动力降尺度CMIP5的2006—2035新疆夏季降水变化

评估了CMIP5 9个模式对新疆夏季降水的模拟效果,从中选取5个较好的模式结果,利用RegCM4动力降尺度再集合平均。通过对CMIP5 9个模式的评估,发现CanCM4、CMCC-CM、CNRM-CM5、HadCM3、MIROC4h对新疆夏季降水的模拟较好。进一步分析动力降尺度和集合平均结果,发现动力降尺度能更好地描述新疆复杂地形造成的降水,同时发现2006—2035年比1976—2005年新疆夏季的总体降水有所减少,存在明显的减少趋势。在空间分布上主要表现为天山山脉和其南侧降水显著减少,昆仑山山脉北缘降水显著增加,这与2006—2035年新疆东北侧500 hPa出现的位势高度正异常和与之相对应的反气旋式环流异常有关。这一环流异常造成了天山山脉上空水汽的显著辐散和昆仑山山脉北缘上空水汽的显著辐合。     

土壤湿度年际异常对中国春、夏季气候模拟的影响

基于NCAR大气模式CAM3.1模式,设计了有、无土壤湿度年际异常两组试验对中国区域近40a(1961-2000年)气候进行了模拟。从气候态和年际变率的角度,通过分析两组试验的差值场来探讨土壤湿度年际异常对气候模拟的影响,并初步探讨了影响的可能机制。结果表明:模式模拟的温度和降水对土壤湿度的年际异常非常敏感,土壤湿度的年际变化对中国春夏季气候及其年际变率均有显著影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,模式模拟的春夏季平均温度、最高温度、最低温度在我国大范围内降低,春夏季降水在东部大部分地区明显减少,西部增加。而模式模拟的春夏季温度、降水年际变率在中国大部分地区减弱。但当考虑土壤湿度的年际变化,则能在一定程度上提高模式对气候年际变率的模拟能力。在进一步分析表明土壤湿度年际异常时,主要通过改变地表能量通量和环流场,对温度、降水产生影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,地表净辐射通量减少,地表温度降低,感热通量减少。感热通量差值场的空间变化和温度差值场的空间变化一致,感热通量对温度有一定影响。而潜热通量差值场的空间变化和降水的差值场的空间变化一致,可见降水受地表潜热通量的影响。土壤湿度年际异常引起的环流场的变化也是导致气候变化的原因之一,地表能量和环流场年际变率的改变对春夏季气候年际变率存在一定影响。     

中国南方夏季降水年际变化与高低纬环流关系的数值模拟

利用区域气候模式RegCM4.4对我国南方夏季降水和大气环流进行30 a的数值模拟,通过与降水观测对比发现,模式能够较好模拟出我国东部地区夏季平均降水和年际变率的空间分布,模拟的南方地区(30 °N以南)年际变率略偏小。观测的我国南方夏季平均降水与模拟降水相关系数为0.51。观测和模拟结果均表明,典型涝年,中纬异常反气旋前方的东北风携带干冷空气,低纬异常反气旋后方的西南风携带暖湿空气,在我国南方汇合,导致南方降水异常增多,模式具有模拟我国夏季南方降水年际变化的能力。通过边界敏感性试验,去除高纬侧边界强迫的年际变化,我国东部降水偏多,南方夏季降水年际变化强度显著变弱;去除低纬度侧边界强迫的年际变化,模拟的我国南方降水偏少,长江及以北降水偏多,降水的空间分布形态发生明显的变化,而我国南方夏季降水年际变化强度基本不变。因此,中高纬环流强迫可较大程度影响我国南方降水年际变化的强度,低纬度环流强迫异常则会改变我国东部降水空间分布形态。      

CMIP5多模式对阿留申低压气候特征的模拟检验与预估

利用观测的海温资料和海平面气压资料,检验了CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5,CMIP5)多模式对阿留申低压(Aleutian Low,AL)特征指数的时空分布和变化的模拟能力;从AL周期及变化趋势等方面,分析了CMIP5模式预估的未来AL的变化特征。结果表明,CMIP5模式及其集合平均能够很好地模拟AL的环流结构,对AL的气候态有着较强的模拟能力,尤其是模式对于东太平洋海表温度的模拟能力直接影响其对于AL的模拟效果。模式的集合平均对变率强度的模拟偏强,且对于变率的模拟效果逊于对气候态的模拟。22个模式中的16个模式能模拟出AL强度指数的年代际变化周期,对年代际周期有着较好的刻画能力。Historical试验下对于AL的变化趋势存在着较大的不确定性,而相对于两种不同排放情景,随着排放的增加,AL更加偏北,强度增强,年际、年代际周期变得更加显著。在两种排放情景下模式的集合平均以及多数模式模拟出AL有着向北和增强的趋势。     

中国6个CMIP5模式对全球降水年际-年代际变率模拟的定量评估

本文利用美国全球降水气候中心(GPCC)的降水资料和中国参加国际第五阶段耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)的6个气候模式[BCC_CSM1.1、BCC_CSM1.1(m)、BNU-ESM、FGOALS-s2、FGOALS-g2和FIO-ESM]的历史模拟试验的降水数据,采用可以表征降水变率相对和绝对量级的方法,定量评估了6个模式对降水年际-年代际变率的模拟能力。研究表明,观测降水的年际变率一般占总方差的65%~80%,年代际变率占总方差的10%~35%。在CMIP5历史试验中,6个模式平均的降水年际分量方差对总方差的贡献(超过70%)较观测偏强,模拟降水年代际分量的方差对总方差的贡献较小(约为10%~20%)。模式总体低估了全球平均总降水、年际降水和年代际降水的变率,但是高估了年际降水对总降水的贡献、低估了年代际降水对总降水的贡献。与观测相比,6个模式对东亚和澳大利亚地区的年代际降水的模拟都比较好,模拟与观测年代际降水方差的比值为1左右。在非洲、南美洲和海洋性大陆,BCC_CSM1.1模式模拟的降水年代际变率最接近观测;在欧亚和北美,BNU-ESM模式模拟的降水年代际变率与观测最接近。在欧亚大陆上,BCC_CSM1.1模式模拟的降水年际分量与年代际分量的方差比最接近观测;在非洲和美洲,FGOALS-s2模式模拟的降水年际分量与年代际分量的方差比最接近观测。本文的研究结果有助于理解中国当前气候模式对降水年际-年代际变率的模拟能力,以及未来改进模式。     

新疆夏季降水的环流差异分析

基于1961—2015年夏季6—8月NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和新疆81站逐月降水数据,分析了北疆和南疆夏季降水协同变化和单独变化时的环流差异。结果表明,当新疆夏季降水整体偏多时,中亚上空的异常气旋将阿拉伯海的水汽输送至新疆,西亚副热带急流位置南偏。当南疆夏季降水偏多,北疆夏季降水偏少时,中亚异常气旋南偏,至40°N以南,水汽由阿拉伯海和西北太平洋输送至南疆,急流位置南偏。当北疆夏季降水偏多,南疆夏季降水偏少时,中亚为异常的反气旋,北疆上空存在异常的气旋式切变,水汽由西北太平洋输送至北疆,急流位置北偏,强度加强。当南疆(北疆)夏季降水单独偏多时,中亚40°N以南为异常气旋(反气旋),以北为异常反气旋(气旋),急流位置南偏,水汽由阿拉伯海输送至南疆(北疆)。     

新疆快速更新循环数值预报系统预报能力检验评估

对新疆快速更新循环数值预报系统2009年1、12月和2010年1、4、7、10月份的降水量和气温进行了检验,并与不做同化的预报结果进行了对比,得到以下结果：（1）降水Ts评分北疆好于南疆,偏西好于偏东,其中北疆西部、北部、北疆沿天山一带、天山山区、南疆西部山区最好。漏报率的分布表现为北疆沿天山一带、天山山区较小,南疆、东疆较大。空报率的情况为：南疆、东疆普遍较高,北疆沿天山一带较低,其他地区居中。（2）典型个例检验发现降水落区预报有较好的参考价值,但大降水中心位置的预报能力不稳定,和田、巴州南部的空报现象比较突出。（3）温度预报准确率南疆、东疆总体偏低,北疆西部、北部较高,其他地区居中,个别山区站存在较大误差。（4）现行新疆快速更新循环数值预报系统的预报能力不比不采用同化高。     

基于CMIP5资料的云南及周边地区未来50年气候预估

利用CRU(Climatic Research Unit)高分辨率观测数据及云南省124站资料,检验了参与IPCC AR5(政府间气候变化专门委员会第5次评估报告)的7个全球海气耦合模式(Coupled Model Intercomparison Program 5,CMIP5)及模式集合平均对云南及周边地区气温和降水的模拟性能,同时进行该区域不同温室气体排放量情景下2006~2055年的气候预估。结果表明:全球海气耦合模式对该区域气温和降水气候场空间分布、气温的线性趋势和春、夏季降水的年代际振荡特征具有一定的模拟能力,且模式集合能力优于单一模式,气温模拟优于降水模拟,但春、夏季的降水好于其他季节,使得全年的总降水好于秋、冬两季。对未来情景预估表明,研究区域未来50年气温呈现显著的线性上升趋势,降水量保持年代际振荡特征并有所增加,2020年之前我国云南及其南部区域将经历相对的干旱时期。     

中国降水季节性的预估

本文使用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）中共46个全球气候模式的数值试验数据,通过评估择优选取了14个模式来预估21世纪中国各季节降水百分率及其变率。结果表明,模式集合平均能够较好地模拟各季节降水百分率及其变率,但模式与观测间、各模式间都存在一定不同,空间上西部差异较大,季节上夏季差异明显。21世纪中国降水百分率整体表现为夏季大冬季小,但存在区域性,如华南春季降水百分率大于夏季。与1986~2004年相比,中国降水百分率整体表现为在夏季显著减少,冬春季显著增加,但高原则与之相反。此外,模式对于长江中下游地区降水百分率的预估存在较大不确定性。RCP8.5情景下降水季节性变幅要大于RCP4.5情景。降水季节性的变率在四季均表现出一定的增加趋势,但21世纪早、中和末期与1986~2004年相比并无显著差异（置信水平为95%）。     

1988年夏季(6-8月)气候影响评价

一、气候概况今年夏季气候特点是:气温基本正常,北疆、东疆略偏低,南疆略偏高,旬际气温变化大;降水偏多,局部地区暴雨洪水、冰雹灾害严重. 气温:全疆大部地区季平均气温基本正常,其中北疆大部地区、东疆和南疆的喀什、库车为20-24℃,比常年同期偏低0.1-0.9℃,其中阿勒泰、哈密低得最多为0.7-0.9℃,北疆西部和南疆大部地区为21-     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted