煌斑岩的分类、特征及成因

作为最早被识别出的碱性岩石之一,煌斑岩因富含金和金刚石等矿产资源以及对理解深部地球动力学过程的重要作用而受到广泛重视,但是目前对于煌斑岩的成因还存在不同的认识。本文基于近年来对煌斑岩的研究成果,对它们的分类、特征以及岩石成因进行综述。根据国际地科联(IUGS)的分类标准,煌斑岩可以分为超镁铁质煌斑岩、钙碱性煌斑岩和碱性煌斑岩。研究发现,超镁铁质煌斑岩往往是伸展环境下岩浆作用的产物,与金伯利岩和碳酸岩有密切的成因关系;钙碱性煌斑岩通常发育在汇聚或被动大陆边缘环境,其岩石成因可能有多种机制(如基性岩浆的分异、岩浆混合以及交代富集地幔的部分熔融);碱性煌斑岩出露在离散型大陆边缘和板内构造环境,通常和碱性玄武质岩浆作用密切相关。不管岩石的形成环境和过程如何,超镁铁质煌斑岩、钙碱性煌斑岩和碱性煌斑岩被普遍认为是来自于经历了交代富集作用的地幔源区。最后,文章指出了煌斑岩研究过程中存在的一些科学问题,如富集的地幔源区存在的矿物相(金云母和角闪石)对产生钠质还是钾质岩浆的影响,控制岩浆在结晶过程中影响含水矿物斑晶形成的因素以及部分煌斑岩中碳酸岩球粒和钠长石的形成原因等。     

云南老王寨金矿区煌斑岩的源区成分模拟

本文在总结云南老王寨金矿区煌斑岩的主要元素、过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征的基础上．利用岩石学混合计算方法对其源区成分进行了模拟，进而讨论了矿区这类岩石的成因。地球化学和模拟计算均表明，老王寨金矿区煌斑岩来源于交代富集地幔，板块俯冲（印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲）富含ALK、LREE及不相容元素的海底沉积物被带入地幔脱水形成的流体是引起本区地幔交代作用的主要因素。     

北大巴山滔河镁铁质岩中钛闪石的厘定及指示意义

滔河岩体位于北大巴山地区岚皋县,滔河镁铁质岩的岩石类型与区域镁铁质岩石类型一致,主要为辉绿岩、辉长岩、辉长辉绿岩及富含钛闪石的闪长岩,各相邻镁铁质岩呈明显的渐变过渡状态,指示为同期岩浆作用的产物。闪长岩内部角闪石呈细长条状、针状巨晶产出,粒径为1~3 cm不等,自形程度较高,具有明显的高铝(Al=1.93~2.06)、高钛(Ti O2=4.54%~5.50%)特征,其种属为钛闪石。钛闪石结晶温度为1 062~1 129℃,形成深度为19.11~22.64 km,氧逸度变化范围为-0.36~-0.01,说明岩浆来源较深且上侵速度较快。钛闪石的存在指示岩体的源区在部分熔融前发生了明显的地幔交代作用,地幔交代和岩体形成都与俯冲消减作用存在内在的成因联系。岩体具有明显的深源特征、与俯冲消减作用有关及区域岩体的地壳混染特征,共同指示滔河岩体可能形成于与俯冲相关的弧后拉张环境。     

煌斑岩及其与金矿关系研究的进展

近些年来,煌斑岩研究倍受地质学家重视,在诸如煌斑岩分类、成因及其与金矿关系等问题的研究上取得了很大的进展.从目前的资料来看,煌斑岩仍难以根据现有的准则分类,钾镁煌斑岩和金伯利岩最好能从煌斑岩中独立出来,Mitchell建议的“煌斑岩相”的概念比“煌斑岩族”更能体现煌斑岩的特征而煌斑岩原始岩浆可能并不存在,煌斑岩是普遍类型的基性岩浆在源区或侵位过程中遭受地壳混染的衍生物;Rock等人提出的煌斑岩中温热液金矿成因模式存在明显的问题,因为煌斑岩高含量金多为次生富集的,煌斑岩与金矿伴生的主要原因是二者具相同的构造环境.     

桂东北平乐县沙子煌斑岩年代学及锆石Hf同位素特征

正在中生代,华南地区经历了印支与燕山两期构造事件,并完成了由特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域的转换,构造应力场也由总体的挤压变为拉伸体制(Jia et al., 2004)。然而华南中生代构造属性还存在着较大分歧,对华南地区中生代岩石成因及构造背景的认识也尚存争议(周新民,2003)。南岭被认为是华南中生代构造体制转换的转换区(Shu et al.,2009),桂东北地区位于南岭西段,岩浆活动频繁,     

滇西富碱斑岩及其中包体岩石的地幔流体交代作用特征

滇西富碱斑岩体中,有多处产出深浅来源不同的包体岩石。针对寄主岩石和包体岩石的岩相学和岩石化学成分的对比研究发现:寄主岩石较包体岩石更富S iO2,A l2O3,N a2O和K2O,而包体岩石较寄主岩石更富C aO,M gO,F e2O3和F eO,岩石蚀变以角闪石化、钠黝帘石化和硅化为主,结合具超基性岩性的包体岩石发育碎裂结构,碎裂粒间出现与交代成因角闪石共生的微晶硅质、碳质、碳酸盐和金云母等表现地幔流体显交代作用的特征矿物组合,由此判定交代主岩和包体岩石的流体富含碱质和硅质,是与富碱岩浆同源的来自富集地幔源区的地幔流体,其交代作用的功能和能量明显优于一般意义上的地壳流体作用,而此交代作用促进了成矿元素和挥发份的聚集,且富碱斑岩与地幔流体的交代作用之间存在有利的时差关系。     

胶北晚中生代煌斑岩的岩石地球化学特征及其成因研究

胶北煌斑岩分别采自龙口、烟台和威海地区，包括拉辉煌斑岩、斜闪正煌岩和角闪煌斑岩，煌斑岩K—Ar全岩年龄变化于89．3～169．5Ma，为晚中生代岩浆活动的产物。在岩石化学组成上，SiO2=42．02％～54．95％，以钙碱性系列为主．岩石以富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）（Ba，U，K，Th）和LREE，亏损高场强元素（HFSE）（Nb，Ta和Ti）为特征，Mg^#=33．9～53．9，Eu／Eu^＊=0．71～0．89，^87Sr／^86Sr初始比值0．707642～0．709791，εNd（t）为-17．6～-10．4，^206Pb／^204Pb=37．588～38．431，^207Pb／^204Pb=15．423～15．531，^206Pb／^204Pb=17．204～18．179。表明煌斑岩源自俯冲陆壳（扬子下地壳）在地幔源区发生交代作用时形成的富集型地幔的部分熔融体．考虑到煌斑岩具有大陆边缘弧玄武岩的特征，我们认为煌斑岩在成因上同样与古大洋板块的俯冲作用有关，为碰撞后弧岩浆作用形成的脉岩。     

桂东北煌斑岩地球化学特征及其成因研究

桂东北煌斑岩SiO2含量主要在33.74%～48.14%之间,属基性-超基性范围,为钙碱性岩系、钾质-超钾质煌斑岩;地球化学表明,桂东北煌斑岩以富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,而亏损高场强元素(Ta-Nb-Ti)为特征,轻、重稀土具有较好的分馏.结合元素地球化学和地质发展史研究表明,桂东北煌斑岩为富含稀土元素的俯冲带流体交代过的富集地幔部分熔融所产生的岩浆.在上升过程中受到部分地壳混染的产物.     

华北北缘大同地区三叠纪煌斑岩铂族元素成因研究

华北克拉通北缘中段大同地区发育呈岩墙形式产出的煌斑岩,该煌斑岩为超钾质碱性岩,极度低硅低钠高镁高钙高钾,且富H_2O和CO_2等流体组分。本文利用镍锍试金-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了这套煌斑岩的铂族元素组成,获得了其形成及演化过程的一些信息。大同煌斑岩铂族元素含量极低,∑PGE=2.14×10~(-9)~4.50×10~(-9),原始地幔标准化铂族元素配分型式为左倾型,亏损Ir亚组(IPGE),富集Pd亚组(PPGE),(Pd/Ir)_N=3.48~10.43。低铂族元素含量、高Cu/Ni比值(48101~90926)和高(Pd/Ir)_N比值指示大同煌斑岩形成于地幔低程度部分熔融(1%~13%),熔体形成时仍有部分硫化物残留于源区。岩浆演化过程中,未发生明显的结晶分异作用和地壳混染作用,硫未达到饱和-过饱和,未发生硫化物熔离作用。计算获得铂族元素在原始地幔与煌斑岩熔体间的分配系数分别为D_(Os)=35~124,D_(Ir)=13~35,D_(Ru)=34~91,D_(Rh)=5.8~10,D_(Pt)=3.1~9.7,D_(Pd)=2.2~4.5;PPGE较IPGE明显更不相容。与峨眉山大火成岩省玄武岩对比研究发现,岩浆岩中的铂族元素含量主要受源区地幔部分熔融程度和演化过程中硫化物熔离作用共同影响;而铂族元素之间的分异受源区部分熔融程度和岩浆分离结晶作用共同影响。     

北大巴山早古生代辉绿岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

对南秦岭北大巴山地区广泛分布的一套基性岩墙群中的辉绿岩进行采样,并进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学分析。结果显示,岩石形成年龄为435～433 Ma,为早志留世晚期岩浆活动产物。这些辉绿岩具低硅、高碱、高钛的碱性岩特征。岩石微量及稀土元素具板内玄武岩特征,轻稀土元素相对富集,轻重稀土元素分异明显,富集不相容元素Ba、Nb、Ta,而K、Y、Yb相对亏损; K及Rb的负异常表明岩石源区残留角闪石或金云母,部分熔融模拟结果显示岩石起源于尖晶石角闪石岩高程度部分熔融。综合地球化学特征及前人研究结果,认为北大巴山地区在早古生代处于大规模伸展裂陷背景下,岩石圈的拉张诱发了低熔点的交代岩石圈地幔熔融,进而形成了这条碱性岩浆带。     

华北中、新生代岩石圈地幔的交代作用：含金云母地幔岩提供的证据

本文对华北克拉通三个不同地区（河北汉诺坝、内蒙古集宁三义堂、河南鹤壁）新发现的含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和尖晶石橄榄单斜辉石岩捕虏体进行了详细的矿物组成、单斜辉石的微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素研究.通过与相同地区不含金云母尖晶石二辉橄榄岩捕虏体的系统对比发现通常含金云母的地幔橄榄岩比不含金云母的地幔橄榄岩岩富Al2O3、CaO、NaO、K2O、TiO2,但相对贫镁;其单斜辉石的LREE更为富集,但Sr、Nd同位素组成则相对亏损.这说明地幔交代作用不仅能够造成地幔橄榄岩的玄武质组分和稀土元素的富集,而且亦能够造成全岩和橄榄石Mg#的降低和同位素组成的相对亏损.捕虏体的Rb-Sr等时线年龄暗示地幔交代作用发生在中、新生代;其交代熔体来源于软流圈.同时说明华北新生代岩石圈地幔普遍存在的主、微量元素和同位素组成类似于“大洋型”岩石圈地幔的特征很可能是岩石圈地幔橄榄岩与软流圈来源的熔体的大规模反应的结果,而非真正意义上的新增生的岩石圈地幔.     

北大巴山地区晚古生代滔河口组碎屑锆石年代学研究及对古生代岩浆事件的限定

长期以来,一直认为北大巴山地区仅分布着早古生代地层,实际并非如此。滔河口组主要为一套火山-沉积组合序列,保留相对完整的地层记录。本文运用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb方法,对由灰绿色砂岩和玄武岩组成的滔河口组同一采样位置的2件砂岩碎屑锆石进行U-Pb年龄测定,获得了52组U-Pb有效年龄,重新限定了滔河口组的形成时代,且为北大巴山地区早古生代构造演化提供了详细资料。获得的11个较年轻的锆石年龄表明,滔河口组形成不早于早泥盆世。碎屑锆石的谐和年龄表明,物源主要集中在407~434Ma侵入岩、粗面岩和玄武岩等。研究区的岩浆成因碎屑锆石年龄值表明,古生代时期发育3期岩浆作用,分别对应431~439Ma侵入岩、426.9Ma斑鸠关组粗面岩和414.3Ma滔河口组玄武岩。     

Soft-sediment Deformation Structures Related to Earthquake from the Devonian of the Eastern North Qilian Mts. and Its Tectonic Significance

Devonian in the North Qilian orogenic belt and Hexi Corridor developed terrestrial molasse of later stage of foreland basin caused by collision between the North China plate and Qaidam microplate. The foreland basin triggered a intense earthquake, and formed seismites and earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation. The soft-sediment deformation structures of Devonian in the eastern North Qilian Mts. consist of seismo-cracks, sandstone dykes, syn-depositional faults, microfolds (micro-corrugated lamination), fluidized veins, load casts, flame structures, pillow structures and brecciation. The seismo-cracks, syn-depositional faults and microfolds are cracks, faults and folds formed directly by oscillation of earthquake. The seismic dykes formed by sediment instilling into seismic cracks. Fluidized veins were made by instilling into the seismo-fissures of the fluidized sands. The load casts, flame structures and pillow structures were formed by sinking and instilling caused from oscillation of earthquake along the face between sandy and muddy beds. The brecciation resulted from the oscillation of earthquake and cracking of sedimentary layers. The seismites and soft-sediment deformations in Devonian triggered the earthquake related to tectonic activities during the orogeny and uplift of North Qilian Mts.     

The Origin and Evolution of the Kaapvaal Cratonic Lithospheric Mantle

A detailed petrological and geochemical study of low-temperatureperidotite xenoliths from Kimberley and northern Lesotho ispresented to constrain the processes that led to the magmaphileelement depletion of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantleand its subsequent re-enrichment in Si and incompatible traceelements. Whole-rocks and minerals have been characterized forRe–Os isotope compositions, and major and trace elementconcentrations, and garnet and clinopyroxene for Lu–Hfand Sm–Nd isotope compositions. Most samples are characterizedby Archaean Os model ages, low Al, Fe and Ca contents, highMg/Fe, low Re/Os, very low (< 0·1 x chondrite) heavyrare earth element (HREE) concentrations and a decoupling betweenNd and Hf isotope ratios. These features are most consistentwith initial melting at 3·2 Ga followed by metasomatismby hydrous fluids, which may have also caused additional meltingto produce a harzburgitic residue. The low HREE abundances ofthe peridotites require that extensive melting occurred in thespinel stability field, possibly preceded by some melting inthe presence of garnet. Fractional melting models suggest that30% melting in the spinel field or 20% melting in the garnetfield followed by 20% spinel-facies melting are required toexplain the most melt-depleted samples. Garnet Nd–Hf isotopecharacteristics indicate metasomatic trace element enrichmentduring the Archaean. We therefore suggest a model includingshallow ridge melting, followed by metasomatism of the Kaapvaalupper mantle in subduction zones surrounding cratonic nuclei,probably during amalgamation of smaller pre-existing terranesin the Late Archaean (2·9 Ga). The fluid-metasomatizedresidua have subsequently undergone localized silicate meltinfiltration that led to clinopyroxene ± garnet enrichment.Calculated equilibrium liquids for clinopyroxene and their Hf–Ndisotope compositions suggest that most diopside in the xenolithscrystallized from an infiltrating kimberlite-like melt, eitherduring Group II kimberlite magmatism at 200–110 Ma (Kimberley),or shortly prior to eruption of the host kimberlite around 90Ma (northern Lesotho). KEY WORDS: Kaapvaal craton; lithospheric mantle; metasomatism; Nd–Hf isotopes; Re–Os isotopes     

西藏西南部达巴-休古嘎布蛇绿岩带中地幔橄榄岩的成因

本文报道了西藏西南部达巴-休古嘎布蛇绿岩带中橄榄岩的矿物化学资料.橄榄岩中主要造岩矿物化学成分的分析研究表明,该区橄榄岩为残余地幔成因,但它们不是地幔简单熔化的残余物.尖晶石中Cr#及辉石中Ti的广泛变化表明它们具有复杂的熔融历史及地幔交代作用的印记,其形成过程可能经历了两种构造环境的转变.早期在MORB环境下形成低Cr#(尖晶石)橄榄岩;其后由于洋内俯冲作用,早先形成的低熔橄榄岩被消减到岛弧之下再度发生熔融形成高Cr#(尖晶石)橄榄岩.从而,在古大洋消失之后形成的碰撞带上同时保存了MORB型和SSZ型两类蛇绿岩.     

Mantle Branch Structure in the South-Central Segment of the Da Hinggan Mts.,Inner Mongolia and Its Ore-controlling Role

Abstract: Mantle branch structure is the third tectonic unit of multiple evolution of a mantle branch. It is not only the main mechanism of intercontinental orogeny, but also an important ore-forming and ore-control structure. Studies on geotectonic evolution, regional geological characteristics and ore-forming and ore-control structures have shown that since the Mesozoic the Da Hinggan Mts. region has entered a typical intercontinental orogenic stage, and it is closely related to mantle branch activities. The south-central segment of the Da Hinggan Mts. is a typical mantle branch structure and possesses obvious magmatic-metamorphic complexes in the core, detachment slip beds in the periphery and overlapped fault depression basins. Moreover, all of these are the principal factors leading to ore formation and ore control in the region. This paper also further explores the mechanism of mineralization in the south-central segment of the Da Hinggan, summaries the rules of mineralization, puts forward the models of mineralization and points out future ore-exploring orientation.     

Features of the Early Palaeozoic Mantle beneath Langao County and Its Formation Mechanism

Phlogopite-amphibole pyroxenite xenoliths contained in an Early Palaeozoic alkali subvolcanic lam-prophyre complex in Langao County, Shaanxi Province, are metasomatized mantle xenoliths, composed mainly of clinopyroxene, amphibole, phlogopite, apatite, pervoskite, ilmenite and sphene with well-developed subsolidus metamorphism-deformation textures, such as "triple points" and "cataclastic boundaries" . Minerological studies indicate that clinopyroxene is rich in SiO2 and MgO and poor in TiO2 and Al2O3, which is notably different from magmatogenic deep-seated megacrysts and phenocrysts formed in the range of mantle pressure. Amphibole and phlogopite have the compositional feature of mantle-derived amphibole and phlogopite. Sm-Nd isotope studies suggest that the metasomatized mantle beneath Langao County is the product of metasomatism of primitive mantle by melt (fluid) derived from the mantle plume, and the mantle metasomatism occurred 650 Ma ago. The process of mantle metasomatism changed from mantle me     

北祁连山大坂大岔地区蛇绿岩含矿性

北祁连山大坂大岔地区蛇绿岩有关矿产可划分为两个矿化系列:1蛇绿岩同生矿化系列,指蛇绿岩套形成过程随之形成的矿产组合,已知有与变质橄榄岩有关的岩浆成因铬铁矿,基性火山岩有关的海底热液成因块状硫化物铜矿;2蛇绿岩后生矿化系列,指蛇绿岩套形成之后再造形成的矿产组合,已知有破碎带蚀变岩型铜矿和银矿。