三角鲤胚后发育研究

三角鲤的胚后发育过程可分为早期仔鱼、晚期仔鱼和稚鱼3个阶段共11个时期。与其他鲤科鱼类比较,三角鲤胚后发育具卵黄囊吸收迅速、鳔迅速发育成形(巡游模式迅速建立)及鳞片的较早出现、长齐和完成胚后发育时间较短等特点;在水温为25.0±0.7℃的条件下,全长5.2±0.2 mm的初孵仔鱼经过24～26 d的发育,全长达20.6±0.3 mm即完成胚后发育;仔鱼、稚鱼的全长随日龄呈线性生长,相关方程式为L=5.8591+0.6254 A(r=0.999 2,P<0.01),每日增长约为0.63 mm。根据三角鲤胚后发育特点讨论了鱼苗生产应注意的问题。     

红鳍笛鲷仔稚幼鱼形态与色素细胞发育

【目的】揭示红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythropterus)早期形态特征及色素细胞发育特点。【方法】利用生物显微镜和正置荧光显微镜对0～29日龄的仔稚幼鱼进行连续观察,记录其形态学特征和色素发育的变化情况,分析全长、体长、头长和体高数据。【结果与结论】根据卵黄囊的消失、鳞片出现以及是否全身披鳞片可将红鳍笛鲷胚后发育划分为仔鱼期(0～21 d)、稚鱼期(22～28 d)和幼鱼期3个阶段,而仔鱼期又可细分为早期仔鱼(0～2 d)和后期仔鱼(3～21 d)2个阶段。初孵仔鱼只有黑色素细胞,无游泳能力且生长较慢。鳍条的发育以胸鳍最快,其次是尾鳍、背鳍、臀鳍和腹鳍。初孵仔鱼黑色素细胞形如星点状,在腹部呈近直线排列;2日龄仔鱼开口,随着食性转换仔鱼头部上方出现黄色素细胞;16日龄仔鱼鳃盖出现虹彩色素细胞,呈银白色和紫红色;红色素细胞出现时间最晚,在26日龄稚鱼背鳍及尾鳍鳍膜上首次出现。红鳍笛鲷胚后发育的形态学特征变化及色素细胞发育时序符合硬骨鱼类发育模式。     

温度对匙吻鲟胚胎与仔鱼发育的影响

研究不同温度下匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)的胚胎与仔鱼发育。结果表明,26℃时,匙吻鲟胚胎发育到大卵黄栓期全部死亡;在15～24℃范围内,胚胎均可孵化出膜,孵化时间与温度呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01)。胚胎发育的最适温度范围为18～22℃,最佳温度为20℃,生物学零度为12.30℃。卵黄囊期仔鱼历时随温度的升高而缩短。在16～22℃范围内,温度对卵黄囊期仔鱼生长的影响极显著(P<0.01),22～24℃影响不显著(P<0.05)。在22～26℃范围内,仔鱼生长的差异不显著(P<0.05),成活率低,且畸形率极显著地高于16～20℃(P<0.01)。匙吻鲟仔鱼早期发育的最适温度范围为18～20℃,温度过高是造成仔鱼畸形率增加的主要原因之一。     

中国野鲮亚科鱼类一新属新种记述

描记采于贵州省茂兰自然保护区境内一洞穴的中国野鲮亚科(Labeoninae)一新属长臀鲮属Longanalus,spnov和一个新种大鳍长臀鲮Longanalus macrochiroussp nov。新属以臀鳍分枝鳍条为7根等特征,区别于该亚科所有属;新种以偶鳍发达,胸鳍后伸达到腹鳍基,腹鳍后伸超过臀鳍起点等显著特征命名大鳍长臀鲮。     

云纹石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)远缘杂交后代发育与生长

【目的】研究云纹石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交子代胚胎发育与仔稚幼鱼生长特征。【方法】通过干法人工授精将云纹石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)进行种间杂交,连续取样观察和系统记录杂交子代的胚胎发育过程和仔稚幼鱼期的生长发育和形态变化,同时培育云纹石斑鱼纯种进行比较。【结果与结论】杂交子代受精卵发育经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期及出膜期,历时31 h 30 min完成胚胎发育。杂交子代的受精率为89.57%,孵化率为75.68%,受精率、孵化率均低于对照组(91.13%和87.59%);畸形率为24.55%,高于对照组(17.88%)。依据卵黄囊、背鳍第二鳍棘和腹鳍棘的伸长与收缩、体色的变化、鳞片的出现等特征将胚后发育分为仔鱼、稚鱼、幼鱼3个时期。孵化后33d仔鱼进入稚鱼期,孵化后60d稚鱼变态为幼鱼。与云纹石斑鱼纯种比较,杂交后子代生长快于后者,220日龄杂交子代全长(18.81±1.585)cm,体质量(9 173.42±3.537)g,均高于同期云纹石斑鱼纯种[全长(16.35±1.416)cm,体质量(110.80±2.379)g],杂交后代体色一致性较高,有明显的生长优势。     

罗非鱼开口饵料的初步研究

研究了配合饵料、轮虫、蛋黄、轮虫+人工配合饵料(3～12日龄投喂轮虫,13日龄起投喂配合饵料)等4种开口饵料对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼生长、发育和存活影响。结果表明,1)投喂不同饵料对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼生长具有显著影响(P<0.05),轮虫+配合饵料组生长较快,绝对增重率和特定增重率分别为0.011g/d和17.18%d-1;蛋黄组生长最慢,绝对增重率和特定增重率与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。2)轮虫+配合饵料与轮虫组的仔鱼成活率较高,分别为90.3%和89.7%,2组差异不显著(P>0.05),且仔鱼发育较好,大部分个体进入稚鱼阶段;蛋黄组成活率最低,只有40.7%,个体发育较为缓慢,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。可见,投喂鲜活的天然饵料(轮虫)+配合饵料是罗非鱼苗种培育的最佳开口饵料。     

虎纹蛙性腺发育的细胞学研究

通过组织切片对虎纹蛙性腺发育过程进行研究，根据其细胞学特征，雌性虎纹蛙的性腺发育过程分为卵原细胞期、初级卵泡期、生长卵泡期和成熟卵泡期；在第一个性周期内，从卵原细胞到成熟卵泡整个发育阶段需要2a。雄性虎纹蛙的生殖细胞成簇排列，性腺发育分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞以及精子形成5个阶段；性成熟期为1a。并报道了虎纹蛙的镶嵌型性腺。     

虎纹蛙性腺发育的细胞学研究

通过组织切片对虎纹蛙性腺发育过程进行研究，根据其细胞学特征，雌性虎纹蛙的性腺发育过程分为卵原细胞期，初级卵泡期，生长卵泡期和成熟卵泡期；在第一个性周期内，从卵原细胞到成熟卵泡整个发育阶段需要２ａ。雄性虎纹蛙的生殖细胞成簇排列，性腺发育分为精原细胞，初级精母细胞，次级精母细胞，精子以及精子形成５个阶段；性成熟期为１ａ     

加温养殖下乌龟精巢发育的研究

通过组织切片对加温养殖下乌龟精巢的发育过程进行了研究 ,根据其组织学和细胞学特征 ,乌龟的精巢发育过程可分为精原细胞期、初级精母细胞期、次级精母细胞期、精子细胞期以及精子 5个阶段。 5种生精细胞在曲细精管内有规则的排列 ,排列方式与哺乳动物雄性生殖细胞排列方式相似 ,即从基膜到管腔各级生精细胞按成熟等级依次排列 ,雄性乌龟的性成熟年龄为 1～ 2 a,比传统养殖乌龟的性成熟年龄缩短了 3～ 4 a。     

鲁中南岩溶发育的控制因素

地质构造、气候、水动力条件对鲁中南地区丰富多彩的岩溶形成起着控制作用。下古生界特别是中寒武统上部及中、下奥陶统的碳酸盐岩是该区岩溶发育的基础,新生代继续活动的断裂构造把被非可溶岩分割的碳酸盐岩岩层串通成统一的水文系统。新生代多期的上升运动,使该区持续保持较大的地形高差和积极的水文交替条件,特别是该区的泰山、鲁山、沂山、蒙山等均由前寒武系变质岩及岩浆岩组成,它们在新生代的漫长地质历史时期,直至今日均高于周围的可溶岩分布区,造成了该区岩溶发育可经常受到强大的外源水影响的基本格局。     

提高鲮鱼鱼糜弹性的方法

研究了影响鲮鱼鱼糜弹性的主要因素和加工工艺条件。研究时采用漂洗鱼肉、添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶以及二段加热方法等工艺来提高鲮鱼鱼糜的弹性。结果表明 :将鲮鱼鱼肉漂洗 2次 ,添加质量分数 0 .2 %的谷氨酰胺转氨酶作为弹性增强剂 ,采用在 4 0℃温度缓慢凝胶化 3h后加热至90℃保持 30min的二段加热方式 ,可明显提高鲮鱼鱼糜的弹性。     

施氏獭蛤幼虫和稚贝发育及行为的研究

进行了施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii Reeve)的人工育苗、幼虫发育及行为观察实验。结果显示:在施氏獭蛤幼虫发育过程中,壳顶后期幼虫只有鳃丝及足出现,而没有眼点出现,发达的足和鳃丝是幼虫变态的标志;幼虫变态期明显的分为3～5d的爬行期和3～5d的附着期;爬行期幼虫有单条水管形成,附着期幼虫只有一条分叉的足丝,水管为单管型;底栖稚贝期开始形成两条水管,底栖稚贝早期的幼虫不具备潜沙能力,只进行爬行活动,随着水管的快速发育,幼虫逐渐具备潜沙能力,幼虫壳长达2500μm、水管长达6000μm以上时,最终具备和成体一样的完全潜沙能力。     

外源视黄酸对草鱼早期胚胎发育的影响

以 10 - 6 M和 10 - 5 M的视黄酸体外处理草鱼 ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus)早期胚胎 ,结果发现其影响了胚胎的形态发育 ,影响其中轴器官的形成和神经系统的分化 ,使胚胎前部结构全部或部分缺失 ,由此诱导的神经器官 ,如眼、听囊、嗅囊等缺失或不分化 ,胚胎的尾部缩短 ;同时也减少了色素细胞的形成。并且这种畸形程度随着处理浓度加大 ,时间加长而加剧。但在原肠中期以后处理的胚胎 ,神经系统发育基本正常 ,因此说明视黄酸并不抑制原肠作用和随后的神经诱导。它可能是通过抑制某些基因的表达从而影响神经外胚层的区域性分化。     

黑脊倒刺鲃仔稚鱼摄食的习性与生长

研究了养殖条件下黑脊倒刺仔稚鱼摄食习性与生长,结果表明:仔鱼4日龄开口摄食,全长9.0~9.99mm;仔稚鱼的摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性;仔稚鱼个体间生长速度具有一定的差异性;其体重与摄食量的关系为y=0.064 4X+1.433 1,全长与日龄的关系为L=8.861 4×exp(0.042 9T),体重与日龄的关系为W=3.736×exp(0.151 3T),全长与体重的关系为W=1.7×10-3×L3.531 4。     

Comparative studies on the larval development of the penaeid shrimps,Penaeus Chinensis,P. merguiensis andP. penicillatus

The morphology of larval and 1st postlarval stages ofPenaeus penicillatus are described. Results from comparative studies on larval development ofP. penicillatus, P. merguiensis andP. chinensis are as follows: These three species could not be identified during their naupliar stages. In the 1st protozoea, the antennule L1/L2 value is 1.7–2.0 inP. merguiensis, but less than 1.7 inP. chinensis andP. penicillatus; in the 2nd protozoea, the supra-orbital spine inP. chinensis is not bifurcated, while those ofP. merguiensis andP. penicillatus are bifurcated; in the 3rd protozoea, there is a minute (or no) dorso-median spine on the posterior margin of the 1st and 2nd abdominal somite inP. chinensis, but they are prominent inP. merguiensis andP. penicillatus. In the mysis and 1st postlarval stages,P. chinensis differs fromP. merguiensis andP. penicillatus in having 9 (8 in the other 2 species) long setae on the exopod of pereopods 1–3; additionally, one dorsal tooth appears on the rostrum ofP. chinensis in the 2nd mysis and that of the other 2 species in the 3rd mysis;P. chinensis has 2 (mostly) or 1 dorsal tooth on the rostrum in the 3rd mysis and 2–3 in the 1st postlarva, whileP. penicillatus andP. merguiensis have only 1 in the 3rd mysis and 1st postlarva. Comparative studies on larval development showedP. penicillatus has closer affinity withP. merguiensis than withP. chinensis. Contribution No. 2218 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences     

ENCLOSURE EXPERIMENTS ON AND LACUSTRINE PRACTICE FOR ELIMINATING MICROCYSTIS BLOOM

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭｉｃｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａｗａｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｂｌｏｏｍ ｆｏｒｍｉｎｇｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎＤｏｎｇｈｕＬａｋｅ;ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｏｎｌｙｓｐｏｒａｄｉｃａｌｌｙｉｎｔｈｅ 1 950ｓ,ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｒａｐｉｄｌｙｉｎｎｕｍｂｅｒｉｎｔｈｅ 1 960ｓ.Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅｏｆｔｈｅ 1 970ｓｔｏｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅｏｆｔｈｅ 1 980ｓ,ｔｈｉｃｋｌａｙｅｒｏｆｉｔｓｂｌｏｏｍｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｔｈｅｌａｋｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｅｖｅｒｙｓｕｍｍｅｒ,ａｔｔｒａｃｔ ｉｎｇｆｏ…     

盐度对管角螺胚胎发育的影响

在水温25.5~29.2℃的条件下,设11个盐度梯度对管角螺[Hemifusus tuba(Gmelin)]的胚胎发育进行了观察和研究。结果显示:管角螺胚胎发育的适宜盐度范围为22~35,最适盐度范围为25~31;在适宜的盐度范围内,7~9 d发育的胚胎能完全消耗卵囊内的败育卵变为自身发育的营养物质,13~15 d形成稚螺雏形,31~34 d胚胎完成发育从卵囊内爬出;适宜盐度范围内各盐度对正常卵发育数量、孵化率无显著影响。低于其适宜盐度范围,胚胎发育在初始阶段便受抑制,盐度为16~19只有部分正常卵发育,需34~36 d才完成胚胎发育;高于适宜盐度范围的38、41两组,在6 d内对胚胎发育无影响,但6 d后影响显著。低盐度对胚胎发育影响较高盐度更为明显。     

Laboratory observation on spawning,fecundity and larval development of amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri Tsingtaunese)

Although amphioxus is widespread in temperate and tropical seas, its population is diminishing because of environmental pollution. To keep the population of this evolutionarily important animal from diminishing, study on its reproduction and development is necessary. The main findings in this study on the spawning and fecundity of the amphioxus reared in laboratory and its larval development are as follows. 1. Water temperature markedly affected the spawning. It spawned only when water temperature reached 21°C. 2. Spawning of the amphioxus in laboratory was markedly extended. Initially, the amphioxus spawned at about 7:00 PM, but spawning time was postponed as spawning days went on. 3. The number of eggs produced by a female ranged from 1400 to 12800, average of 5800. This also represents the fecundity of the amphioxus because it shedded all eggs within the ovary at a time. 4. During the first few months of life of the amphioxus, its growth rate changed seasonally. The growth rate in summer and fall was greater than that in winter. 5. The pelagic larva became a benthic adult after 50 days. 6. The amphioxus reared in laboratory from fertilized eggs could produce fertile eggs and sperms. These findings can be a foundation for measures to address the problem of diminishing amphioxus population. Contribution No. 2274 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences This work was supported by CNNSF, and Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

The potential of ocean acidification on suppressing larval development in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and blood cockle Area inflata Reeve

We evaluated the effect of pH on larval development in larval Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) and blood cockle(Arca inflata Reeve).The larvae were reared at pH 8.2(control),7.9,7.6,or 7.3beginning 30 min or 24 h post fertilization.Exposure to lower pH during early embryonic development inhibited larval shell formation in both species.Compared with the control,larvae took longer to reach the D-veliger stage when reared under pH 7.6 and 7.3.Exposure to lower pH immediately after fertilization resulted in significantly delayed shell formation in the Pacific oyster larvae at pH 7.3 and blood cockle larvae at pH 7.6 and 7.3.However,when exposure was delayed until 24 h post fertilization,shell formation was only inhibited in blood cockle larvae reared at pH 7.3.Thus,the early embryonic stages were more sensitive to acidified conditions.Our results suggest that ocean acidification will have an adverse effect on embryonic development in bivalves.Although the effects appear subtle,they may accumulate and lead to subsequent issues during later larval development.