中浅层水平井井眼轨道优化设计与现场施工

针对大庆油田中长、长水平段水平井钻井施工和下套管过程中摩阻、扭矩大,导致钻井速度慢,而井眼浸泡时间长易导致井壁失稳而进一步减缓施工速度,从而形成恶性循环,对钻完井施工影响极大的问题,从井眼轨道的合理设计进行了模拟计算,针对不同的剖面类型、造斜率和靶前距进行优化设计,确定合理的井眼轨道,以降低定向钻进和下套管过程中的摩阻和扭矩,为中长、长水平段水平井的顺利施工提供技术支持。     

煤层气鱼骨状分支水平井轨道优化设计方法研究

鱼骨状水平井能够有效增大煤层气储层裸露面积,提高单井煤层气的产量。将各个分支拆分成相对独立的待钻轨道与主井眼轨道分别进行设计计算,拆分后的井眼轨道可以转化为二维轨道来进行设计。结合鱼骨状分支水平井的特点,建立了分支水平井井眼轨道最优化设计模型,并对分支井眼与主井眼的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明,随着井深、造斜率的增加,分支井眼与主井眼的直线夹角增加,且分支井眼偏离主井眼的距离是逐渐增大的;在直线夹角一定的情况下,造斜率与井深呈反比关系,即造斜率越高,所需要的分支井井段越短;造斜率越低,所需要的分支井井段越长。     

考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道设计

目前,深层页岩气水平井在钻井过程中经常出现方位漂移的问题,方位漂移严重影响了水平井的井眼轨迹控制,进而影响水平井的准确中靶。在现场施工中,通常根据施工区以前的钻井经验,在进行定向造斜时,先估计出一个“方位超前角”,这种现场的做法有着很大的不确定性,并且可能出现较大误差。本文提出了考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道优化设计的方法,解决了仅凭现场经验给出的“超前角”不准确的问题。考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道优化设计按照井段划分,将地层因素与井身剖面结合起来求取井段的平均方位漂移率。根据该方法研制开发了考虑方位漂移的水平井井眼轨道优化设计软件,并通过举例进行了验证,证明了方法是可行的。     

煤层气多分支水平井井眼轨道优化设计模型

煤储层具有低压低渗特征,致使煤层气开发困难,单井产量低;而多分支水平井能显著增﹑加井筒与煤层的接触面积,提高单井产量,缩短经济回收期。为此,提出了煤层气多分支水平井井眼轨道优化设计准则和主水平井方位的选择方法,建立了煤层侧钻水平井井眼轨道优化设计模型,并将该模型用于鄂尔多斯盆地2号和10号煤层的煤层气多分支水平井井眼轨道优化设计。结果表明,该模型实现了以较短的井眼轨道进入目标靶点,保证了分支井眼的平滑度,对煤层气钻井设计具有重要的指导意义。      

TP131HCH超深五段制侧钻水平井优快钻井技术

TP131H井完钻测试为水层,为提高该井周边区域储量动用程度及充分利用老井直井段降低钻井成本,在分析地震资料的基础上,设计了五段制侧钻水平井TP131HCH井。五段制水平井由于稳斜段的存在,有效延伸了井眼轨迹的水平位移,满足地质避水要求。针对TP131 HCH裸眼侧钻水平井超深、高温给钻井施工带来的困难,介绍了该井钻井过程中井眼轨道优化设计、侧钻、井身轨迹控制、钻井液等方面所采取的技术措施。 TP131HCH井的成功实施,对该区块同类型井的钻井设计和施工具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

龙26-平25长水平段水平井钻井技术

为了高效开发低渗透油藏,在大庆油田龙26区块部署了龙26-平25长水平段水平井。介绍了井身结构与井眼轨迹剖面设计特点,分析了钻井施工中的难点,从井眼轨迹控制、旋转地质导向钻井技术、摩阻与扭矩监测、井眼清洁等几个方面对该井采用的技术措施进行了详细阐述。龙26-平25井完钻井深4045.00 m,水平段长2033.00 m,各项指标均符合设计要求,创出了大庆油田应用水基钻井液施工水平井水平段最长的记录,为今后施工同类型长水平段水平井积累了宝贵的施工经验。     

伊朗Y油田水平井钻井技术

伊朗Y油田水平井面临着地质岩性多变、地质靶区不确定、裸眼井段长、井眼摩阻大、长水平段井眼轨迹控制困难等一系列钻井技术难点。结合Y油田一期水平井钻井实践,详细总结、形成了包括井身结构优化、螺杆钻具类型及其稳定器外径优选、钻头选型、侧钻钻具组合优选、水平井段优快钻井、KCl聚磺钻井液在内的6项水平井钻井技术。该技术在YS9井得到成功应用,定向段和水平段施工比设计提前12.4 d。Y油田水平井优快钻井技术的应用,能够提高钻井成功率,缩短水平井的建井周期,降低钻井成本,对Y油田后续的水平井施工起到一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

平桥南区页岩气水平井钻井优化设计

在分析平桥产建井位部署特点及区块地质条件的基础上,系统总结了该区块页岩气水平井钻井存在的防漏堵漏工艺、钻井提速技术、水平段施工工艺等方面存在的问题,通过对平台部署、井身结构、井眼轨道、“井工厂”钻井模式、钻头选型、钻井液体系及固井工艺等方面的深入研究和优化,形成了平桥南区块页岩气水平井钻井优化设计方案,以实现平桥南区页岩气产建的高效开发。     

一种新的阶梯水平井段轨道设计模型

对于开发有一定高度差的多个薄油层,阶梯水平井较普通的定向井和水平井,节约了钻井成本,提高了单井的开采效率。分析了现有的阶梯水平井的设计模型,采用恒工具面模型进行三维阶梯水平井的轨道设计,以上下靶点的井斜角和方位角作为已知量,造斜工具的造斜率和安装角作为控制因素,将过渡点的井斜角和方位角作为待求参数。所设计的三维井眼轨道,通过计算示例表明,可用于设计阶梯水平井段。     

长水平段大位移井井眼轨道优化设计

摩阻和扭矩是制约长水平段大位移井水平段延伸的主要因素,井眼轨道优化是减小钻具摩阻和扭矩的方法之一。模拟了不同造斜率和靶前位移情况下长水平段大位移井的摩阻和扭矩,分析了不同轨道类型对摩擦系数的敏感性。结果表明,长水平段大位移井应优先选用较低造斜率的轨道,无特殊需要时尽量简化轨道类型。     

徐深21-平1井轨迹控制技术

徐深21-平1井完钻井深4955 m。在火山岩储层中横向穿行905 m,井眼轨迹控制精度要求高,并在登二泥岩段岩石可钻性达8级的情况下裸眼侧钻成功,为后续施工奠定了基础。简述了井身结构及轨迹剖面设计,分析了井眼轨迹控制难点,详细介绍了增斜段、侧钻段、水平段井眼轨迹控制情况。该井的成功钻探,为该区块水平井施工积累了宝贵经验。     

胜坨油田老区加密井钻井技术及其应用

胜坨油田属于胜利采油厂老油区,油田开发进入中后期,由于经过长时间的注水开采,地层压力紊乱,且部署井网密集。为保持产量稳定,在原有老井场进行加密钻井。加密井存在着防碰绕障、井眼轨迹控制和钻井井控等技术难点,因此,根据实际钻井情况制定有针对性的技术方案和应急预案,防碰段采用“牙轮钻头 单弯螺杆”,注水井提前关井停注泄压。以胜坨油田三区1个井组(5口井)和1口单井为例,从钻井工程设计、井眼轨迹控制、底部钻具组合优化和井控技术等方面进行了分析,进而提出了解决施工难点的对策。实践证明所采取措施科学可行,为油田老区相同类井钻井提供了技术经验。     

盐膏层造斜井段井眼缩径及套管外载数值模拟

盐膏层是油气成藏的良好盖层,塔里木盆地多个大型油气藏都属于巨厚盐下油气藏,为了提高单井产能,决定采用定向井和水平井来开发盐下油气藏。由于盐膏层距离产层较近,需要在盐膏层进行造斜。造斜井段盐膏层井眼的缩径规律及其对套管外载的影响国内外鲜有报道。应用有限元方法建立了造斜井段砂岩和盐膏岩地层、水泥环及套管耦合的三维力学模型,以塔里木羊塔克区块岩石力学测试成果为基础,研究得到造斜段井斜和方位对井眼缩径及套管外载的影响规律。该研究成果成功应用于塔里木巨厚盐下定向井、水平井轨迹设计,钻遇盐膏层泥浆密度的确定和井身结构设计,为塔里木盐膏层钻井、完井施工提供了重要的理论参考。     

Distributed optical fiber acoustic sensor for in situ monitoring of marine natural gas hydrates production for the first time in the Shenhu Area,China

The distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) uses a single optical cable as the sensing unit, which can capture the acoustic and vibration signals along the optical cable in real-time. So it is suitable for monitoring downhole production activities in the process of oil and gas development. The authors applied the DAS system in a gas production well in the South China Sea for in situ monitoring of the whole wellbore for the first time and obtained the distributed acoustic signals along the whole wellbore. These signals can clearly distinguish the vertical section, curve section, and horizontal production section. The collected acoustic signal with the frequency of approximately 50 Hz caused by the electric submersible pump exhibit a signal-to-noise ratio higher than 27 dB. By analyzing the acoustic signals in the production section, it can be located the layers with high gas production rates. Once an accurate physical model is built in the future, the gas production profile will be obtained. In addition, the DAS system can track the trajectory of downhole tools in the wellbore to guide the operation. Through the velocity analysis of the typical signals, the type of fluids in the wellbore can be distinguished. The successful application of the system provides a promising whole wellbore acoustic monitoring tool for the production of marine gas hydrate, with a good application prospect.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

浅部大位移超长水平段I38H井轨迹控制技术

I38H井是渤海某油田调整井中的一口先期排液水平井,后期转入注水作业,为满足周边3口井的注采关系,设计水平段长达827.0 m,同时该井为一口目的层位于明化镇、水垂比达2.47的浅层大位移井,为安全、顺利实现钻井作业,通过对I38H井井身结构的优化、井眼轨迹的合理设计以及贝克旋转导向工具和随钻扩眼器等工具的使用,最终成功完成钻井作业。     

3D numerical stability analysis of multi-lateral well junctions

The most important factors in multi-lateral well stability analysis are the magnitude of in situ stresses, the relation between the amount of in situ stresses and orientation of lateral wellbore. In this research, the stability analysis of multi-lateral junction is carried out using FLAC3D numerical code by considering seven varied stress regimes and different lateral wellbore orientations. The Normalized Yielded Zone Area (NYZA, ratio of surrounding yielded cross-sectional area to initial area of well) is determined for different junction mud pressures as well as diverse orientations of lateral wellbore. Then, the junction optimum mud pressure of each lateral wellbore orientation is calculated; hence, the optimum trajectory of lateral wellbore, in which the junction has got the lowest optimum mud pressure, is selected in each stress regime. The stability analysis of multi-lateral wells by means of finite difference method shows that in each stress regime the required mud pressure for the stability of junction is much more than that of the lateral branch and the main wellbore.     

南堡滩海大位移井钻井关键因素优化设计

大位移井钻井实施过程中表现最为突出的问题是摩阻扭矩大,它制约着井眼轨迹的有效延伸,尤其在常规钻完井技术时表现得更为明显。冀东油田近年来基于常规钻完井技术条件下,通过对井眼轨道优化设计、钻具组合优化、摩阻扭矩精细预测与控制、井眼延伸极限评估等方面的精细研究与优化设计,有效地模拟分析和论证了南堡滩海中深层大位移井钻井井筒力学行为,提升了对大位移井钻井实践可行性认识和指导了钻完井方案的设计。在南堡滩海成功实施了几十口水平位移大于3000 m的大位移井,最大水平位移达4940 m,为南堡滩海在常规经济技术条件下大位移井的钻井实施提供了技术支持。     

煤层气水平井无导眼地质导向钻进技术

针对目前松软煤层水平段成孔困难、煤层钻遇率较低以及造斜段钻进过程中需要施工导眼井等问题,采用地质导向与几何导向相结合模式,对井身结构优化、钻进参数优选、防塌钻进、多标志层地质导向钻进、水平段井眼轨迹精细化控制等进行研究。在沁水盆地成庄煤矿进行现场应用,钻完井施工顺利,3口水平井都实现无导眼直接一次着陆入靶,水平煤层段累计进尺1 604.72 m,煤层钻遇率达到100%,最终水平段下入PE筛管总长度1 366 m。完善了煤层气水平井钻完井工艺,为煤层气低成本高效开发钻井施工提供技术借鉴。移动阅读      

Maintaining the stability of deviated and horizontal wells: Effects of mechanical,chemical and thermal phenomena on well designs

Wellbore instability, particularly in shale formations, is regarded as a major challenge in drilling operations. Many factors, such as rock properties, in-situ stresses, chemical interactions between shale and drilling fluids, and thermal effects, should be considered in well trajectory designs and drilling fluid formulations in order to mitigate wellbore instability-related problems. A comprehensive study of wellbore stability in shale formations that takes into account the three-dimensional earth stresses around the wellbore as well as chemical and thermal effects is presented in this work. The effects of borehole configuration (e.g. inclination and azimuth), rock properties (e.g. strength, Young's modulus, membrane efficiency and permeability), temperature and drilling fluid properties (e.g. mud density and chemical concentrations) on wellbore stability in shale formations have been investigated. Results from this study indicate that for low-permeability shales, chemical interactions between the shale and water-based fluids play an important role. Not only is the activity of the water important but the diffusion of ions is also a significant factor for saline fluids. The cooling of drilling fluids is found to be beneficial in preventing compressive failure. However, decreasing the mud temperature can be detrimental since it reduces the fracturing pressure of the formation, which can result in lost-circulation problems. The magnitude of thermal effects depends on shale properties, earth stresses and wellbore orientation and deviation. Conditions are identified when chemical and thermal effects play a significant role in determining the mud-weight window when designing drilling programmes for horizontal and deviated wells. The results presented in this paper will help in reducing the risks associated with wellbore instability and thereby lowering the overall non-productive times and drilling costs.     

矿产勘探与生产孔对接井施工与应用

采用螺杆钻受控定向钻进技术及水平井钻井技术，使地表两口相距数百米的井，以中半径水平井在地下深处对接，实现两井连通水溶采矿，着重介绍对接井施工技术及其在矿产开采中的应用。