合肥盆地防虎山飞来峰的成因动力学探讨

通过对地震、电法及航磁资料的研究，提出合肥盆地防虎山地表露头为一个飞来峰构造：通过对防虎山地区诸多地质现象的综合分析，结合合肥盆地构造演化历史，认为防虎山飞来峰形成于燕山运动“古城幕”(K2N／K2Z），并用早期拱张剥蚀、中期逆冲推覆，晚期拉张正断”三步曲”来解释坊虎山飞来峰的成因，据此建立了飞虎山飞来峰的成因演化模式，再现了防虎山飞来峰的演化过程。     

龙门山中段清平飞来峰的构造变形特征及形成机制

在野外考察、室内分析的基础上对清平飞来峰的构造特征、形成机制进行了研究。其结果表明清平飞来峰具有明显的叠覆式特征,共分5层。各层峰体特征、成因各具特色,下部两层为推覆体,上部三层为滑覆体。推覆体与滑覆体共同构成同一飞来峰,为龙门山飞来峰中所少见。从而证实了龙门山飞来峰先发育推覆体,后发育滑覆体的地质景观确实存在。     

龙门山彭州—什邡地区的巨型冰川漂砾

论述了塘坝子等地的“飞来峰”是由汶川搬运到喜州等地来的巨型冰川漂砾,同时分析了“飞来峰”石灰岩呈角砾状是由冰劈作用和厚层冰雪压碎作用,再经胶结的结果,提出了冰冻灰岩这一词语。     

龙门山南段大型飞来峰

最近１∶５×１０４区调查明的白石－苟家大型飞来峰,面积达３２０ｋｍ２,其规模仅次于唐王寨飞来峰,由泥盆系养马坝组至三叠系嘉陵江组构成,准原地系统为上三叠统须家河组及侏罗系红层。飞来峰主体构造为向斜,两翼不对称,内部构造的规律性和运动学特征表明它是由ＮＷ方向滑来。飞来峰体具多层结构,在其就位后又受到晚期挤压的改造。其主要特征与唐王寨构造极为相似。飞来峰的成因研究对龙门山的构造演化具有重要意义。     

龙门山北段宝珠寺飞来峰的特征及形成演化

龙门山飞来峰主要有挤压推覆和重力滑覆两种形成观点,飞来峰的成因对龙门山的构造演化具有重要意义。通过对其北段宝珠寺飞来峰野外实地考察及其构造变形特征的研究,得出该飞来峰主体为向斜构造,具有多层结构,由北西—南东向逆冲推覆形成,为推覆说提供了有力的证据;并且该区域构造具有典型的后展式逆冲推覆构造,区别于整个龙门山前展式推覆构造模式。     

鹤庆锰矿含矿地层时代和找矿方向的讨论

(一)前言鹤庆锰矿位于鹤庆县城西南小水井一带,是一低磷、低铁、自熔性中型规模的富锰矿床。自五十年代开展地质工作以来,对矿床成因、含矿地层时代、沉积环境、成矿远景等作过论述和探讨,一致认为含锰地层为上三叠统松桂组。但这是一个还未理清楚的问题。在1:20万鹤庆幅区测报告验收决议书中指出,矿区的马厂东山一带,作为“飞来峰”构造的中三叠统北衙组缺乏确切的化石依据,定为“飞来峰”和推覆构造的资料不够充分。笔者自六十年代初至今,一直参与了该区的区调工作,对黑泥哨以北、汝南哨以南一带包括含锰地层在内的一套碎屑岩、火山岩、火山碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩进行了系统的剖面观察,采集到不少化石。现在认为,原先定的“飞来峰”构造是不存在的,下面的含锰碎屑岩与其上的碳酸盐岩     

四川广元三堆地区飞来峰的构造特征及其形成演化

龙门山造山带以发育飞来峰构造为国内外地质学者所瞩目,前人对其进行了较为深入的研究,并取得了卓越的成果,但是对飞来峰的性质、成因机制和形成演化等重大地质问题仍存在较大争议。本文基于广元三堆地区区域地质调查、室内资料分析整理,对飞来峰构造进行研究。认为三堆地区飞来峰构造是由NW向SE方向逆冲推覆岩片形成。飞来峰具有"多层楼式"结构,其中三门垭下层飞来峰体以谢家沟断层(F3)为主滑动面的推覆体为根带,形成时代明显比上层飞来峰体更早,发育时间应该在前燕山期,并经历后期喜山运动的改造。以泥盆系等地层组成的飞来峰体根带被梨树坝断层(F1)掩盖,形成时间为喜山期,与山前磨拉石(大邑砾岩)堆积时期同期,即上新世(N2)-早更新世(Q1)。     

湘中晏家铺向斜两翼的飞来峰构造

晏家铺向斜位于湖南省涟源县城以北 ,涟邵煤田北段中部 ,由石炭系、二叠系、三叠系等地层组成。向斜形似纺缍 ,轴向ＮＥ３５°左右 ,两翼发育一些飞来峰构造（图略）。本区的飞来峰构造按其成因可分两类 :推覆类型和滑覆类型。１推覆类型的飞来峰构造西北翼杨家山勘探区的朱家凼飞来峰（图１）及鲫鱼塘飞来峰。其形成机制是由于集云断层由东向西将测水组（Ｃ１ｃ）推覆在壶天群（Ｃ２ ３）灰岩之上 ,再遭侵蚀作用而形成的。这种类型的飞来峰是比较常见的传统类型。是老地层在新地层之上 ,具有老压新的特点。２滑覆类型的飞来峰构造在南翼有…     

龙门山国家地质公园飞来峰成因的新证据

近来发现四川彭州（原称彭县）、什邡一带的飞来峰是第四纪冰川作用形成的。笔者等在塘坝子、葛仙山等飞来峰的底界及周边，多次发现飞来峰是压在早更新世的冰水堆积层之上。葛仙山北寨门、丁家湾，什邡大垭口等剖面的地质现象，充分说明塘坝子、葛仙山等飞来峰是第四纪中更新世时“飞”来，压盖上去的。同时可见飞来峰与第四系之间是“冷接触”，找不到确切的断层证据。笔者等还用现有的区域地质调查资料及新的地质成果，编制了1：10万更新世时的彭县至汶川的地质剖面图，并设想了冰雪层掩盖情况。那时岷江尚未剥蚀下切，按现在标高计的5000m处，即在光光山、太子城之上约1000m的“天”上。当时应在该处出露的石炭系-二叠系石灰岩，就是塘坝子、葛仙山飞来峰的根部。塘坝子、葛仙山就是从那里被冰川作用剪切、从母体分离的石灰岩，滑动、随冰川固体流，滑移到彭县来的。笔者还从理论上阐述了塘坝子、尖峰顶、天台山等如此巨大的山体，能被冰川作用拔起、挖掉、推走的原因和根据。从而解释了飞来峰“飞”行的过程。顺理成章，合乎自然，揭开了飞来峰之迷。     

彭县地区飞来峰的特征及形成演化

彭县地区飞来峰根据其内部构造特征和力学成因可分为两类－推覆体和滑覆体。推覆体是挤压环境下的产物，它形成于晚三叠世末期的印支运动。滑覆体是拉张环境下重力滑动的产物，它形成于燕山－喜马拉雅期。推覆体是滑覆体的“母体”。     

桐城桐山－庐江大化下古生界飞来峰及其地质意义

桐城桐山－庐江大化的飞来峰位于早白垩世杨湾组（Ｋ＿１ｙ）弱变形的紫红色陆相碎屑岩之上，由下古生界的硅化粗晶灰岩，白云质灰岩及硅质岩组成，岩层强烈碎裂。其中伴生的张裂隙及剪切石香肠指示岩层由南东向北西逆冲。这一飞来峰的形成与郊庐断裂南段平移作用产生的次级逆冲有关。是由此产生的推覆体差异剥蚀的结果，这种次级逆冲推覆作用发生在扬子板块前陆褶冲带的变形之后。     

龙门山中段山前带构造变形历史与物理模拟

龙门山冲断构造带具有NE分带、EW分段的构造变形特征。龙门山构造带中段逆冲推覆带是以出露彭灌杂岩及其前缘发育飞来峰为典型特征,变形以倾向北西的紧闭倒转-同斜褶皱为主;推覆-滑覆带变形强烈,发育一系列叠瓦状逆冲断层及相关的褶皱,及一系列由泥盆系至下三叠统碳酸盐岩构成的飞来峰,地腹发育厚皮构造,以叠瓦冲断构造为主;而前陆坳陷变形较弱,地表主要为SE倾伏的单斜,地腹则发育断层相关褶皱。通过构造物理模拟认为:1)龙门山中段构造变形受力边界主应力与断裂走向间的锐夹角为70°;2)变形样式总体为双滑脱层所控制的分层滑脱垂向叠加构造组合;3)构造变形过程具有3个阶段,早期须家河组沉积之后产生的滑脱断层垂向叠加,中期在遂宁组沉积期间和晚期在蓬莱镇组沉积期间及其后,发生滑脱断层垂向叠加,且控制沉积。     

龙门山南段飞来峰构造变形及形成演化

龙门山前山构造带中分布着大量的飞来峰。为了解其构造演化过程,主要通过分析研究龙门山南段白石-苟家飞来峰和金台山飞来峰内部及下覆地层的构造变形特征,确定出其至少经历了5个构造变形序列,并结合前人资料讨论龙门山南段飞来峰的形成和演化。     

Inliers of banded iron‐formation in the Proterozoic Wyloo Group sediments near Paraburdoo,Western Australia

Two inliers with a total outcrop length of 3000 m and a maximum width of 200 m, consisting of a sedimentary klippe (olistolith) and an olistostrome (both composed of banded iron‐formation and shale belonging to the Hamersley Group) occur within the Mininer Turbidite Member of the Wyloo Group, south of Paraburdoo, W.A., 2500 m from the top of the Hamersley Group proper. The olistostrome is a typical debris slide produced by slumping of unconsolidated material. The klippe was rafted into position as a solid block by a turbidity current.

The pattern of mineralisation within the banded iron‐formation part of the klippe, which is identified as being from the Brockman Iron Formation, together with evidence from the basal conglomerate of the Wyloo Group, shows that the formation of the Hamersley iron ore deposits commenced prior to the deposition of the Wyloo Group sediments.     

Radiometric age constraints on mineral growth,metamorphism, and tectonism of the Gummfluh Klippe,Briançonnais domain of the Préalpes,Switzerland

A combined ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, K/Ar, Rb/Sr and stable isotope study has been made of white micas from the Gummfluh klippe (Briançonnais domain of the Préalpes), Switzerland. The klippe consists mainly of Mesozoic to early Tertiary carbonate rocks metamorphosed from anchizonal to epizonal conditions. At the base of the klippe is a 10–50 m thick, ductilely deformed marble mylonite containing deformed authigenic quartz segregations. Stable isotope measurements of the coexisting calcite (¹⁸O_SMOW=24.5) and quartz (¹⁸O_SMOW=28.4) from the mylonite indicate relatively low temperatures (<300°C) during mylonitization. Analyses of white mica separates of varying size fractions from the mylonitic rocks by K/Ar and Rb/Sr techniques yield ages between 57 and 103 Ma. This variation is correlated with two parameters, the size of the mineral fraction, and the proportion of 2M₁ (more phengitic) to 1M (more muscovitic) polytype in the sample. The K/Ar and Rb/Sr ages are generally younger in the smaller size fractions, which also containless 2M₁ phengite. High precision ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age spectra from different size fractions of these micas record three distinct components, a small Hercynian component (ca. 200–300 Ma), a significant Eoalpine component (64–80 Ma) forming ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age plateaus, and a very minor Tertiary component (ca. 20–40 Ma). Characterization of the samples by SEM indicates the presence of two white mica populations, a coarser grained, deformed, detrital mica that probably corresponds to the 2M₁ phengite and a finer grained neoformed 1M mica. Collectively these observations suggest that the Gummfluh samples contain a mixture of detrital phengites of Hercynian age together with neocrystallized muscovites grown during the late Eoalpine metamorphic event followed by minor argon loss during the Tertiary. The main geologic episode recorded in the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age spectra of white micas in the mylonite is of Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary age (64–80 Ma), representing the first reliable Eoalpine ages ever to be reported from the Préalpes. Contrary to tectonic models, the marble mylonite at the base of the Gummfluh klippe appears to be a Cretaceous thrust plane and not the thrust surface formed during transport of the klippe into its present position from the Penninic Alps during the Tertiary. The late Cretaceous thrust developed during marine sedimentation at a depth of 800 m below the seafloor at temperatures of 280°C, facilitated by warm fluids along the tectonic discontinuity.     

河南商城石门冲岩组的归属

石门冲岩组仅分布于河南省商城县石门冲地区红山寨-三洞盖一带, 岩性组合为白云母石英片岩、碳质绢云母石英片岩夹白云石质大理岩; 其该岩组内部断层和石英脉发育, 为不同的岩块拼接而成, 与周围地质体均呈断层接触, 和龟山岩组第一岩性段围成一残破的构造窗。经岩石类型组合对比及构造分析, 认为石门冲岩组为龟山岩组第一岩性段的一部分, 后经逆冲推覆构造作用移位至现今位置-形成飞来峰。     

Exotic thrust mass of the Padar area in Kashmir

To the south of the Great Himalaya Range in Kashmir, a group of metasedimentary rocks with altered ultrabasic rocks occur physically over the migmatitic complex, as a klippe. The best exposure of it is met with in the Kudi nala, west of Sumjam, where lensoid outcrops of basic and ultramafic rocks, comprising actinolite—tremolite rock intruded by garnetiferous amphibolite occur within the marble, calc-gneiss and graphitic schist-gneiss. These rocks occur at an altitude of 5000–5500 m and the underlying rocks comprise gneiss, migmatite, schist, etc.The klippe of the metasedimentaries with the basic and ultrabasic suite of rocks, shows a synclinal disposition with a sheared northern contact. The southern contact of this klippe is also sheared and a tectonic “melange” zone is exposed in certain outcrops. This unusual geological set up, along with the absence of a deep-seated fault in the area of investigation, had led the author to believe that this suite of metasedimentaries has no stratigraphic relation with the underlying rocks which they override. These are very much akin to some of the rock suites of the Indus ophiolitic zone outcropping far in the north, particularly those of the Suru valley (Kargil tehsil) and they appear to have been transported during post-Cretaceous times as a thrust mass. This is the first record of an exotic thrust nappe in the Kashmir Himalaya to the south of the Great Himalaya Range.