东海黑潮区温度的月际变化特征

使用美国海洋大气局2010年发布的海洋温度数据库、地球物理数据中心2006年发布的海底地形数据库,研发三维体积、切面可视和分析技术,探讨东海黑潮区温度逐月空间变化。得出,从东海黑潮的入口到出口,表层平均温度的差值在4—5月份最大,8—9月份最小,反映黑潮与东海热交换的月季变化;表层温度的年较差和月差值在128°E附近最大,指示了黑潮与东海陆架水热量交换最多的部位。以深度220m为转换层,从东海黑潮的入口到出口,在转换层以上同深度温度呈下降趋势,以下呈上升的趋势;反映黑潮进入东海后中层水的扩张。从温位差判断,在表层,东海黑潮区的热交换在3—4月份最大,在9月份最小;热交换主要出现在靠东海大陆架一侧,热交换最大的区域在台湾东北海域、127°E附近的海域和吐噶喇海峡东北侧。从平均温位差推断,在东海黑潮区,热交换主要出现在30—150m层,在7—9月份最大,11—1月份最小。     

东海海表温度持续增温的机制

本文依据第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中的8个模式历史模拟与典型浓度(RCP4.5)试验的结果,探讨了1980—1999年东海海表温度(SST)持续增加的原因,预估了未来东海SST对温室气体持续增加的响应。研究表明:这8个模式都能模拟东海在1980—1999年有显著的SST持续增暖现象,集合平均后这20年增暖的速率为2.25℃/100a。而在RCP4.5试验中,8个模式集合平均后在2006—2055年这50年期间东海SST增暖的速率为2.32℃/100a。在历史模拟中,在1980—1999年期间东海SST持续增长的主要原因是海洋平流热输送加强,而大气调整导致的海面热通量影响比海洋平流热输送的影响小一个量级。在单纯温室气体增加的RCP4.5试验中,除了海洋平流热输送外,由于大气调整导致海面潜热、感热释放减少也是SST持续升温的主要原因之一,其贡献可以与海洋平流热输送加强同量级。对比分析模式对过去的模拟和未来单一强迫的情景试验结果,可以初步确定,在1980—1999年期间由于太平洋年代际变化导致的东海黑潮平流热输送增加是该阶段东海SST持续增加的主要机制。     

冬季黑潮延伸体海表温度变率的年代际变化及其与阿留申大气低压系统的关系

By utilizing multiple datasets from various sources available for the last 100 years, the existence for the interdecadal change of the winter sea surface temperature(SST) variability in the Kuroshio Extension(KE) region is investigated. And its linkage with the Aleutian Low(AL) activity changes is also discussed. The results find that the KE SST variability exhibits the significant ~6 a and ~10 a oscillations with obvious interdecadal change. The ~6 a oscillation is mainly detected during 1930–1950, which is largely impacted by the anomalous surface heat flux forcing and Ekman heat transport associated with the AL intensity variation. The ~10 a oscillation is most evident after the 1980s, which is predominantly triggered by the AL north-south shift through the bridge of oceanic Rossby waves.     

东海黑潮对台风过境的响应特征

文中调查了"威马逊"台风过境时东海黑潮对台风的响应特征,以海面高度异常(Sea Level Anomaly, SLA)和摩擦深度作为主要研究因子,利用艾克曼风生海流理论,得出了在"威马逊"台风过程中东海黑潮附近海域尤其是宫古海峡处的SLA值和摩擦深度的响应特征,发现了东海黑潮及其周边海域表层流场与海面高度异常值(SLA)之间的对应关系存在明显的季节性变化特征, SLA正负极值区对应的表层流场一般呈现反气旋型分布和气旋型分布,利用这一对应关系可以有效地分析判断在台风过程中东海黑潮及附近海域表层流场的响应特征。其结论对于东海黑潮流域的海洋环境分析和该区域的军事活动都有一定的参考价值。     

黑潮延伸体海表温度锋位置的变化特征

High spatial resolution sea surface temperature(SST) data from 1993 to 2013 are used to detect the position of the Kuroshio Extension sea surface temperature front(KEF) from 141°E to 158°E,and the seasonal,monthly and interannual-to-decadal variations of the KEF position are investigated.The latitudinal position of the KEF varies with longitudes:the westernmost part of the KEF from 141°E to 144°E is relatively stable,whereas the easternmost part from 153°E to 158°E exhibits the largest amplitude of its north-south displacement.In the light of the magnitudes of the standard deviations at longitudes,then the KEF is divided into three sections:western part of the KEF(KEFw,141°–144°E),central part of the KEF(KEFc,144°–153°E) and eastern part of the KEF(KEFe,153°–158°E).Further analysis reveals that the KEFw position is dominated by the decadal variability,while the KEFc and KEFe positions change significantly both on interannual and decadal time scales.In addition,the KEFw position is well correlated with the KEF path length.The possible mode leading to the decadal oscillation of the KEFw is further discussed.The KEFw position exhibits significant connections with the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO) index and the north Pacific gyre oscillation(NPGO) index with a time lag of 40 and 33 months,respectively.     

东海黑潮流量的年际和年代际变化

本文基于日本气象厅1956—2005年间在东海PN断面获得的观测资料,结合NCEP风场资料,研究了东海黑潮流量的年际和年代际变化特征,并探讨了西北太平洋风场和太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)对黑潮流量年际和年代际变化的影响。结果表明,东海黑潮流量基本服从正态分布,主要集中在19—33Sv范围内,其多年平均值为24.30Sv(1Sv=106m3/s);季平均、冬、夏季黑潮流量都存在着显著的年际和年代际变化。东海黑潮流量输送具有长期的线性增强趋势,在1956—2005年间它们分别增加了8.73Sv、9.86Sv和9.38Sv。相关与合成分析结果表明,黑潮源区和东海黑潮流域上空的经向风异常是黑潮流量年际变化的重要影响因素,而PDO则对黑潮流量的年代际变化有重要作用。     

东海黑潮温度锋分布特征研究

采用WOA13气候态季节温度数据,利用绝对梯度法对东海黑潮不同水深海洋锋的季节变化特征进行了分析,得出结论：东海黑潮温度锋具有显著的季节变化特征,它的范围和强度存在多个大值区,不同季节,温度锋的大值区存在于不同深度。在200 m以浅海域,按照冬季、春季、夏季的季节顺序,温度锋的大值区由表层逐渐增加到100 m层处;在200 m以深海域温度锋的大值区没有季节变化,大值区大约出现在400 m层附近。     

中国东海黑潮海温变化特征及成因分析

利用新建的中大温盐资料集、HadISST和ICOADS的逐月海温资料,对东海黑潮关键区30 a(1981-2010年)气候态海表温度气候特征进行分析,并利用SODA海表资料尝试找出海表温度变化的特征及原因.结果表明:在东海黑潮关键区范围内,1981-2010年海表温度整体呈现增温趋势,春冬两季增暖幅度最大,1997年是...     

利用卫星资料分析黄海海表温度的年际与年代际变化

海表温度长期变化在一定程度上反映了海域的气候变化信号,卫星遥感资料是获取高时空分辨率水温长期变化的有效手段。基于国家海洋局1982—1999年黄海断面监测器测数据的2 954组水温数据对时空匹配的卫星(NOAA/AVHRR)反演海表温度(SST)进行校验,计算得到卫星反演SST系统偏差为(0.18±1.00)℃。卫星反演的水温空间分布以及长期变化趋势与器测趋势较为一致,可以用来研究海域SST长期变化规律。利用校验后1982-01～2011-08NOAA/AVHRR的SST数据,分析了该时段黄海冬夏季代表月2、8月海表水温的变化规律。结果显示:(1)近30a,黄海冬季水温有2次跃迁:1989—1990年由冷至暖的状态跃迁,2000-2001年出现由暖至冷的状态转变;1990年代冬季水温达最高,相比1880年代,水温升高1.07℃,新世纪水温稍有降低,水温较1990年代下降了0.53℃,温度变化较大区域位于北黄海、山东半岛沿岸,苏北浅滩毗邻海区,该区SST与局地经向风场存在显著正相关,且北极涛动通过影响冬季风间接影响黄海水温变化;(2)夏季海表水温在1994—1995年呈现由冷至暖的状态跃迁,冷、暖期水温相差0.57℃,水温变化较显著的区域为黄东海分界处,其具体变化机制需深入研究。     

中国远洋作业渔场海表温度异常年际变动分析

基于美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心月平均SST资料,利用时间序列的统计学特征分析了中国7个主要远洋作业渔场1982~2011年海表温度异常(SSTA)年际变动,用功率谱方法计算时间序列的显著变动周期,并用相关分析探讨了去除趋势项后的SSTA与南方涛动指数(Southern Oscillation Index,SOI)的相关性。结果表明,1982~2011年中国主要远洋作业渔场SSTA为–0.3~0.3℃,波动周期约为3~4 a,平均SSTA总体呈现上升趋势,与SOI存在显著的相关性(r=–0.509),说明渔场的SSTA与ENSO事件有着密切联系;从渔场SSTA升降趋势来看,除了东太平洋和东南太平洋SSTA出现下降趋势,其余渔场的SSTA均有一定程度的上升,其中西北太平洋SSTA上升最为显著;从渔场SSTA的变化周期来看,东太平洋和西南大西洋的SSTA变化周期为3~4 a,东南太平洋为4 a,西太平洋为5 a,其余的短期周期性较不明显,约为10 a;与SOI时间序列进行相关分析得到,东太平洋、中大西洋以及西南大西洋均与SOI存在显著的相关性,相关系数分别为–0.895、0.471和–0.598,其余渔场与SOI无显著相关。通过各渔场间的对比得到以下特征:赤道附近海域东太平洋SSTA变化往往与西太平洋和中大西洋反相,而与印度洋同相;中纬度海域的3个渔场中,南半球中纬度渔场温度变化要比北半球中纬度渔场小;东、西印度洋SSTA存在显著相关性,印度洋内部SSTA正负变化情况基本一致。     

Interannual variability of the Kuroshio intrusion in the South China Sea

The interannual variability of intrusions of the Kuroshio into the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated using satellite remote sensing data supported by in-situ measurements. The mesoscale circulation of the SCS is predominantly wind-forced by the northeast winter and southwest summer monsoons. Although the region has been studied extensively, considerable uncertainty remains about the annual and interannual mesoscale nature of the circulation. The frequency and characteristics of Kuroshio intrusions and their effect on circulation patterns in the northeast SCS are also not well understood. Satellite observations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA) from TOPEX/ Poseidon for the period 1997–2005 are used here to analyze the annual and interannual variability in Kuroshio intrusions and their effects on the region. Analysis of SST and SSHA shows the formation and characteristics of intrusions vary considerably each year. Typically, the intrusion occurs in the central region of Luzon Strait and results in an anticyclonic circulation in the northeastern SCS. However, in some years, the intrusion is located in the northern portion of Luzon Strait and a cyclonic intrusion results. Wind stress and wind stress curl derived from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer are used to evaluate the relationship between wind stress or wind stress curl and the presence of winter Kuroshio intrusions into the SCS.     

冬季黑潮延伸体海表温度对阿留申低压活动的双周期响应

Based on our previous work, the winter sea surface temperature(SST) in the Kuroshio Extension(KE) region showed significant variability over the past century with periods of ~6 a between 1930 and 1950 and ~10 a between1980 and 2009. How the activity of the Aleutian Low(AL) induces this dual-period variability over the two different timespans is further investigated here. For the ~6 a periodicity during 1930–1950, negative wind stress curl(WSC)anomalies in the central subtropical Pacific associated with an intensified AL generate positive sea surface height(SSH) anomalies. When these wind-induced SSH anomalies propagate westwards to the east of Taiwan, China two years later, positive velocity anomalies appear around the Kuroshio to the east of Taiwan and then the mean advection via this current of velocity anomalies leads to a strengthened KE jet and thus an increase in the KE SST one year later. For the ~10 a periodicity during 1980–2009, a negative North Pacific Oscillation-like dipole takes2–3 a to develop into a significant positive North Pacific Oscillation-like dipole, and this process corresponds to the northward shift of the AL. Negative WSC anomalies associated with this AL activity in the central North Pacific are able to induce the positive SSH anomalies. These oceanic signals then propagate westward into the KE region after 2–3 a, favoring a northward shift of the KE jet, thus leading to the warming of the KE SST. The feedbacks of the KE SST anomaly on the AL forcing are both negative for these two periodicities. These results suggest that the dual-period KE SST variability can be generated by the two-way KE-SST-AL coupling.     

东海黑潮温盐与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑湖主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系。结果表明,在过去50年内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势。东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关。夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,导致黑潮上层水盐度下降,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关。     

黑潮延伸体海洋锋强度和位置变率的对比研究

This study compares the seasonal and interannual-to-decadal variability in the strength and position of the Kuroshio Extension front(KEF) using high-resolution satellite-derived sea surface temperature(SST) and sea surface height(SSH) data. Results show that the KEF strength has an obvious seasonal variation that is similar at different longitudes, with a stronger(weaker) KEF during the cold(warm) season. However, the seasonal variation in the KEF position is relatively weak and varies with longitude. In contrast, the low-frequency variation of the KEF position is more distinct than that of the KEF strength even though they are well correlated. On both seasonal and interannual-to-decadal time scales, the western part of the KEF(142°–144°E) has the greatest variability in strength, while the eastern part of the KEF(149°–155°E) has the greatest variability in position. In addition, the relationships between wind-forced Rossby waves and the low-frequency variability in the KEF strength and position are also discussed by using the statistical analysis methods and a wind-driven hindcast model. A positive(negative) North Pacific Oscillation(NPO)-like atmospheric forcing generates positive(negative) SSH anomalies over the central North Pacific. These oceanic signals then propagate westward as Rossby waves, reaching the KE region about three years later, favoring a strengthened(weakened) and northward(southward)-moving KEF.     

秋季东海黑潮锋面涡旋的特点

本文根据１９８８年１０月２０～２４日“向阳红０９号”调查船在奄美大岛以西海区进行调查时，在陆架斜坡上的表均温层的底部，即５０ｍ附近的深层上，出现一个黑潮锋面涡。不论在平面上形成的特点，还是在断面上水系配置的形式，它与春季黑潮锋面涡的特征极为相似。说明秋季东海同样存在陆架水与黑潮水在水平方向交换与混合。     

Variability of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea in 1992

INTRODUCTIONMostofpreviousstudiesshowthatthedynamicmethodswereoftenusedtocomputethevelocityandVToftheKuroshiointheEastChinaSea(Guan,1988;Nishizawaetal.,1982;SunandKaneko,1993).Duringrecentyearsdifferentkindsofinversemethodshavebeentriedby*ThisprojectwassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChinaundercontractNo.49776287.1.Secondinstituteofoceanography,StateOceanicAdministration,Hangzhou310012,ChinaYuanetul(1988,1991,1992a,1992b,1993,1994,1995).Theircalculatedresultsshowt…     

Variability of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea in 1995

INTRODUCTIONTherearemanyresearchworksabbottheKUrOShioVTanditSSeaSOnalvacationintheEastChinaho(GUan,1988;Nishizawaetal.,1982;TangandTaShiro,1993;SunandKaneko,1993;Yuanetal.,1990;Yuanetal.,1993;Yuanetal.,1994;Yuanetal.,1995;LiuandYuan,1997a,b).~previou...     

1992年东海黑潮的变异

基于1992年4个航次的水文调查资料,运用改进逆方法计算了东海黑潮的流速、流量和热通量．计算结果表明：（1）PN断面黑潮在春季和秋季都有两个流核,冬季和夏季则只有一个流核．主核心皆位于坡折处．Vmax值春季最大,冬季和夏季次之,而秋季最小．黑潮以东及以下都存在逆流．（2）TK断面黑潮在冬季为两核,春、夏季为3核．海峡南端及海峡深处存在西向逆流．（3）通过A断面的对马暖流Vmax值在秋季最大,冬季最小．黄海暖流位于其西侧,相对较弱．（4）通过PN断面净北向流量夏季最大,秋季最小,而冬、春季介于上述二者之间,1992年四季平均值为28．0×106m3/s;TK断面的净东向流量也是在夏季最大;A断面净北向流量则在秋季最大．（5）PN断面4个航次的平均热通量为2．03×1015W．TK断面3个航次的平均热通量为2．00×1015W．（6）在计算海区,冬、春和秋季都是由海洋向大气放热;夏季则从大气吸热．冬季海面上热交换率最大,而夏季热交换率最小．关键词##4东海;;黑潮;;季节变化