有定论,这就导致室内黄土动三轴液化试验结果与现场力学指标一直无法建立联系。另一方面,黄土从颗粒组成来说,属于细粒土范畴,细粒土液化判别方法应可为黄土液化判别提供参照,但由于实验室配制试样相对密度、土体骨架强度及细颗粒赋存形式很难控制,导致细颗粒对土体液化势影响研究饱含争议与矛盾。本文紧密结合工程和科研工作需求,设计了一系列原状黄土在均等固结与偏压固结下的动三轴弯曲元试验,以及原状黄土在动三轴内饱和过程及饱和后的剪切波速试验,并且对一个饱和黄土场地进行了现场原位测试,回顾了现有标贯液化判别方法,对含细粒土体液化判别指标进行了系统研究,改进了细粒土液化初判准则以及含细粒砂性土液化判别式,最后对CPT液化判别方法的可靠性进行了数据检验。具体工作和成果包括:(1)采用动三轴弯曲元试验系统,对兰州市多个场地原状黄土进行了均等固结与偏压固结下剪切波速测试,证实了相关固结比对土体刚度影响的试验研究结果,进一步对比均等固结与偏压固结下试样轴向变形,分析了固结比对土体刚度影响的机理。(2)采用动三轴弯曲元试验系统,首先对原状黄土饱和过程进行了剪切波速跟踪测试,并进一步对比饱和黄土与原状黄土在同一逐级加压的过程中剪切波速与轴向变形测试值,最后通过与现场饱和黄土场地水位上下黄土层实测标贯击数、剪切波速对比,分析了原状黄土遇水及饱和后的软化特征。(3)通过对比唐山、海城地震两个液化地区粉土与砂土的剪切波速与标贯击数统计关系,发现对于剪切波速相同的饱和粉土和砂土,由于粉土的触变性,粉土标贯击数显著小于砂土。结合NCEER推荐的基于SPT与VS的液化判别方法,建立了3个细粒含量下临界剪切波速与临界标贯击数的相关关系,证实了含细粒土体的触变性。(4)回顾了目前国内外有关含细粒土液化研究现状,结合1975年海城地震,1976年唐山地震,1999年土耳其Kocaeli地震和台湾集集地震液化与非液化土数据分析,详细对比了现有液化判别式和初判条件的优劣,改进了细粒土液化初判准则以及含细粒砂性土标贯液化判别式。(5)回顾了NCEER推荐的Robertson的CPT液化判别方法和Olsen的CPT液化判别方法,通过对1999年台湾集集地震液化与非液化土数据分析,并将判别结果与SPT方法判别结果进行比较,指出了CPT液化判别方法还没有达到SPT方法的准确性,但是CPT的土分类图却是其最大的优势所在。     

多功能参数静力触探在地震液化判别方法中的应用进展研究

地震液化是引起地基失稳和上部结构损害的直接原因之一,而液化震害预防的第一步就是对工程场地进行液化预测和判别。静力触探(CPT)作为最主要的原位测试技术,因其具有快速、低廉、高效等优点,被广泛用于液化判别。根据国内外近年来CPT技术的发展,对不同形式的CPT[孔压静力触探技术(CPTU)技术,电阻率孔压静力触探(RCPTU)技术、地震波孔压静力触探技术(SCPTU)技术等]在地震液化评价中的应用进行系统的论述。特别介绍一种基于状态参数进行液化判别的方法,另外还简要介绍基于概率统计分析法。比较和梳理各种液化判别方法的差异性,最后,在已有研究成果的基础上分析现有CPT液化判别法存在的问题与不足。分析结果表明:状态参数法能够同时考虑围压应力和孔隙比的影响,有效地将室内试验与现场试验联系起来;SCPTU、RCPTU液化判别框架还需进一步拓展与完善;概率统计分析法需结合相应软件使其更具适用性。     

包裹碎石桩加固的砂土液化机理试验研究

通过分别开展包裹碎石桩加固、碎石桩加固以及未加固的饱和砂土液化振动台试验,对比分析不同加固类型下的抗液化性能,重点剖析包裹碎石桩加固的砂土液化机理。试验表明:振动加载过程中,包裹碎石桩始终保持桩体的完整性与良好的排水性能且其加固模型地基的总沉降量相较于未加固模型地基减少了50%,相较于碎石桩加固模型地基减少了31.8%。包裹碎石桩加固模型排出水量较未加固模型地基提高了33.3%,较碎石桩加固模型地基提高了16.6%;包裹碎石桩加固模型地基的超静孔压值下降显著且地基下层砂土出现未液化的现象;并进一步发现包裹碎石桩的排水加固作用沿土层竖向深度呈递增趋势。因此,可以发现包裹碎石桩加固砂土液化的抗震性能优于碎石桩。     

导流堤地基土动力特性的试验研究

通过对某核电厂取水明渠导流堤地基土室内共振柱试验及粉砂的动三轴液化试验,测定了动剪切模量、阻尼比与动剪应变幅的双曲线关系,分析了导流堤地基土的动力变形特性,探讨了砂土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的乘幂函数关系,确定了该地基土的抗液化强度指标。试验结果为评价导流堤的地震稳定和液化分析提供了相关参数。     

地基土粉砂层动力特性分析试验研究

本文通过对某核电厂取水明渠导流堤地基土粉砂层室内共振柱试验及动三轴液化试验,测定了动剪切模量、阻尼比与动剪应变幅的双曲线关系,分析了粉砂的动力变形特性,探讨了砂土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的乘幂函数关系,确定了该地基土的抗液化强度指标。为评价导流堤的地震稳定和液化分析提供了相关参数,同时对堤坝工程场地的地震安全性评价和液化评判有良好的借鉴和参考价值。     

加固地基增强地基的抗震性能

加固地基是增强地基抗震性能的一种行之有效的方法。加固地基可提高地基抗液化能力，改善地基土的动力特性，减轻砂土地基的液化势；通过对地基土产生预震效应，提高了加固地基整体的强度、刚度和稳定性。对震害严重的厚冲积层或厚软土层，用高压喷射注浆法进行加固处理有其独特的优越性。     

CFG桩-网复合地基在软土层路基加固中的应用

针对某海滨城市市政道路软基处理的难题,综合分析了多种地基处理方法,在场地条件复杂、工期紧、要求高的情况下,采用CFG桩-网复合地基对深厚软土路基进行加固处理。解决了深厚软土沉降和砂土液化等问题,详细论述了CFG桩-网复合地基的设计计算方法、施工工艺、成桩试验和检测结果。     

液化型路堤边坡地震安全性分析

地震液化型路堤边坡安全性问题涉及岩土工程与工程地震两个学科领域,是边坡工程与砂土液化的交叉课题。路堤边坡在地震时,因基础之下的砂土发生液化现象,会急剧发生地基承载力丧失、液化沉陷、侧向流动、液化喷砂、整体滑动等问题。应用NCEER液化评估方法(SPT)、Mononobe-Ok-abe方法、Koerner方法和Fellen ius方法,以抗液化安全系数、液化侧向流动安全系数、液化喷砂安全系数和抗滑安全系数为评价指标,系统对地震液化型路堤边坡安全性进行了分析、计算和评价。结果显示,文中方法对地震液化型路堤边坡安全性分析具有适用性。     

土工织物散体桩加固粉土路基机理研究

泗许高速公路地处淮北平原,该地区以粉土或粉细砂为主,在地震荷载作用下易于液化,公路建设应考虑抗液化措施。本文对土工织物散体桩的抗液化性能、复合地基承载力等进行研究,提出采用土工织物散体桩复合地基加固粉土路基的方法并对其加固机理进行分析。通过有限差分数值计算和现场试验两种方法,从超孔隙水压消散、承载力、桩土应力比、桩身应力等角度分析了土工织物散体桩加固粉土路基的加固机理,并提出土工织物散体桩优化设计的建议。     

化学灌浆黄土地基的抗液化性状研究

以兰州车辆整备场路基的加固工程为例，详细评价了化学灌浆法的加固效果及其抗液化性状，进行了标准贯入试验和室内动三轴试验。试验结果表明，化学灌浆不仅提高了黄土地基的承载能力，而且增强了抗液化能力及抗变形能力。     

Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional mapping using CPT and SPT data

Cone penetration test (CPT) and standard penetration test (SPT) are widely used for the site specific evaluation of liquefaction potential and are getting increased use in the regional mapping of liquefaction hazard. This paper compares CPT and SPT-based liquefaction potential characterizations of regional geologic units using the liquefaction potential index (LPI) across the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay, California, USA and examines the statistical and spatial variability of LPI across and within geologic units. Overall, CPT-based LPI characterizations result in higher hazard than those derived from the SPT. This bias may result from either mis-classifications of soil type in the CPT or a bias in the CPT simplified procedure for liquefaction potential. Regional mapping based on cumulative distribution of LPI values show different results depending on which dataset is used. For both SPT and CPT-based characterizations, the geologic units in the area have broad LPI distributions that overlap between units and are not distinct from the population as a whole. Regional liquefaction classifications should therefore give a distribution, rather than a single hazard rating that does not provide for variability within the area. The CPT-based LPI values have a higher degree of spatial correlation and a lower variance over a greater distance than those estimated from SPTs. As a result, geostatistical interpolation can provide a detailed map of LPI when densely sampled CPT data are available. The statistical distribution of LPI within specific geologic units and interpolated maps of LPI can be used to understand the spatial variability of liquefaction potential.     

安哥拉红砂现场试坑浸水试验研究

为准确评价安哥拉红砂场地的自重湿陷特征,开展现场试坑浸水试验,对地表及不同深度地层变形、水分入渗规律和浸水前后标贯击数进行监测与研究,并对现场试验与室内试验结果差异性进行探讨。结果表明：浸水后红砂地基表现为持续抬升,变形曲线可分为陡升、缓升、不稳定和趋于稳定4个阶段;深度8 m以上红砂地层为湿陷沉降变形,累计沉降量为5.6 mm,远小于室内试验计算的自重湿陷沉降量137 mm;红砂竖向渗透速率和水平渗透速率均较大,浸水和停水后红砂含水率变化较快,红砂持水性较差,浸水过程中红砂地层的饱和度小于80%,为非饱和渗透;浸水后红砂地层标贯击数显著降低,具有显著的软化特性。红砂较大的渗透系数和较差的持水性导致红砂很难达到饱和状态,是自重湿陷沉降量实测值远小于计算值的因素之一,一般工程建设中建议可不考虑红砂地基的湿陷特性,而将其按软化特性进行设计。研究结果不仅可指导红砂场地未来工程建设,还可为其他砂土湿陷性评价提供借鉴。     

汶上县城区砂土地震液化调查分析

通过钻孔、标准贯入试验等手段,对汶上县城区进行砂土地震液化调查分析。划分砂土液化等级,并给出汶上县城区在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度时的砂土液化分布图,为城市建设工程抗震设防提供依据。     

Estimation of residual shear strength ratios of liquefied soil deposits from shear wave velocity

For sites susceptible to liquefaction induced lateral spreading during a probable earthquake, geotechnical engineers often need to know the undrained residual shear strength of the liquefied soil deposit to estimate lateral spreading displacements, and the forces acting on the piles from the liquefied soils in order to perform post liquefaction stability analyses. The most commonly used methods to estimate the undrained residual shear strength (Sur) of liquefied sand deposits are based on the correlations determined from liquefaction induced flow failures with SPT and CPT data. In this study, 44 lateral spread case histories are analyzed and a new relationship based on only lateral spread case histories is recommended, which estimates the residual shear strength ratio of the liquefiable soil layer from normalized shear wave velocity. The new proposed method is also utilized to estimate the residual lateral displacement of an example bridge problem in an area susceptible to lateral spreading in order to provide insight into how the proposed relationship can be used in geotechnical engineering practice.     

基于2011年新西兰地震的CPT液化特征研究

2011年2月22日,新西兰第二大城市克赖斯特彻市附近发生Ms6.3级地震,震中位于克赖斯特彻市西南10km处,震源深度为5km.地震造成了大量的人员伤亡和经济损失,重建费用估计高达40亿新西兰元,得到共识是砂土液化为震害主因.此次地震,液化震害极为严重,喷砂冒水范围广泛分布于城市内外,引起大量次生灾害,地震也为砂土液...     

浅基础水平场地砂土液化危害性评价

分析了《建筑抗震设计规范》中砂土液化危害性评价方法的不足,通过确立液化土层在不同震害模式情况下的液化震陷计算值,建立了以震陷值S为指标的浅基础水平场地地基液化危害性评价等级,得到了其评价程序.     

Comparison of SPT and <Emphasis Type="Italic">V</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript>-based liquefaction analyses: a case study in Erciş (Van,Turkey)

Liquefaction which is one of the most destructive ground deformations occurs during an earthquake in saturated or partially saturated silty and sandy soils, which may cause serious damages such as settlement and tilting of structures due to shear strength loss of soils. Standard (SPT) and cone (CPT) penetration tests as well as the shear wave velocity (V _s)-based methods are commonly used for the determination of liquefaction potential. In this research, it was aimed to compare the SPT and V _s-based liquefaction analysis methods by generating different earthquake scenarios. Accordingly, the Erci? residential area, which was mostly affected by the 2011 Van earthquake (M _w = 7.1), was chosen as the model site. Erci? (Van, Turkey) and its surroundings settle on an alluvial plain which consists of silty and sandy layers with shallow groundwater level. Moreover, Çald?ran, Erci?–Kocap?nar and Van Fault Zones are the major seismic sources of the region which have a significant potential of producing large magnitude earthquakes. After liquefaction assessments, the liquefaction potential in the western part of the region and in the coastal regions nearby the Lake Van is found to be higher than the other locations. Thus, it can be stated that the soil tightness and groundwater level dominantly control the liquefaction potential. In addition, the lateral spreading and sand boiling spots observed after the 23rd October 2011 Van earthquake overlap the scenario boundaries predicted in this study. Eventually, the use of V _s-based liquefaction analysis in collaboration with the SPT results is quite advantageous to assess the rate of liquefaction in a specific area.     

基于组合权重的模糊物元模型在砂土液化势评价中的应用

目前,砂土液化问题仍是岩土工程界重要的研究方向.鉴于砂土液化评价的复杂性及其影响因素的不确定性和模糊性,将熵值理论与模糊集和贴近度相结合,建立了基于熵权与专家打分法所获权重的组合权重的模糊物元模型,有效地避免了权重分配困难的问题.该模型以一种新的方法进行砂土液化势的评价,并且结合实例应用,通过与现场标贯试验对比,进一步验证了该模型的合理、简便和实用.