深孔爆破装药结构优选数值分析方法及其应用

针对地下深孔爆破采矿过程中常出现的爆破后冲作用严重以及爆破块度不均匀等若干问题,以南方某铅锌矿实际采用的爆破、炸药和岩石参数为基础,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对矿山拟采用的不同装药量、不同耦合系数的6种装药结构建立了数值计算模型。通过分析爆炸仿真过程中的Von Mises有效应力信息,结合爆破破岩机制及Mises屈服理论,确定了深孔爆破的最佳炮孔装药结构。现场试验表明,优化的装药结构爆破块度均匀且爆破后冲作用得到有效控制,基本上解决了矿山深孔侧向爆破存在的问题,研究结果为深孔爆破的优化设计提供理论依据和技术支持。     

节理几何特征对预裂爆破效果影响的数值模拟

运用有限元软件AUTODYN 2D计算爆炸荷载与离散元软件UDEC模拟节理岩体相结合的方法研究了节理几何特征对预裂爆破的影响。通过计算可知,预裂爆破时炮孔间的节理组对预裂成缝的影响明显,当节理法线与炮孔连线夹角在一定范围内时,预裂缝沿炮孔连线方向的平直程度随节理与炮孔连线夹角的增大而逐渐趋于平直,其中当节理组与炮孔连线夹角为90°时成缝效果最好,裂缝与炮孔连线基本重合,与理论分析较一致;节理间距对预裂爆破有较大影响,相同条件下节理间距越小,越难形成连通裂缝,减小炮孔间距有利于小节理间距情况下的预裂缝贯通     

冻土光面爆破参数模型试验研究

以冻结砂土为原型进行冻土光面爆破参数的模型试验研究．结果表明,冻土中实施光面爆破是可行的;当炮孔直径３５～５０ｍｍ时,较为合理的光面爆破参数为：炮孔间距５００～７００ｍｍ,装药密集系数０．８～１．２;较为合理的光面爆破装药结构为径向空气间隙和轴向空气垫层不偶合装药．     

损伤性岩体预裂爆破参数的优化设计

运用损伤理论得出了损伤性岩体预裂爆破控制参数－不耦合系数，线装药密度及炮孔间距随损伤因子D变化的规律，并用以优化损伤性岩体的预裂爆破设计参数，为预裂爆破优化设计提供了理论基础。     

工程爆破中径向水不耦合系数效应数值仿真

在实际工程爆破中,水不耦合炮孔是较常见的,其中水不耦合装药系数是影响爆破效果的关键因素之一。该系数取不同的值,将产生不同的应力波传播机理以及介质的损伤破坏程度。以往的研究主要集中于理论解析法和模型试验法。基于大型非线性动力分析软件LS-DYNA,采用著名的混凝土损伤Johnson-Holmquist-Concrete模型,针对无限混凝土介质水不耦合装药爆破中不同径向耦合系数Kd,展开了对比数值计算,综合分析了损伤破坏区分布和孔壁压力、加速度以及速度等与径向不耦合系数间的关系,得出的结论具有一定的参考价值。     

节理角度对预裂爆破成缝效果的影响研究

预裂爆破的现场实践表明,诸如节理、软弱夹层和断层等地质不连续面是影响预裂爆破效果的一个重要因素。运用LS-DYNA 3D程序研究了不同角度的节理对预裂爆破效果的影响。通过数值模拟发现,岩体中节理的存在对预裂爆破效果影响显著,其吸收应力波能量并阻碍应力波的传播,且影响预裂缝产状。研究结果表明,节理附近的预裂缝大多沿节理垂直方向开裂,逐渐与被破坏节理连接,节理夹角较小时,易形成锯齿状裂缝,且较难贯通。随着节理与炮孔连线夹角的增大,应力波在节理处的透射率越大,节理附近位置上的质点振速也越大,预裂缝更趋于平直且更易贯通。当节理垂直炮孔连线时透射率最大,所形成的预裂缝与炮孔连线基本重合,不会出现锯齿形裂缝,相对成缝效果最佳。     

直眼掏槽爆破效果的影响因素分析

通过力学模型和数值计算，定量分析炮孔深度、孔距、空孔直径等因素对直眼掏槽爆破效果的影响，以及空孔在直眼掏槽中的作用，分析结果表明，在含空孔直眼掏槽爆破中，炮孔深度每增加1m，每装药孔所对应的空孔面积应相应增大3%-6%。     

不耦合装药下爆炸应力波传播规律的试验研究

通过室外爆破试验,利用预埋研制的PVDF压力传感器对耦合及水不耦合延长药包装药爆破时爆炸应力波的中远场压力进行测量,拟合实测结果,得到4种不耦合系数下爆炸应力波峰值随传播距离衰减的指数关系式。分析试验结果可知： ①在试验所涉及的范围内,不耦合装药时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度小于耦合装药（即K =1）时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度,验证了水介质作为炸药爆轰产物与岩体间的弹性缓冲层作用,减少了粉碎孔壁岩体造成的能量耗散,增加了能量传递,加大了爆炸的作用范围;②当不耦合系数K = 3.29时,应力波峰值衰减指数表现出大于K =1.79及大于K =2.57时应力波峰值衰减指数的趋势,表明过大的不耦合系数造成了不耦合介质--水过多的能量耗散（在高温高压下水并不完全是弹性的）,削弱了不耦合装药爆破的优势;③在不耦合装药爆破中,存在最佳的不耦合系数,此时爆炸应力波峰值衰减最慢,爆炸能得到充分利用,达到最优的爆破效果。研究结果对不耦合装药爆破的设计及工程应用有一定的指导意义。     

空气间隔装药爆炸冲击荷载作用下混凝土损伤分析

采用JHC混凝土损伤演化模型,模拟计算了不同空气间隔装药结构情况下炮孔近区岩石损伤破坏机制,分析了空气层比例以及起爆方式对爆破效果的影响。计算表明,不同空气层位置及比例会产生不同的爆破效果,并能运用于不同的爆破目的。空气层比例与炮孔粉碎区大小成反比,空气比较小时可以用于梯段爆破,而空气比较大时可用于预裂或光面爆破。对于梯段爆破、反向起爆（空气层位于上部）和中间起爆（空气层位于中间）的效果要好;起爆方式对梯段爆破效果的影响要比预裂和光面爆破效果明显。     

济泰高速公路下龙山包深孔控制爆破设计

在光缆区附近进行爆破作业 ,为了保证光缆不受任何破坏 ,进行了精心的爆破施工设计。试图通过确定炮孔堵塞长度、装药系数以及与最小抵抗线的最佳关系 ,达到控制飞石的产生及飞石方向的目的。爆破实践证明 ,该设计方案是可行的 ,完全符合施工要求。     

高瓦斯低透气性煤体定向聚能爆破增透机制

针对传统煤层预裂爆破增透存在的问题,对定向聚能爆破控制裂纹演化方向的理论和方法进行研究,即通过聚能射流的初始导向裂纹与后续高压气体形成的气楔联合作用,达到控制裂纹演化方向和长度的目的。基于模型试验和数值模拟,探讨了定向聚能爆破聚能方向和非聚能方向裂纹演化的机制。在潘三矿掘进工作面现场运用定向聚能爆破技术,达到增加煤体裂纹与保护围岩稳定性有机的统一。试验结果表明：爆破后3 h内抽采瓦斯量变化最为明显,其中最大抽采量是原始抽采量的470倍。有效抽采半径为7 m以内,爆破后顶板振幅约为0.23 cm。     

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的岩石爆破结构数值模拟分析

等离子爆破技术是一种新型爆破技术,其爆破孔的设计对整个爆破效果及爆破效率起着决定性的作用。本文基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了爆破孔的有限元模型,并对爆炸荷载作用下掏槽孔孔壁压力及其破碎区进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明,爆破时畸变能的变化自始至终都基本呈椭圆形,孔径越小,积累的能量越大,对岩体破坏越大;孔深长度越短,能量积聚空间越小,爆破对岩体造成的破坏越大;孔深长度的改变对下部岩体影响较小,对中部岩体影响较大。此外由于爆炸实验多为破坏性实验,很难进行原型试验,因此使用数值模拟方法研究爆破孔的结构是可行的,可以作为实际工程的参考。     

Mechanism of tracer blasting

Summary A variety of overbreak control techniques are used during excavation with the drill and blast system. Tracer blasting is used in Canadian underground mines to minimize blast damage and involves placing a low-strength detonating cord along the length of a blast hole prior to charging with ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO). The results of tracer blasting are not always consistent and its mechanism is only hazily comprehended. In the absence of a clearly defined mechanism, it is difficult to analyse the results of tracer blasting and to identify the factors responsible for the inconsistency of results.A series of bench blasts and pipe tests were carried out to investigate the mechanism of tracer blasting. The evidence indicated partial deflagration and desensitization of ANFO, thus reducing the total available explosive energy. The rock mass surrounding the traced blasthole experienced a low level of ground vibrations. As a result of the continuous side initiation of ANFO, energy partitioning was more in favour of gas energy. A mechanism of tracer blasting has been proposed and the factors responsible for the inconsistency of the results have been identified in this paper.     

凹形地貌对爆破振动波传播影响的数值模拟

应用UDEC程序模拟了爆破振动波在凹形地貌中的传播特征,并与广东岭澳核电站2期基础爆破开挖现场监测结果进行了对比。对比分析结果表明,数值模拟结果与现场监测结果较为吻合。研究结果还揭示,凹形地貌对爆破振动波具有明显的衰减作用,质点水平向振动速度的衰减幅度大于质点垂直向。同时,衰减系数随凹形地貌深度、宽度的增加而增加,但随宽度增加的幅度较小。另外,爆破振动波的衰减系数随爆源距增加而减小,随最大段药量的增大而增大。     

Controlled Fracture Growth by Blasting While Protecting Damages to Remaining Rock

Summary. Conventional blasting causes cracks and fractures in the rock. Controlled blasting techniques produce the macrocrack in a desired direction and eliminate microcrack in the remaining rock. Macrocrack development in desired direction is required for extraction of dimensional stone and at the same time there is need to reduce microcrack development in the block and remaining rock. To achieve the objectives, experimental work in the quarries was carried out for separating marble block from the in situ strata as practiced in some of the Indian mines by using detonating cord of 30 to 50 g/m by varying hole spacing, hole diameter, air cushioning, water and sand filled blast-holes. Blasthole notching was carried out. Further, tests were carried out by using various liners inside the blasthole to determine the damages in the extracted block and remaining rock. The designed experimental work was undertaken and rock samples were collected by coring before and after blasting for quantification of microcrack in the rock. P-wave velocity and microscopic studies were conducted for quantification of damages. Experiments were also conducted at laboratory scale for the quantification of damages in single circular and notched holes with variation of stemming and liners. The P-wave velocity close to hole always reduces after blast and in case of NG-based charge and detonating cord it decreases up to 1/3^rd. With PVC pipe and paper tube liners decrease is negligible. Thus, by using notched hole with paper tube, decrease in P-wave is minimum indicating least damage.     

Modelling the effects of discontinuity orientation, continuity, and dip on the process of burden breakage in bench blasting

The objective of this paper is to introduce the development of a dynamic blasthole expansion model, which is coupled to the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) code of Shi (1988). The developed model considers the effects of blast geometry (blasthole shape, angle, and location), the physical properties of the intact rock and existing discontinuities, the distribution and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities, and the blasthole pressure on the processes of burden breakage, fragment throw and muckpile formation. The newly modified DDA code (DDA_BLAST) describes the expansion of the blasthole as a function of blast chamber volume and time. It is assumed in the code that the rock is already fragmented in-situ due to the intersection of pre-existing discontinuities and the passage of stress wave. Hence, the model only considers the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process. Moreover, the proposed model for the blasthole expansion assumes an adiabatic expansion of explosion products and variations in the explosion pressure upon expansion of the blast chamber are calculated from an equation of state. Accordingly, the newly modified DDA_BLAST code was used to simulate typical blasting problems in jointed media and delve into the mechanisms involved (in a macro scale) in the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process, burden breakage, and the effects of the discontinuity properties on the process of rock breakage by blasting.     

A Further Study on the Mechanism of Airdecking

Airdecking is used in mining for two quite different applications. One is to enhance the fragmentation by amplifying the induced fracturing and the second is for pre-split blasting in which the borehole fracturing is reduced. This paper deals with the first of these effects. A forth coming paper will describe pre-splitting by airdecking. The use of air decks to enhance rock fragmentation and so to reduce explosive costs has been the practice for quite long time. Although a number of studies has been conducted to verify the advantages of blasting with air decks and to investigate the mechanisms involved, the proposed mechanisms still cannot explain clearly the phenomena observed in practice and the design approach adopted for this kind of blasting is still primary based on rules-of-thumb. In this paper, the theory of shock tubes is adopted to (a) investigate the processes of the expanding detonation products, (b) study the interactions between the explosion products and the stemming or bottom of blasthole, and (c) to decide the distribution of the changing pressure of explosion products along blasthole. Numerical simulation and theoretical analyses are then performed to study the physical process of blasting with air decks. Finally, a reasonable value for the airdecking ratio is decided theoretically. It is shown that the pressure-unloading process caused by the propagation of the rarefaction wave and the reflected rarefaction waves in the detonation products plays an important role in the enhanced fragmentation of rock when blasting with air decks. The unloading process can induce tensile stresses of rather high magnitude in the rock mass surrounding blasthole. This favors fracturing of the rock. The reflected shock wave with a magnitude of gas pressure higher than that of the average detonation pressure in a fully charged blasthole acts as the main energy source to break the rock in the air deck and stemming portions. The second and succeeding strain waves induced by the unloading or reloading of the pressurewithin the blasthole also contribute to form the initial fracture network in the rock around the blasthole. It is also revealed that there exists a reasonable range of values for the airdecking ratio. For ANFO, this value varies from 0.13-0.40.     

Lower blasthole pressures: a means of reducing costs when blasting rocks of low to moderate strength

Summary From a purely mechanical viewpoint, each explosive charge should produce a peak blasthole pressure (P _b ) that just fails to crush (i.e. pulverise or plastically deform) the rock which surrounds it. WhereP _b exceeds a critical value, some explosion energy is wasted in crushing an annular section of rock immediately around each charge. As a rock's dynamic compressive breaking strain decreases, so shouldP _b (Hagan, 1977b).This paper reviews information on, and anticipates the blasting performance of, bulk charges having effective densities which are as low as about 40% of that for ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO). It also outlines the potential advantages of extending the reaction periods of charges, even to the extent that explosive reactions continue after the blasthole wall and stemming have started to move. The paper then proceeds to define situations in which the use of such lower-pressure charges is likely to result in greatest reductions in mining costs. Some methods of applying bulk charges having effective densities in the 0.3–0.8 g cm^–3 range and/or lower reaction rates are suggested.     

Blast Design Using Measurement While Drilling Parameters

Measurement while drilling (MWD) techniques can provide a useful tool to aid drill and blast engineers in open cut mining. By avoiding time consuming tasks such as scan-lines and rock sample collection for laboratory tests, MWD techniques can not only save time but also improve the reliability of the blast design by providing the drill and blast engineer with the information specially tailored for use. While most mines use a standard blast pattern and charge per blasthole, based on a single rock factor for the entire bench or blast region, information derived from the MWD parameters can improve the blast design by providing more accurate rock properties for each individual blasthole. From this, decisions can be made on the most appropriate type and amount of explosive charge to place in a per blasthole or to optimise the inter-hole timing detonation time of different decks and blastholes. Where real-time calculations are feasible, the system could extend the present blast design even be used to determine the placement of subsequent holes towards a more appropriate blasthole pattern design like asymmetrical blasting.