月球钻探取心特种钻头研制与试验

对月壤形成过程和物质组成进行了介绍,并将实际月壤基本物理力学指标与CUG-1型模拟月壤和普通干砂进行对比,认为在月球钻探取样过程中可能遇到具有一定胶结强度的硬质团块.为保证钻探取样顺利进行,需要研制月球钻探用特种取心PDC钻头.基于PDC钻头的碎岩机理,对钻头的负前角、旁通角、出露高度、钻头保径和PDC切削齿的钎焊工艺分别进行了设计,并对钻杆和钻头装配体在钻进过程中的受力过程进行有限元分析.最后,采用所设计的特种取心PDC钻头进行岩石干钻试验,试验结果表明该钻头能钻进可钻性级别小于或等于六级的岩石,能满足月球钻探需要.     

月球钻孔取心机具研制与试验

对月壤形成过程和物质组成进行了介绍,并将实际月壤基本物理力学指标与CUG-1型模拟月壤和普通干砂进行对比,认为在月球钻探取样过程中可能遇到具有一定胶结强度的硬质团块。我国探月工程三期的核心任务是实现月球钻探取样和返回,并明确要采用钻孔取样方式来获取能保持原始层理结构的较深层月壤样品。月表处于无水、高真空、微重力、日夜温差悬殊的极端环境,因此月球钻探取样采用的钻孔取心机具应结构简单,以减少钻进故障几率和拓宽对所钻月壤层的适应性。针对模拟月壤,分别对传统钻孔取心钻具、孔内取心钻具、孔外取心钻具、软袋翻转取心钻具、内外管联合（内管、外管）取心钻具进行了试验研究。试验研究结果表明,内外管联合取心钻具能更好地满足我国月球钻探取样返回的要求。     

月球钻孔取心机具试验与钻进规程

我国探月工程第3期工程的核心任务是实现月球钻探取样和返回,明确采用钻取方式获取深2 m的月壤样品.针对月表极端钻进环境,提出一种内外管联合取心螺旋钻具,即内管软袋提拉取心,外管螺旋集输取心.模拟月壤钻进试验结果表明,该取心钻具能实现有效钻进可靠取心,特别适合小于0.6 m浅层模拟月壤钻取.试验研究了钻进规程对模拟月壤取心率和钻进功耗的影响规律,得出了钻进转速、进给速度值域与功率值域的关联性,对月球环境下取心钻具研制和钻进规程制定具有实际工程应用价值.      

模拟月壤螺旋钻进力载特性分析

月球钻探取样具有钻进对象松散、钻机功率小、质量轻、钻进过程无冲洗介质等难点,螺旋钻进因其连续排屑和干式回转钻进的能力,成为最具可行性的月球钻探取样方式之一。为确保在设备能力和月表环境限制下实现深层月壤钻探取样目的,针对月壤/模拟月壤物理力学特性,对螺旋钻探取样过程进行力载特性分析。分析表明,月球钻探具有螺旋叶片宽度窄、回转速度高的特点,可采用钻屑颗粒模式求得临界回转速度,然后选择合理的钻进工艺。螺旋钻进功耗包括钻头切削月壤的功耗和钻进排屑功耗,可根据功耗模型研究各变量对功率的影响规律,从而为钻具结构优化和钻进参数优选提供理论指导。     

基于岩石可钻性分级的月壤可钻性初探

在分析"Apollo"和"Luna"月表实钻进取心对象的基础上,依据相关的概率分析结果,得出在月表钻进遇见岩石的几率≤5%,月表钻进对象是月壤的可能性为95%;分析了月壤的物理力学特性,确定月壤的内摩擦角和内聚力是影响月壤可钻性的主要特性参数,基于岩石可钻性模型建立了以内摩擦角和内聚力为主要参数的月壤可钻性的初步模型;对"Luna"与"Apollo"的月表钻探取心在钻进方法、钻头材料、钻进深度和钻进速度等方面进行了分析比较,参考岩石可钻性分级指标,得到了月壤可钻性的初步评价结果。     

PDC肋骨钻头单动双管钻探工艺在铝土矿地层的应用

结合铝土矿地层特点,分析探讨铝土矿地层钻探工艺,通过常规绳索取心钻探、普通双管钻探与PDC肋骨钻头单动双管钻探工艺理论探讨及现场试验对比,得出了在铝土矿地层钻进采用常规钻探方法常产生卡钻事故、钻探效率低的原因,同时验证了采用PDC肋骨钻头单动双管钻探能较好地解决粘附孔壁而卡钻的问题并提高了钻探效率。     

钻进大口径钻井用的钻机和工具

使用取心和全巷钻进的钻探装置钻进大口径钻井和竖井。取心钻探装置与全巷钻进装置相比,前者的主要优点是,建井时破碎和运输岩石的能量消耗少,在硬岩层中尤其如此。破碎岩石的环圈仅占井底面积的10—30％,而主要岩块做为岩心从钻井内提取。取心钻探装置的岩石破碎工具是钻粒钻头或牙轮钻头。     

PDC锚杆钻头回转钻进的力学特性与试验

针对煤矿巷道锚固孔快速精准钻进的施工需求,通过建立PDC锚杆钻头回转钻进力学模型,对其主要力学影响因素进行了理论分析。结果表明：PDC切削齿轴向力随压入深度的增大而增大,随切入角的增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势;当煤系岩石摩擦系数f为0.20~0.43时,可得最优切入角为15.0°~18.3°,此时在相同压入深度条件下轴向力和切向力最小。并进一步结合煤系岩石的力学特性,提出了PDC切削齿作用下的岩石破碎条件,得出不同压入深度时轴向力和切向力的关系。利用自主研发的钻进试验台对模拟岩样进行了钻进试验,试验结果验证了PDC锚杆钻头回转钻进力学模型的正确性。研究结果为PDC锚杆钻头优化设计,锚固孔钻进效率与精度的提高,以及钻进轴向力和切向力的变化预测等提供了理论依据。     

应用于月壤取样钻具的激光选区熔化研究综述

综述了月球钻探取样钻具的发展现状,金属三维点阵的轻量化以及激光选区熔化制造技术的基本方法和优势。基于激光选区熔化制备技术提出了将三维空间点阵结构应用于月球钻探取样钻具的轻量化,讨论了点阵结构的钻具对于月球钻进过程的适应性并展望了轻量化月球取样钻具方面的发展趋势。分析认为,利用激光选区熔化技术制备的三维点阵结构在月壤取样钻具方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

针对复杂地层金刚石钻头的改进与应用

复杂地层的钻进与取样问题一直是钻探行业的一个技术难题。由于地层结构的杂乱无规律、软硬互夹层多、换层频繁以及破碎层硬、脆、碎的特性,使得在钻探施工过程中钻头寿命低下,频繁提下钻导致坍孔、掉块、缩径、漏失、涌水等事故经常发生,钻探效率难以提高。针对以上问题,根据目前钻探施工普遍采用的金刚石绳索取心钻探工艺,通过试验对金刚石钻头进行设计与改进,提高钻头的钻进效率与使用寿命,可大幅提高钻探效率并减少事故发生率,从而取得良好的经济效益。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861