注聚合物井井下温度分布的若干影响因素分析

温度对聚合物的粘度和稳定性有很大影响。注聚合物井的井下温度分布影响因素分析对改善注聚合物方案和研究注聚合物驱油效果具有重要意义。假定聚合物溶液为非牛顿幂律流体,在柱坐标系中构建了包含井筒、注入层和围岩等3部分介质的二维温度场模型,将模型离散化生成有限差分方程并求解。在对经不同注入时间和停注时间后的二维温度分布模拟计算的基础上,分析了注入聚合物溶液的密度、导热系数、比热容、井筒半径等因素对井下温度分布的影响。分析表明,这些因素对井下温度分布均有不同程度的影响,应注意综合考虑。     

注水井温度场模型及其数值模拟研究

油田注水开发中后期,井温测井在常规注水工艺的条件下,难以准确地反映注水剖面的实际情况．为此,本文根据注水井井筒与地层的传热机理,针对注水井多层注入的实际情况,建立了井筒及其周围地层的温度场数学模型．用该模型模拟计算了大庆油田某注水井的井下温度场分布,计算结果与实测结果接近,说明模型是适用的．通过对不同注入条件和地质条件的数值模拟,得出注水温度同井眼温度差别越大或注水速度越快,井温曲线越易于识别注入剖面．同时,对如何改善注水工艺,以提高井温测井识别注入剖面的能力提出了合理化建议．     

有杆泵同井注采系统杆柱动力学分析

同井注采技术是一种针对特高含水油井的有效稳油控水方法。本文研究的有杆泵同井注采系统由采出泵、密封活塞、桥式分隔器、注入泵和井下油水分离器等部分组成,能够利用重力作用在井下将油水进行分离,分离后的水直接被注入到地层中,分离后的富含油液被举升至地面,从而降低采出液中的含水量。基于同井注采系统的复杂受力情况,利用弹性力学理论知识和数值方法,建立了有杆泵同井注采系统的动力学模型并提出相应的显式差分解法。基于Visual Basic平台编制同井注采系统动力学仿真程序,并利用现场实测数据验证了理论模型正确性及实用性,为同井注采系统的杆柱力学分析和故障诊断研究奠定了理论基础。     

孤东油田七区西馆陶组聚驱后水淹层测井识别方法

孤东油田七区西馆陶组储层先后经历了注淡水、注咸污水和注聚开发阶段,测井响应复杂,应用常规交会图难以识别聚驱后水淹级别.本次研究基于聚驱后测井响应机理实验、聚驱前和聚驱后"对子井"测井响应的对比分析开发了水淹级别的主成分识别方法.首先,实验考察了聚合物溶液、聚合物驱岩样的声速、电阻率特征,认为聚合物自身的声速、电阻率性质对储层声速、电阻率的影响可以忽略.其次,选取"对子井"对比分析了聚驱前、聚驱后不同级别水淹层的测井响应的变化规律及机制,并基于敏感性分析筛选了对水淹级别比较敏感的Rxo、SP、RT、△MN曲线作为水淹级别识别曲线.最后,应用主成分分析方法建立了测井响应识别水淹级别的标准.2口井的应用效果表明,该方法可满足该储层聚驱后水淹层识别的需要.     

基于分布式光纤温度测井的注入和产出剖面解释方法研究

近年来,随着分布式光纤温度传感(DTS)技术的快速发展,由于其对井干扰小、施工方便、能实时提供准确且连续的温度数据等优势,越来越多的被应用于井下的动态监测中.然而,实际应用中DTS数据量巨大且复杂,如何分析数据和用其解释井下的流量剖面及生产动态仍是一项巨大挑战.为此,本文基于井筒与地层间的传热机理,建立了多相流井筒温度分布模型,分析了不同影响因素下井筒的温度曲线响应特征.对实测DTS数据进行分析,建立基于井筒温度分布模型的拟合评价目标函数,用L-M(Levenberg-Marquarelt算法)和Sqp-legacy(Sequential quadratic programming-legacy,顺序二次规划遗传算法)两种算法进行反演后,将PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization,粒子群优化算法)与两种算法结合,对比两组组合算法的反演误差后选用PSO-LM算法,PSO-LM算法既具有PSO算法的随机性也具有L-M算法的高效性.然后对两口实测井进行解释,误差结果表明PSO-LM算法的精度较高,满足实际应用,验证了反演解释模型的正确性和可靠性．     

聚合物调剖剂在吉林新立裂缝性油藏中的应用

目的：本文利用核磁共振技术系统地研究了聚合物调剖剂在吉林新立裂缝性油田中的应用。方法：利用多层平面物理模拟技术测试了不同聚合物对调整吉林新立油田中的作用和机理，实验集中测试了各阶段的油水饱和度及分布状况；结果：最后，研究不同的调剖剂注入量下剩余油的分布规律，提出调剖措施实施意见。结论：为裂缝性砂岩低渗透油田的合理、高效开发提供有力的支持。     

高温地热开采热流固耦合模型及综合评价方法

干热岩(HDR)是一种绿色低碳、可循环利用的可再生能源,是地热开发研究热点.目前针对地热产能模拟的研究存在热流固(THM)耦合模型考虑因素不全,地热开发效果评价目标单一且缺少定量评价的问题.基于离散裂缝模型,建立了地热开发的热流固耦合模型,采用COMSOL实现了THM模型求解,依据多个地热开发评价指标进行模糊综合评价.首先借助两个THM耦合案例,验证了模型的可靠性及准确性.随后通过层次分析法计算出各项地热开发评价指标的权重,并结合模糊综合评判,对给出的EGS案例进行模拟计算和综合评价.结果表明:压裂裂缝连通注入井和采出井时,热突破时间短,采出温度下降快;水平布井比垂直布井的采出温度下降更快.依据模糊综合评价分析,水平井开采地热要整体优于垂直井开采地热,一注两采开采地热要优于一注一采,垂直井开采地热时,水力压裂裂缝建议不连通注采井.     

基于地质因素约束的水淹层测井评价方法——以中亚地区孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏M为例

开展水淹层评价是实现M油藏增储上产的重要基础.然而,M油藏研究区套管测井和生产测井资料缺失.以含水率作为水淹特征的指标,综合开发地质特征和生产数据,统计表明:研究区水淹层分布与地层构造、沉积相、物性、重力和开发井网有关.为了实现水淹影响因素与测井评价资料的结合,提出基于地质因素约束的测井水淹层评价方法.方法以注采井组为单元,采用表征注采井间地质特征差异的参数(如地层构造差、产层渗透率差、井距和注见水时间差)和测井解释参数(如饱和度),通过数据统计分析,建立地质因素控制的水驱前缘到达时间、水淹层含水率变化速率的预测模型,实现现今水淹层及剩余油分布预测和解释.预测结果得到实际生产数据和油藏数值模拟结果的检验,显示本文提出的水淹层评价方法具有可行性,为水淹层研究提供了一定借鉴和参考.     

页岩气井产出剖面测井资料分析及应用

产出剖面测井技术是页岩气井生产动态监测及压裂后评估的有效方法,能够认识压裂层段产出、返排规律,了解井下生产动态情况,为完井和生产优化提供依据.目前,国内水平井产出剖面测井工艺相对成熟,但是资料解释多解性强及解释结果应用程度较低是存在的主要问题.针对以上问题,本文首先根据阵列仪器的特点,分析了水平井产出剖面测井资料解释方法,给出了资料解释的一般步骤及需要注意的问题,并对四川地区一口页岩气井的测井资料进行了解释分析,计算出每个压裂段的产量贡献率和连续流量.根据资料解释结果进行了井筒内流型流态识别和动液面分析,进而了解井筒内的生产动态,为后续生产优化提供依据.完成了裸眼井测井数据和压裂施工数据与每段产气贡献率的相关性分析,优选出了裸眼井测井及压裂施工相对产气量的敏感性参数.最后根据测井结果,建立了不规则裂缝试井分析模型,优化了产能预测分析.通过对测井资料的分析及应用,了解了测试井各压裂段的产气情况,分析了各段产量分布不均的主要控制因素,并为后期完井和生产优化提供了合理化建议.     

采用射线寻迹的井间层析成像

本文采用二维井间观测走时反演地震波速,用迭代射线寻迹走时成像方法进行层析成像.作者导出三次多项式插值基函数计算离散网格内的折射率分布,还给出了具有自己特点的二步扫描法,不但加快了正演计算时间,同时方便地建立走时残差与模型修正量的关系.考虑到实际应用时,震源与接收器常不位于同一平面,为此进行了校正,并给出了校正方法,提高了重建精度. 数值的与实际应用的结果表明,本文给出的层析成像算法是快速的、稳定的、适用的.     

生产油井井下温度场数值模拟分析

An improved numerical simulation method is presented to calculate the downhole temperature distribution for multiple pay zones in producing oil wells. Based on hydrodynamics and heat transfer theory, a 2-D temperature field model in cylindrical coordinates is developed. In the model, we considered general heat conduction as well as the heat convection due to fluid flow from porous formation to the borehole. We also take into account the fluid velocity variation in the wellbore due to multiple pay zones. We present coupled boundary conditions at the interfaces between the wellbore and adjacent formation, the wellbore and pay zone, and the pay zone and adjacent formation. Finally, an alternating direction implicit difference method （ADI） is used to solve the temperature model for the downhole temperature distribution. The comparison of modeled temperature curve with actual temperature log indicates that simulation result is in general quite similar to the actual temperature log. We found that the total production rate, production time, porosity, thickness of pay zones, and geothermal gradient, all have effects on the downhole temperature distribution.     

Analytical model of well leakage pressure perturbations in a closed aquifer system

Deep saline aquifers are commonly used for disposal and storage of various surface fluids. The target injection zone must be hydraulically isolated from overlying zones in order to ensure containment of the injected fluids. Improperly plugged nonoperational abandoned wells that penetrate the injection zone are the main potential leakage pathways. Leakage through such wells may cause an observable pressure signal in a zone overlying the injection zone; such a signal can be used to detect the leakage. In this paper we develop an analytical model to evaluate the pressure change induced by leakage through a well in a multilayer system. Unlike previous analytical models on the topic, our model uses a closed system, which may significantly affect the strength and behavior of the pressure signal induced by leakage. The analytical model is first presented for a two-layer system centered at the leaky well location. We evaluate the leakage-induced pressure change using the Laplace transform of Duhamel’s superposition integral, yielding the solution in the Laplace domain. We then derive a late-time asymptotic solution using the final value theorem, which suggests that the leakage rate becomes constant after sufficient time. We then obtain the multilayer solution by extending the two-layer solution and presenting it in matrix form in the Laplace domain. We apply the solution to three examples. In the first example, we apply the analytical model to a two-layer system, investigating its behavior and comparing the results with a numerical solution. In order to demonstrate behavior and potential applications of the multilayer analytical model, we present two multilayer examples: one with identical layers and another, replicating a CO₂ storage site, with dissimilar layers. The leakage-induced pressure change does not necessarily decrease as the distance increases from the injection zone toward the surface.     

Injection of Zero‐Valent Iron into an Unconfined Aquifer Using Shear‐Thinning Fluids

Approximately 190 kg of 2 μm‐diameter zero‐valent iron (ZVI) particles were injected into a test zone in the top 2 m of an unconfined aquifer within a trichloroethene (TCE) source area. A shear‐thinning fluid was used to enhance ZVI delivery in the subsurface to a radial distance of up to 4 m from a single injection well. The ZVI particles were mixed in‐line with the injection water, shear‐thinning fluid, and a low concentration of surfactant. ZVI was observed at each of the seven monitoring wells within the targeted radius of influence during injection. Additionally, all wells within the targeted zone showed low TCE concentrations and primarily dechlorination products present 44 d after injection. These results suggest that ZVI can be directly injected into an aquifer with shear‐thinning fluids to induce dechlorination and extends the applicability of ZVI to situations where other emplacement methods may not be viable.     

Forced imbibition into a limestone: measuring P‐wave velocity and water saturation dependence on injection rate

Quantitative interpretation of time‐lapse seismic data requires knowledge of the relationship between elastic wave velocities and fluid saturation. This relationship is not unique but depends on the spatial distribution of the fluid in the pore‐space of the rock. In turn, the fluid distribution depends on the injection rate. To study this dependency, forced imbibition experiments with variable injection rates have been performed on an air‐dry limestone sample. Water was injected into a cylindrical sample and was monitored by X‐Ray Computed Tomography and ultrasonic time‐of‐flight measurements across the sample. The measurements show that the P‐wave velocity decreases well before the saturation front approaches the ultrasonic raypath. This decrease is followed by an increase as the saturation front crosses the raypath. The observed patterns of the acoustic response and water saturation as functions of the injection rate are consistent with previous observations on sandstone. The results confirm that the injection rate has significant influence on fluid distribution and the corresponding acoustic response. The complexity of the acoustic response —‐ that is not monotonic with changes in saturation, and which at the same saturation varies between hydrostatic conditions and states of dynamic fluid flow – may have implications for the interpretation of time‐lapse seismic responses.     

Subsurface Injection of Treated Sewage into a Saline-Water Aquifer at St. Petersburg, Florida —Aquifer Pressure Buildup

The city of St. Petersburg has been testing subsurface injection of treated sewage into the Floridan aquifer as a means of eliminating discharge of sewage to surface waters and as a means of storing treated sewage for future non-potable reuse. The injection zone originally contained native saline ground water that was similar in composition to sea water. The zone has a transmissivity of about 1.2 X 10⁶ feet squared per day (ft2/d) and is within the lower part of the Floridan aquifer. Treated sewage that had a mean chloride concentration of 170 milligrams per liter (mg/1) was injected through a single well for 12 months at a mean rate of 4.7 X 105 cubic feet per day (ft3/d). The volume of water injected during the year was 1.7 X 10⁸ cubic feet. Pressure buildup at the end of one year ranged from less than 0.1 to as much as 2.4 pounds per square inch (lb/in2) in observation wells at the site. Pressure buildup in wells open to the upper part of the injection zone was related to buoyant lift acting on the mixed water in the injection zone in addition to subsurface injection through the injection well. Calculations of the vertical component of pore velocity in the semiconfining bed underlying the shallowest permeable zone of the Floridan aquifer indicate upward movement of native water. This is consistent with the 200- to 600-mg/l increase in chloride concentration observed in water from the shallowest permeable zone during the test.     

双差分定位法在柴达木西部油田微地震定位中的应用研究

概述了双差分定位法及其基本原理,重点介绍了双差分定位法在柴达木西部狮子沟油田微地震定位中的应用：对研究区内的微地震定位后,发现微地震分布与区内的断裂带具有一定的相关性,另外,油田油井的生产与注水对微地震的诱发有着影响。双差分定位后,数据残差平均值为0．36s,水平和垂直方向的估算误差平均值都在0．15m左右。利用高精度的双差分定住结果,可以对深层地质构造进行解析,为油田油气资源调查和评价提供信息。     

Field Tracer Test for the Design of LNAPL Source Zone Surfactant Flushing

A field tracer test was carried out in a light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) source zone using a well pattern consisting of one injection well surrounded by four extraction wells (5‐spot well pattern). Multilevel sampling was carried out in two observation wells located inside the test cell characterized by heterogeneous lithology. Tracer breakthrough curves showed relatively uniform flow within soil layers. A numerical flow and solute transport model was calibrated on hydraulic heads and tracer breakthrough curves. The model was used to estimate an average accessible porosity of 0.115 for the swept zone and an average longitudinal dispersivity of 0.55 m. The model was further used to optimize the relative effects of viscous forces versus capillary forces under realistic imposed hydraulic gradients and to establish optimal surfactant solution properties. Maximum capillary number (N_Ca) values between injection and extraction wells were obtained for an injection flow rate of 16 L/min, a total extraction flow rate of 20 L/min, and a surfactant solution with a viscosity of 0.005 Pa?s. The unconfined nature of the aquifer limited further flow rate or viscosity increases that would have led to unrealistic hydraulic gradients. An N_Ca range of 3.8 × 10^?4 to 7.6 × 10^?3 was obtained depending on the magnitude of the simulated LNAPL‐water interfacial tension reduction. Finally, surfactant and chase water slug sizing was optimized with a radial form of the simplified Ogata‐Banks analytical solution (Ogata and Banks 1961) so that injected concentrations could be maintained in the entire 5‐spot cell.     

Flow and Containment of Injected Wastes

Proper design, construction, testing and maintenance of Class 1 (hazardous waste) injection wells can guarantee that all waste is delivered to the injection zone. To assess the effects of waste injection, analytical models were developed which predict waste movement and pressure increases within the injection zone, and describe upward permeation through confining layers.
A basic plume model was used to track waste from several injection wells with varied injection history at DuPont's Victoria Texas site. To determine the maxi-mum distance that any portion of the waste might travel, special purpose models were employed to account for (1) density differences between the waste and the native formation brine, and (2) layered permeability variation within the injection zone. The results were generalized to a "multiplying factor concept," which facilitates development of a worst-case scenario.
A pressure distribution model based on the Theis (1935) equation for radial flow was applied to the Victoria site, with modifications to account for multiple wells, injection history and geological complexities.
Permeation into an intact confining layer was investigated by a new technique based on the Hantush and Jacob (1955) "leaky aquifer" theory. The model defines the maximum permeation distance, taking into account post-injection pressure decay.
Defects within confining layers, such as faults, fractures and abandoned wells, have been considered. Studies to evaluate their detailed characteristics are continuing. Initial results indicate that faults and fractures are not likely to provide conductive pathways in Gulf Coast settings, and site-specific evaluations are required to assess the impact of abandoned wells.     

Laboratory Study of Polymer Solutions Used for Mobility Control During In Situ NAPL Recovery

The use of surfactant solutions for the in situ recovery of residual NAPL in aquifers is increasingly considered as a viable remediation technique. The injection of a few pore volumes of high concentration surfactant solutions can mobilize most of the residual NAPL contacted by the solutions. However, the washing solutions'physico-chemical properties (low density and high viscosity), combined with the natural porous media heterogeneity, can prevent a good sweep of the entire contaminated volume. From the petroleum industry, it is well-known that polymer solutions can be injected following a surfactant solution slug to act as a mobility buffer and increase the overall sweep efficiency. The objective of our laboratory study is first to select and characterize polymers that would be suitable for aquifer restoration. Our experiments showed that among several polymers, xanthan gum solution rheology was made in order to predict shear rates, xanthan gum concentrations, salinity, and temperature effects on solution viscosity. The second set of experiments were made with a sand box which was designed to reproduce a simple heterogeneous media consisting of layers of sand with different permeability. These tests illustrate the xanthan gum solution's ability to increase surfactant solution's sweep efficiency and limit viscous fingering. The tests established that: (1) the injection of xanthan solution behind a surfactant solution slug decreases fluid velocity in high permeability layers and increases it in low-permeability ones, thus increasing the sweep efficiency (2) xanthan solutions eliminate viscous fingering at the polymer/surfactant solution front; (3) a xanthan solution preflush is desirable to limit surfactant solution mobility and prevent surfactant adsorption on solids; and (4) depending on site heterogeneity injection strategies should be applied to limit overriding by low-density surfactant solution.