长江三峡地区成冰纪-埃迪卡拉纪转换时期微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征

通过微量元素和稀土元素地球化学分析,对长江三峡地区陡山沱组层型剖面--田家园子剖面成冰系南沱组顶部和埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部102个岩石样品进行了地球化学研究。重点分析了氧化还原敏感元素(Zn,Co,U,Mo,Ni,V)的富集特征,并探讨其可能成因机制以及三峡地区成冰纪-埃迪卡拉纪转换时期的水体特征。结果表明:在南沱组顶部仅Zn和Co富集;在盖帽白云岩下部,氧化还原敏感元素均富集,而在盖帽白云岩上部,除Zn和V外,其他氧化还原敏感元素均亏损;在陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部,氧化还原敏感元素由最初的亏损,逐渐变为较稳定的富集。在陡山沱组下部,出现2次明显的富集峰值,分别出现在剖面的0.4m处(盖帽白云岩中间)和6.5m处(陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部)。整个剖面大部分样品具有Eu的轻微正异常(Eu/Eu^*＜1.6), 而在剖面0.4m和6.5m处,Eu具有明显的正异常,结合稀土配分类型、Y/Ho值、La异常、Ce异常等指标,推测这2次异常均可能受到深海热液流的影响,而缺氧海水的上涌造成水体缺氧,导致这些元素出现富集峰值。U/Th、V/(V+Ni)以及稀土元素指标综合指示,三峡地区南沱组顶部冰碛岩应为氧化环境下的沉积物;随着冰川消融,冰融淡水注入古海洋,陡山沱组盖帽碳酸盐的沉积受冰融淡水的影响,深部缺氧海水的上涌使沉积水体经历氧化-缺氧-氧化的转变,海水的分层性较强;而陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部沉积环境以分层性较弱的弱氧化环境为主。     

南华系莲沱组与南沱组的古气候与氧化还原环境演化新证据

新元古代是冰川作用发育的重要时期,其中有2个重要的全球性冰期,即Sturtian和Marinoan冰期,对全球古环境、古气候、古海洋演化具有重要意义。中国宜昌地区分布的莲沱组和南沱组分别代表了在扬子板块发育的与Sturtian冰期前和Marinoan冰期相对应的沉积地层。随着地球化学分析方法的进步,新的地球化学手段,包括新的地球化学指标和Fe同位素等,可以为进一步探讨莲沱组与南沱组的沉积环境提供新的思路和证据。本研究对宜昌九龙湾剖面南沱组冰碛岩进行系统采样,并和莲沱组以砂岩为主的碎屑沉积岩进行对比分析,利用化学蚀变指数(CIA)、氧化还原敏感元素Mo、V、U和Fe同位素对比探讨二者古气候与氧化还原环境的演化。CIA的变化(53～78)表明,莲沱组沉积主体处于温暖的古气候下(CIA平均值约为78),直到Sturtian冰期前,莲沱组顶部出现气候转冷特征(CIA平均值为53);随着Marinoan冰期到来,南沱组沉积持续处于寒冷的古气候环境(CIA平均值为58)。莲沱组与南沱组样品均具有较低的Mo/Al、V/Al和U/Al值,表明二者沉积均处于氧化环境,但莲沱组主体比南沱组和莲沱组顶部样品...     

华南地区南沱冰期海洋氧化还原环境研究

新元古代晚期地球经历了两次“雪球地球”事件,对冰期后埃迪卡拉纪的海洋氧化和多细胞生物的多样化产生了重大影响。然而由于冰期化学沉积岩的缺乏,迄今为止对南沱冰期海洋氧化还原条件了解不多。碳酸盐岩稀土元素地球化学特征能有效地反映其形成时的环境条件,已广泛用于恢复地质历史时期古环境条件。在贵州省松桃地区发现了一套南沱组自生沉积的碳酸盐岩,为探讨华南地区南沱冰期海洋古环境提供了理想的地质材料。该白云岩产于南沱组下部,厚约1.6 m,夹于两套冰碛砾岩中间。采用微钻技术钻取白云岩粉末,稀醋酸溶样,利用等离子体质谱仪（ICP?MS）进行稀土和其他微量元素分析。分析结果显示稀土元素含量较高,ΣREE为（23.0~46.6）×10-6,PAAS标准化后稀土元素显示Ce的弱负异常或无异常（平均值0.90）,可变的Eu和La异常,中稀土富集,Y/Ho比值平均为34.6。白云岩稀土配分特征与现代氧化的海水明显不同,结合样品中高的Fe、Mn含量特征,反映了南沱冰期华南地区表层海水整体处于缺氧富铁的环境,可能制约了冰期后的海洋氧化和多细胞真核生物的演化。     

重庆秀山南沱冰期后的海陆环境变化

扬子地区发育地层所记录的南沱冰期在时间上与Marinoan冰期相当,被认为是"雪球事件"的产物,受到广泛关注。借助于重庆秀山长河桥剖面的南沱组冰碛岩上覆陡山沱组盖帽白云岩和页岩样品的精细采集,选取冰碛岩之上2.5 m内的地层进行同位素比值和元素含量测试,并尝试性的使用酸不溶物的元素地球化学数据,对冰期后可能出现的环境变化进行了综合分析,结果表明:盖帽白云岩C同位素数据基本符合海水分层混合模式特征;U/Th值也反映出该地区在雪球后经历了由缺氧-贫氧环境向贫氧-氧化环境的迅速转变,可能反映了雪球后缺氧富有机质的深部大洋水随上升洋流上涌并被迅速氧化的过程;强烈的Eu正异常的出现,可能与埃迪卡拉纪海底火山、热液活动频繁出现或近源热液活动相关;盖帽碳酸盐岩样品中出现Ce轻微负异常,表明其形成于弱氧化环境;87Sr/86Sr值和Y/Ho值均呈现伴有大量陆源碎屑物输入的特点;盖帽碳酸盐岩的酸不溶物可以反映当时的大陆风化背景,其化学蚀变指数（CIA）稳定在72左右,说明当时的大陆环境具有温暖湿润的特征,化学风化作用强度中等。综上所述,在南陀冰期结束后,秀山长河桥剖面的沉积环境经历了缺氧-贫氧环境向贫氧-氧化环境的迅速转变,同时,随着上升洋流的出现原有的冰期海水分层被迅速破坏,并可能伴随着地表径流的不断增强,同时热液活动在这一时期也频繁发生。在这一时期,剖面附近的大陆环境也迅速由冰期过渡为温暖湿润的环境。     

南华盆地南沱冰期海水氧化还原特征

新元古代冰期冰盖可能覆盖整个地球表面,冰期海洋环境条件以及真核生物如何度过“雪球地球”的极端环境条件,是学术界普遍关心的科学问题。同冰期化学沉积岩的缺乏,严重制约了对冰期海洋环境的了解。贵州东部南沱组中发育的同冰期白云岩,为探讨这一时期海洋氧化还原环境提供了理想的材料。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）对采集于贵州松桃一钻孔岩心南沱组中同冰期白云岩进行了稀土和微量元素分析,结果表明:研究区南沱组白云岩稀土元素含量在（10.33~67.91）×10-6之间;Ce/Ce*值范围为0.72~1.12,平均值为0.97;Fe含量（1 470~37 200）×10-6,平均值为9 902×10-6;Mn含量（4 040~17 500）×10-6,平均值为10 476×10-6。白云岩中高的铁、锰含量以及Ce无异常,反映南华盆地南沱冰期海洋基本处于富铁缺氧的状态。与贵州其他两个钻孔岩心中南沱组白云岩的沉积特征和Ce异常特征的对比分析表明,南华盆地南沱冰期近岸海水氧化程度较高,可能反映了冰川融水是同冰期氧气进入海洋的重要渠道,有氧的滨海区域可能为冰期真核生物提供了栖息场所。     

海洋沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素对水体环境缺氧状况的指示作用

近年来由于人为污染水体富营养化加剧,缺氧区面积不断增大,利用沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素反演水体缺氧情况已经发展成为海洋化学领域的热点研究方向。本文详细阐述了氧化还原敏感元素的富集机制,并总结了利用沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素在不同氧化还原条件下的富集程度反映海水缺氧程度和底质氧化还原状况的一系列指标,如Re/Mo、Cd/U、Th/U、V/Sc、V/(V+Ni)值,U—Mo共变模型,δ~(98/95)Mo,多指标微/痕量元素模型以及氧化还原敏感元素-有机质共变模型等。沉积物中Re、Mo含量、Re/Mo值、自生Mo/U值、Th/U值对上层水体缺氧和氧化条件区分良好,可定量指征上层水体的缺氧情况。沉积物中Re含量近似于1 ng/g(地壳值),Mo含量1μg/g(地壳值),Re/Mo值接近0.3×10~(-3),Mo—U富集系数比为(0.1～0.3)×现代海水,Th/U值2,可指示氧化环境;Re含量在10～30 ng/g,Mo含量近似于1μg/g,Re/Mo值10×10~(-3)～30×10~(-3),Mo—U富集系数比1×现代海水,Th/U值在0～2范围内,可指示缺氧环境;Re含量30 ng/g,Mo富集达到20～40μg/g,Re/Mo值接近0.7×10~(-3)(海水中Re/Mo值),Mo—U富集系数比为(3～10)×现代海水,可指示极度缺氧的硫化环境。Mo_(EF)—U_(EF)交会对数坐标图、氧化还原敏感元素-有机质共变模型指标可定性分析上层水体的缺氧情况;V/(V+Ni)值对于次氧化沉积物指示效果不佳;Cd/U值在次缺氧条件下的变化机制复杂,还需进一步研究。生物扰动、成岩作用、人为污染、水体局限、高有机碳通量、Fe、Mn氧化物循环等因素通过影响氧化还原敏感元素在沉积物中的富集与迁移,从而影响氧化还原敏感元素指标的应用,应剔除有机质吸附与陆源输入等非自生部分的影响,结合各种指标互相印证,综合判别水体氧化还原状态。     

宜昌地区埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组硒的富集与地质意义

新元古代一早寒武世过渡时期发生了地质历史上第2次大氧化事件,沉积岩中的氧化还原敏感元素在这一时期出现不同程度的富集。分散元素硒是典型的氧化还原敏感元素,沉积岩中硒的富集可以指示海洋氧化环境的变化。为了讨论这一时期硒的富集与海洋氧化还原状态的关系,本文对宜昌地区陡山沱组第4段黑色页岩中的Se及其他氧化还原敏感元素进行了系统地分析。结果发现,Se含量范围1.0×10~(-6)~58.0×10~(-6),平均含量14.49×10~(-6),远高于Se的地壳丰度(0.05×10~(-6))。Se元素的富集同Co、Ag和V等都有不同程度的相关性。利用Mo-U关系指示了这一时期为缺氧环境。宜昌地区埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组硒的富集作用与硫化水体波动、生物作用和不稳定的缺氧海洋环境有关,不同剖面的区域因素也造成了富集程度的不同。与前寒武纪的黑色页岩相比,Se含量发生了明显富集,暗示这一时期强烈的大陆风化输入,进一步指示大气的氧化。     

海洋Re、Mo和U对氧化还原环境的指示作用

氧化还原敏感微量元素 Re、Mo 和 U 主要依靠扩散作用通过沉积物—水界面,在不同氧化还原条件下的沉积物中自生富集,Re在轻度还原的次氧化沉积环境中富集,Mo在还原性更强的硫化环境中富集,而 U 具有较宽的富集沉积深度区间。Re、Mo和 U 独特的地球化学行为使其可用于指示海洋环境的氧化还原状态,其在沉积物中的自生富集程度与沉积时所处的氧化还原条件具有良好的相关性：Re、Mo 和 U 在氧化沉积环境(Re/Al<1.3×10^-7,Mo/Al<0.4×10^-4)和季节性缺氧区覆盖的沉积环境中富集程度较小,在常年性缺氧区覆盖的沉积环境(U/Al>5×10^-4,Mo/Al>5×10^-4)和硫化沉积环境(Mo/Al>5×10^-4)中富集程度较大。除依据其地球化学行为特征和相对富集程度进行定性分析之外,还可以结合元素富集系数(TM_EF<1 表示亏损,TM_EF>1 表示富集,TM_EF     

新疆511铀矿床U-Se-Re-Mo富集规律探讨

511铀矿床是典型的层间氧化带型砂岩型铀矿床,铀主要富集在氧化-还原过渡带。同样,Se、Mo、Re也是氧化-还原敏感元素,在氧化-还原过渡带也可能富集,但U、Se、Mo、Re的地球化学性质又有差异,在空间上又可能分离,查明U、Se、Mo、Re的富集规律,有助于了解该矿床的成矿机理,对Se、Mo、Re等伴生元素的综合利用也有重要的意义。     

吐哈盆地南缘十红滩砂岩型铀矿床层间氧化带的元素地球化学

本文根据含矿砂体氧化程度的不同，将吐哈盆地南缘十红滩砂岩型铀矿床层间氧化带划分为完全氧化带、不完全氧化带、还原带和原生带四个地球化学亚带。研究了各地球化学亚带的元素变化特征；得出了与铀共同在还原障富集的元素有Re、Mo、Se、Sr、S、REE、有机C等；Re和U在氧化还原过程中有相似的地球化学特征；Mo、Se与U在还原环境下有相似的地球化学性质，但在氧化环境下其地球化学行为不同。提出本区含矿层本身能为铀成矿提供一定铀源的认识。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.