农户贫困脆弱性测度及其影响因素——基于秦巴山区的实证分析

防止致贫返贫、建立脱贫长效机制是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的关键落脚点。探究农户贫困脆弱性及其机制可为建立预防致贫返贫机制提供思路和借鉴。通过构建贫困脆弱性分析框架和测度体系,以秦巴山区为例,测度农户贫困脆弱性水平,分析贫困脆弱性差异,采用分位数回归模型揭示农户贫困脆弱性的影响因素。结果表明：① 农户贫困脆弱性水平均值为0.046,贫困脆弱性等级呈现“纺锤形”分布。② 农户贫困脆弱性水平及不同维度间差异明显。补贴依赖型、务农主导型农户受健康冲击或教育压力大且适应力薄弱,贫困脆弱性较高。多元型和纯务工型农户具有低风险与低敏感性,适应力较高,贫困脆弱性较低。③ 农户的暴露风险、适应力具有地域分异性,中山区农户自然风险较高且高贫困脆弱性的农户比例大;河谷川塬区农户的适应力较高。④ 建档立卡贫困识别与贫困脆弱性评估结果具有一定差异。⑤ 农户贫困脆弱性受家庭层面的户主受教育程度、健康水平、职业类型、社会连接度、政策依赖性、非农就业人数、生计多样性以及村域层面的地形起伏度、道路可达性、与河流的距离以及教育可及性等因素的影响。     

基于HLM和GWR的汪清县农村贫困成因探究

明确贫困成因是提高精准扶贫效率和稳定脱贫成效的基本前提。对偏远少数民族聚居区——吉林省汪清县农村贫困成因进行解析,采用多层线性模型(HLM)同时分析了家庭层次和环境层次因素对农村贫困家庭年纯收入的影响,并利用地理加权回归方法(GWR)探索了环境层次变量影响的空间异质性。研究结果显示： ① 汪清县贫困农户家庭层次因素对家庭年纯收入的影响强于环境层次因素,但环境层次因素的影响作用亦不可忽视; ② 剔除环境层次因素的影响后,绝大多数家庭层次因素对贫困家庭年纯收入存在显著影响; ③ 环境层次因素能够在不同程度上解释家庭层次因素影响效应的差异性; ④ 环境层次因素的影响在不同区域的作用方向和强度上存在显著差异。最后从村域发展环境、医疗就业、区域内部贫困差异方面提出改善建议。     

欠发达农区家庭贫困的动态转变分析——以河南省为例

精准扶贫战略实施以来,以收入标准衡量的农村贫困人口大幅下降,但贫困具有多维性、动态性的特点,开展农户贫困动态变化研究对新时期农村贫困的有效治理具有重要的指导意义。论文基于2010—2018年河南农村固定观察点数据,从收入、生活条件、教育3个维度构建农户多维贫困评价指标体系,并运用马尔科夫概率转移矩阵和面板Logit模型对贫困状态类型转移及家庭陷入贫困的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明：① 多维贫困比单维贫困(尤其是收入贫困)更能准确反映农区贫困状况;② 2010—2018年间,单维贫困发生率与多维贫困发生率之间差距不断扩大,这很大程度与教育贫困发生率大幅上升,而生活条件贫困、收入教育贫困和三维贫困明显下降有关;③ 单维贫困家庭更易转入教育贫困,多维贫困家庭更容易转入教育生活条件贫困;④ 农户贫困的发生是户主特征、家庭特征和村庄特征共同作用的结果,但不同类型贫困发生的影响因素有显著差异。与单维贫困发生相比,多维贫困发生受到更少因素的显著影响,并且各影响因素的作用更大。上述结论意味着新时期扶贫工作重点转向多维贫困的同时,应依据贫困类型制定具体扶贫措施,尤其重视教育等公共服务的供给。     

Assessing the Impact of the Sloping Land Conversion Program on Rural Household Income in the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River,China

One secondary target of the SLCP is poverty reduction. Therefore, the impact of the SLCP on household income is a subject of much research. This study was conducted to determine whether the SLCP has affected incomes of households at different income levels13 years after its implementation. Using survey data from 2012 on rural households’ livelihoods in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Sichuan Province and using the non-participating households as a reference, the current impact of the SLCP on household income is calculated with a multiple linear regression model and a quantile regression model. The socio-geographic features of participating and non-participating households are also be compared. The results show no significant differences between the SLCP participating and non-participating households in many socio-demographic characteristics. Participating in the SLCP had no significant impact on household income at all income levels in the study area in 2012. This finding suggests that the SLCP is not currently increasing household income significantly in the study area, and that the implementation plan of the SLCP should be changed in this area in order to achieve its poverty reduction goal.     

海南省农村多维贫困及影响因素的空间分异

贫困具有多维属性,根据不同社会群体和背景从多维视角定义贫困已成为贫困问题研究的共识。依据Alkire-Foster多维贫困框架,拓展精准扶贫的“两不愁,三保障”识别标准,建立了涵盖教育、健康、居住、生活和收入指标的海南省农户多维贫困评估指标体系,基于海南省70个乡镇、134个贫困村3924户入户调查数据,采用双重临界值法评估了农户及村域多维贫困状况,进而运用地理加权回归(Geographically Weighted Regression,GWR)模型,分析了村域多维贫困影响因素的空间分异。结果显示,调查农户多维贫困率达18.22%,多维贫困程度严重的村多维贫困发生率不一定高,“两不愁、三保障”及收入指标对多维贫困指数的贡献率低。中、西部连片贫困地区多维贫困主要表现为较差的资产状况、不清洁的炊事燃料、较高的家庭成员患病率和较低的家庭成员最高学历。GWR模型分析表明,作为多维贫困最重要的影响因素,户主性别、户主受教育水平、女性劳动力占比和抚养比4个变量估计系数的空间分异明显。总体上,女性户主和低学历户主为主的地区倾向于更易发生多维贫困,二者的影响分别表现为从东到西、从北到南有所增强。女性劳动力占比为负向影响,抚养比为正向影响,呈现出自北向南增强的趋势,体现了海南贫困地区劳动力弱、女性相对更勤劳等典型地域特征。     

基于乡村人口转移和农村道路建设的空间贫困破解机理及其对策研究——以贵州省为例

贫困与地理环境之间交互耦合形成了空间贫困陷阱,本文在对贵州50个国家级贫困县乡村人口转移减贫效应和松桃、威宁、望谟3个典型县域贫困村贫困发生率与农村道路可达性指数空间耦合关系进行实证研究基础上,阐释了破解空间贫困的作用机理,并构建相应政策体系。结果表明：① 贵州国家级贫困县乡村户籍人口向县内城镇转移和县外转移具有显著的减贫效应,但县内城镇转移比县外转移减贫效应的作用力更大。② 松桃县、望谟县极度贫困、可达性较差型和深度贫困、可达性较差型贫困村所占比例在15%左右,威宁为10%左右,对该类型贫困村实施整村易地搬迁和村庄撤并;对具有自然历史文化特色资源的深度贫困、可达性中等型和一般贫困、可达性中等型贫困村应进一步扩展道路宽度,打通断头路,形成网络,增强通行能力。③ 应坚持以县城为中心的就地城镇化和发达地区中心城市、省会城市等异地城镇化并重,加强对转移劳动人口的技能培训,提升其城镇生存能力。继续加大对具有自然历史文化特色资源的保护类村庄的“通村、通组、通户”道路拓宽、硬化等措施,逐步完善自来水、宽带等较为薄弱的基础设施投入力度,推进贫困村基本公共服务均等化;通过发展山区“绿水青山”内生性和外生性产业,引导贫困人口提升自我发展能力。     

Jobs and the Single Parent: An Analysis of Accessibility to Employment in Toronto

Abstract

In this article, we undertake an analysis of accessibility to jobs from the perspective of single-parent household members. Individuals in this demographic segment are of interest due to the fact they often face the double burden of household and employment responsibilities. A case study of the city of Toronto in Canada, an urban area that has seen an increase in absolute and relative numbers of single-parent households in recent years, is presented. Analysis is based on the application of relative accessibility deprivation indicators (RADI), which are calculated using model-based estimates of distance traveled for various population segments, as well as employment data for the city and its surroundings. The results of the analysis indicate that there are substantial differences in the levels of accessibility to jobs between members of single-parent households, in particular females, and members of other types of households.     

Income distribution in rural Sagar

"The study makes an attempt to identify the pattern of household income distribution in rural areas, based on the socio-economic surveys in Sagar district [in India]." Factors affecting family income include "occupational structure, distance from nearby urban centers and general accessibility.... The rural settlements under urban influence or with proper accessibility have a greater percentage of high-income families. The major source of income for over a third of the rural families of the district is agricultural labour, while another third earns its living by other agricultural work and the rest are either petty businessmen or are engaged in services."     

基于改进潜能模型的城市医疗设施空间可达性——以上海市杨浦区为例

引入人口规模因子和医疗设施等级规模影响系数改进潜能模型,基于GIS空间分析技术,以上海杨浦区为例对其医疗设施空间可达性进行研究。结果表明：杨浦区医疗设施空间可达性分布不均,大桥街道、定海路街道及殷行街道部分区域医疗设施空间可达性较高;中部区域一些街道存在同等级医院位置密集、医疗资源相对集中的情况;杨浦区三级医院的居民就医空间可达性整体优于二级、一级医院。改进的潜能模型综合考虑了居民点人口数量、医疗设施与居民点之间的出行阻抗、以及医疗设施的等级规模对居民就医选择的影响,能更合理地评价医疗设施的可达性。研究结果可为城市医疗设施科学规划与决策提供依据。     

Using GIS and perceived distance to understand the unequal geographies of healthcare in lower-income urban neighbourhoods

Geographers play important roles in public health research, particularly in understanding healthcare accessibility, utilisation, and individual healthcare experiences. Most accessibility studies have benefited from the increased sophistication of geographic information systems (GIS). Some studies have been enhanced with semi-structured in-depth interviews to understand individual experiences of people as they access healthcare. However, few accessibility studies have explicitly utilised individual in-depth interview data in the construction of new GIS accessibility measures. Using mixed methods including GIS analysis and individual data from semi-structured in-depth interviews, we offer satisfaction-adjusted distance as a new way of conceptualising accessibility in GIS. Based on fieldwork in a predominantly lower-income community in Columbus, Ohio (USA), we find many residents felt neighbourhood healthcare facilities offered low-quality care, which suggested an added perceived distance as they attempt to access high-quality healthcare facilities. The satisfaction-adjusted distance measure accounts for the perceived distance some residents feel as they search for high-quality healthcare in lower-income urban neighbourhoods. In moving beyond conventional GIS and re-conceptualising accessibility in this way, we offer a more realistic portrayal of the issues lower-income urban residents face as they attempt to access high-quality healthcare facilities. The work has theoretical implications for conceptualising healthcare accessibility, advances the mixed-methodologies literature, and argues for a more equitable distribution of high-quality healthcare in urban neighbourhoods.     

Poverty and prosperity among Sama Bajo fishing communities (Southeast Sulawesi,Indonesia)

Over recent decades, sustained economic growth in Indonesia has lifted many millions of Indonesians out of poverty. But despite these developments, 28 per cent of the population still live below the official poverty line and many more remain vulnerable to falling into poverty. Coastal and fishing communities represent some of the poorer populations across Indonesia, their livelihoods increasingly threatened by deleterious environmental impacts and overfishing. This paper draws on an analysis of household surveys from two Sama Bajo fishing settlements in coastal Southeast Sulawesi. A predominantly maritime language community, Sama Bajo livelihoods are shaped by seasonal patterns of fishing and marine based harvesting and trading. Using a modified poverty survey instrument, the paper explores comparative patterns of poverty and prosperity in these two communities with a focus on livelihood dynamics, seasonality effects, and the enduring patron‐client relationships that sustain their market‐oriented way of life. Key findings highlight the vulnerability of female headed households given the highly gendered access to fishing success, and the significance of relational co‐dependencies between patron‐client networks that sustain the current patterns of fishing livelihoods. The paper highlights the need for more focussed livelihood research among vulnerable populations in Indonesia and smallholder fishing communities in particular.     

后2020时期农户相对贫困测度及机理分析——以重庆市长寿区为例

研究中国相对贫困问题将会为后2020时期建立解决农村相对贫困长效机制提供理论参考。因此,论文以农户为研究对象,系统分析了后2020时期相对贫困的新内涵和新特点,尝试构建相对贫困测度评价指标体系,基于多维视角划定相对贫困线,并以重庆市长寿区为例进行实证分析。研究表明:① 相对贫困指数法具有一定的科学性,基于多维贫困视角,能够全面反映或量化人口实际生活状况的需求;② 相对贫困人口在提高生活质量、提升自身能力和获得发展的机会等方面较少,主要源于产业带动作用较弱,参与合作社发展和劳动技能培训的机会较少,户主教育水平较低,且超过1/3的相对贫困户属于老人户、残疾户和重病户;③ 扶贫政策、经济基础、社会保障和个人条件是影响相对贫困的重要因素。     

重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素

耕地流转有利于缓解耕地撂荒和闲置问题,促进土地规模化经营,但已有山区的研究侧重耕地转出,且未深入分析农户耕地转入的特征.本文运用重庆市“两翼”地区12 个典型村的1015 份农户调查问卷,从地块尺度详细分析了农户耕地转入的特征,并通过Tobit 模型,定量分析了农户转入耕地面积的影响因素.结果表明:①农户多无偿转入耕地,但仍主要转入质量好、坡度小、离家近的地块;因受地形影响,转入地块又多为旱地,且难灌溉、面积小,并存在“去粮化”和粗放化经营.②农户特征方面,转入耕地的农户多为普通农户,经营耕地规模小、效益低,且地块细碎化程度高.③影响因素方面,农业劳动力比例、农业收入、农具数量和耕作面积对农户转入耕地面积有显著正向影响,而户主年龄、地块平均面积和地区哑变量则武隆县有显著负向影响.     

贫困县村级居民点空间分布离散度与农村居民纯收入关联格局分析

在城市群离散度度量方法的基础上,构建村级居民点空间分布离散度评价模型,采用GIS网络分析、叠加分析和统计分析,对研究区288个行政村进行居民点空间分布离散度评价,并与反映村级经济发展的重要指标——农村居民纯收入进行关联分析,在全县、不同地貌与不同经济圈层条件下,分别分析离散度综合指数(DCI)与经济发展的关联格局关系。结果表明：研究区居民点的离散度从城关镇到外围呈聚集—离散分布,具体表现为城关镇及其他乡镇政府所在地（即经济中心）的DCI较小,外围等非经济中心部分及山区DCI较大;DCI不仅随农村居民纯收入的增大而减小,还受其周围值的影响;山地条件下DCI与农村居民纯收入的负相关关系较丘陵及平原地区明显;经济圈的辐射作用对DCI与农村居民纯收入的影响很大。因此需要系统整治规划农村居民点,并可通过增设经济中心等方式,提高农村居民的经济发展水平,从而降低居民点的空间分布离散度,进而改善居民点的空间分布格局,巩固扶贫开发成效。     

旅游扶贫重点村空间可达性分布特征及影响因素研究

在国家提出乡村振兴和旅游扶贫政策的大背景下,为了发挥旅游交通在区域发展中的带动作用,为旅游扶贫重点村建设和加快区域脱贫提供理论依据,文章以湖北武陵山区258个旅游扶贫重点村为研究样本,运用栅格成本加权距离算法与地理加权回归模型(GWR)对其旅游交通可达性及影响因素在空间上影响程度及作用方向的差异进行了探究。研究发现：湖北武陵山区内旅游扶贫重点村的平均可达时间为1.82 h,区域整体可达性相对较差,出行成本较高;从自然及人文2个视角对旅游扶贫重点村可达性的影响因子进行提取,各个影响因子在区域上作用大小的排序为：距最邻近县市最短路径>高程>周边旅游资源禀赋>距河流最短距离>距周边景区最短距离>坡度,距河流最短距离及周边旅游资源禀赋与可达成本呈负相关关系,其余因素均与可达成本呈正相关关系;距周边景区最短距离与坡度值大小的单位变化对可达成本空间差异的影响不显著。     

LOCALITY STUDIES

A sample of the labor force of Blacksburg, Virginia, was surveyed to examine the relationship between worktrip length and household income within a small city laborshed and to ascertain the importance of commuting costs to the observed journey-to-work pattern. The results indicate that high income households are the most successful minimizers of worktrip length, in contrast to the typical metropolitan pattern. Patterns of home-work separation are linked to the availability of housing within Blacksburg and its laborshed. Households may attempt to reduce travel costs by residential relocation, fuel-efficient automobiles, and carpooling. Carpooling was more prevalent as worktrip length increased and among lower income households. Residential relocation did not reduce travel costs and the use of fuel efficient cars was not associated with either worktrip length or income.     

Road investment as enabling local economic development? Evidence from a rural Philippine fishing village

This paper investigates how efforts to achieve local economic growth conflicted with long‐term sustainable resource use when road accessibility was improved between a supply area – the households and household firms in a Philippine fishing village, Dinahican, previously hampered by very poor transport conditions and accessibility – and its major market. Findings indicate that improved road access to big fish markets stimulated investment in production enhancing inputs, which allowed increased fish landings and sales outside Dinahican, together with employment and incomes. At the same time, poorly implemented fisheries resource management resulted in overfishing in municipal waters and obvious disparities in access to productive resources. Thus, while road investment in relatively inaccessible rural resource rich areas may spur economic development as an underutilized production potential is released, it can facilitate resource depletion and intensify an unequal distribution of benefits if the enforcement of laws and regulations is lacking. In the case of Dinahican, coordination between infrastructure supply and the implementation and enforcement of fisheries resource management is found to be urgently needed.     

Accessibility and land-use patterns at the forest fringe in the northeastern part of the Philippines

Accessibility is considered to be one of the most important determinants of use and land-cover change. In rural land-use change studies, the accessibility situation is often described by simple measures of the distance to a location of interest. In this paper, different measures of access are tested for a rural area at the forest fringe in the northeastern Philippines. The accessibility measures addressed range from simple distance measures to land-use type specific transport costs and a population potential measure. The different measures are tested based on their capacity to explain the spatial pattern of different land-use types. A comparison of the findings based on a spatial analysis and an analysis of household level data is made. It is concluded that the relation between land use and accessibility is dependent on the specific characteristics of the different land-use types. The (dis-)advantages of the use of the different accessibility measures are discussed.