新一代陆用MT观测系统

大地电磁法(MT)是地球深部探测的有效物探手段之一,也是当今地球物理工作者的研究热点。要实现MT探测,用于野外观测的仪器系统是基础,要求观测系统具有高可靠、高精度、多台同步、轻便等特点。通过集成嵌入式计算机、DTCXO、24位ADC、锂电池组等部件研制了采集主机,动态范围达119 d B(fs=2 400 Hz),功耗约1 600 m W,并配备了轻便的低噪声感应式磁传感器、低漂移电场传感器以及用于野外仪器自检的自检盒,在提高了仪器可靠性的同时也提高了野外数据采集质量和野外施工效率。多次室内及野外试验验证了本观测系统的可靠性、低功耗、轻便性及易用性,可满足陆地MT勘探施工的要求。     

原子吸收数据采集系统

本文描述了原子吸收数据采集系统。由单片机控制的数据通过RS-232接口传送给微机进行数据处理。最后由微机打印出被测样品的测量结果。     

MicrOBEM:小型海底电磁接收机

海底电磁接收机主要用于海底大地电磁与可控源电磁信号高精度观测。针对现有海底电磁接收机(OBEM-Ⅲ型)体积大、功耗大、成本高等不足,开展了小型化、低功耗、低成本方面的技术研究。MicrOBEM小型海底电磁接收机开发了新的低功耗控制单元、低功耗前置放大器,配置了低功耗磁通门传感器,采取先进的电源管理技术,使得整机功耗由现有海底电磁接收机(OBEM-Ⅲ型)的1 600 mW下降至500 mW(搭载感应式磁传感器配置)以内。针对传统的声学释放器昂贵、笨重(需要匹配更多的浮力材料)等问题,通过集成水声通讯模块,并增加外置的电腐蚀释放装置方式实现释放回收,MicrOBEM仅需一个直径为17 in(1 in=2.54 cm)的玻璃浮球作为浮体,大幅降低仪器的体积和硬件成本,提升了设备的集成度和作业效率。MicrOBEM的体积(不含测量臂等)相比OBEM-Ⅲ减少3/4,功耗减少2/3,成本降低1/2,并于2021年3月在南海南部开展了深水大地电磁试验,其大地电磁测量功能得到初步验证,具有小体积、低功耗、低成本的优势。     

投入式水位检测系统在煤田及水文勘探中的应用

由压力传感器、温度传感器、流量传感器、单片机和计算机共同组成投入式水位检测系统。在抽水试验过程中,单片机自动化采集各传感器传输来的数据,并根据压力传感器测得的压力数据运用水静力学基本方程式计算出动态水位;利用超声波流量计和热电偶一体化温度变送器测得瞬时流量和水温的变化情况;测试全过程实现了自动化动态采集试验数据,达到无人值守的目的。投入式水位检测系统克服了以往采取的响钟法等方法的操作繁琐、劳动强度大、测量误差大等缺欠,解决了大降深抽水试验水位监测的难题,使得几个人就可完成群井抽水试验,形成水位、流量和水温变化的数据库。现场应用表明,该系统测量精度高,运行状态良好,有一定的发展前景。     

基于MEMS与LwIP的煤矿三分量地震数据采集系统

针对当前煤矿地震数据采集传输系统中数据传输实时性差,数据传输量有限的问题,以及数据采集需要满足多波宽频的要求,设计了基于MEMS与LwIP的煤矿三分量全波地震数据采集系统。该系统由MEMS三分量检波器、数据采集单元、高性能防爆路由器、高性能嵌入式主机及采集控制软件、主机监控软件构成。采用MEMS加速度芯片VS1002作为检波器芯体,利用其高灵敏度、宽频带响应等特点;主机监控软件完成对全波采集单元监控、管理及简单的数据处理功能;全波数据采集单元实现了三分量地震信号的数据拾取、转换、存储和数据输出;系统采用分布式控制方式,可实现系统的灵活组合与拆分,提高了采集信号的质量,增强了在煤矿中的适用范围。实验结果表明:与常规地震采集系统相比,本系统具有抗干扰力强,响应频带宽的特点,可在恶劣环境条件下捕捉到频带较宽的地震信号。      

无线传感器网络监测中远程数据传输的GPRS实现

无线传感器网络在大面积监控如煤田火灾、煤田水位遥测中有着广阔的应用前景,其中将数据从监控点传输到监控中心是一个关键环节。为了解决远程数据传输问题,在无线传感器汇聚节点上添加了GPRS模块。传感器采集的信号传到汇聚节点,由单片机ATmega128控制,通过GPRS模块SIM100发送到GPRS网,最终送到与Internet相连的计算机终端。介绍了单片机的串口通信以及发送数据的过程,给出了部分程序,并对系统进行了测试。结果表明,该系统能够实现实时的数据传输。     

KC-SD 型现场多功能岩土数字化声测系统简介

该系统系以KC-85型便携式微处理机与SD-1型声波仪作主体组成的数字化声测系统。我们利用SD-1型声波仪具有A/D采样功能的特点,研制控制接口板及有关的软件,由微机控制采集离散声波振幅值及声时和有关的测量参数后,液晶屏幕显示采集的波形并通过四针绘图机绘出波形、振幅、波速及有关数据,并可连续循环进行数据采集。试验完毕打印绘出波速、振幅随孔深(或距离)的变化曲线,必要时亦可绘出声衰减系数随孔深的变化曲线,并可     

费氏台法岩组分析中数据的计算机采集和处理系统

本系统是显微组构要素的费氏台N.H.I三轴测定系统。它由三路角度传感器,PC-1500计算机及其费氏台数据采集装置组成。系统可完成对多种线、面要素的每一粒(次)测定过程的自动数据采集、实时成图处理。采集精度高(角度偏差≤0.5°,无累积偏差),成图精度高,速度快,工作适应性强,用户介入性好,系统性能稳定,使用方便,软件适应范围宽,是一种易于普及的岩组测定数据采集及处理系统。     

应用于静力触探中串行控制的数据采集系统

设计了应用于静力触探中的数据采集系统,给出了系统电路原理图并主要介绍了MAX132芯片及它的软件算法。该系统以AT89C2051单片机为控制核心,主要采用可编程的±18位串行A/D转换器MAX132进行数据采集并转换,通过RS232串行通信接口与上位机进行异步串行通信。     

基于移动设备的野外地质大数据智能采集和可视化技术

野外地质数据来源繁多、类型繁杂、数量巨大,但数据采集手段数字化程度不高、效率低,导致野外地质数据采集成为地学大数据获取的一个瓶颈。基于移动智能手机、平板电脑等移动设备的野外地质数据采集是一个趋势。基于移动设备的野外地质大数据智能采集技术,采用搭载Android系统的移动设备,利用传感器辅助编录、语音识别辅助编录、可定制字典辅助编录、界面自定义、相关联数据辅助编录等手段辅助野外数据快捷及智能化采集工作,并在野外利用采集的数据直接在Android设备上进行地质图件的绘制,实现数据的现场制图及可视化表达。重点针对野外钻孔数据在该系统上进行了数据采集测试和地质编录本的绘制,结果表明利用本方法,能够提高数据采集的工作效率和质量,并可以在现场直接进行地质图件的绘制。     

MEMS加速度传感器在矿用随钻轨迹测量系统中的误差校正

矿用随钻轨迹测量系统的工具面向角和倾角通常采用加速度传感器实现测量,然而由于传感器制作工艺、探管机械加工以及装配等因素使得工具面向角和倾角的测量出现误差。为了修正上述系统误差,首先介绍了随钻轨迹测量系统及其工作原理,进而分析了加速度传感器的误差产生,并建立了MEMS加速度传感器的误差模型;提出了一种基于三十六位置的加速度标定方法,并对其进行相应的测试。实验结果表明:建立的加速度误差模型在随钻轨迹测量系统中,倾角精度为0.2°,工具面向角精度为0.2°,且倾角和工具面向角之间相互影响较小,能够满足实际煤矿井下钻探工艺的精度需求。      

Coalescence of offset rock joints under biaxial loading

Crack coalescence in rock masses was studied by performing a series of biaxial compresion tests on specimens made of rock-like material. Specimens of size 63.5 × 27.9 × 20.3 cm, made of 72% silica sand, 16% cement (Type I) and 12% water by weight were tested. The joint inclination angle was maintained at 45°, while the offset angle i.e. angle between the plane of the joint and the line that connects the two inner tips of the joints, was changed from 0° to 90° with an increment of 15°. Three levels of lateral stress were used; 0.35 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.5 MPa on each sample. HP data acquisition system was used to record the data for each sample. In each sample, four LVDTs were fixed to measure the axial and lateral displacement along the sample. The failure mechanisms were monitored by eye inspection and a magnifier to detect crack initiation and propagation. For each test, the failure surfaces were investigated to determine the characteristics of each surface. Wing cracks initiated at the tip of the joint for the low confining stress applied, while at higher confining stresses wing cracks also initiated at the middle of the joint. Secondary cracks initiated at the tip of the joint due to shear stress. Three modes of failure took place due to coalescence of the secondary and wing cracks. The bridge inclination was the main variable that controlled the mode of failure. For bridge inclination of 0°, the coalescence occured due to shear failure and for bridge inclination of 90° the coalescence occurred due to tensile failure while for the other bridge inclinations coalescence occured due to mixed tensile and shear failure.     

A／D转换与地震仪的发展

地震数据采集具有采集点分布范围广、滚动搬移工作量大等特点，因此就需要一套体积小、重量轻、连线简单、供电方便、耗电量小的采集器。目前24位A／D型数字地震仪器已具备瞬时动态范围大、失真小、无零点漂移、系统规模大(带道能力)和软件功能强劲等特点。随着电子行业的飞速发展，A／D转换器等电子器件已发展成为高度模块化、智能化及高精度的绿色节能型芯片。其器件体积小、功耗低、集成度高、功能强，为地震数据采集仪器更新换代，实现低功耗、单道、小体积、高精度、高分辨率的数字化采集器创造了有利条件。     

高温钻孔测斜仪研制

针对高温高压干热岩钻井定位轨迹探测设备存在耐高温高压性能差、稳定性差、测量精度不高、电能消耗大等问题,研制一套高温钻孔测斜装置,解决高温高压多点连续钻孔测斜及测温问题。选择耐高温元器件,设计控制和测量电路;采用自动间歇供电方法,减少散热,降低功耗;设计保温探管、承压探管,利用ANSYS有限元软件对承压外管的屈服强度和保温探管的温度场与压力场进行耦合分析和校核。最后进行仿真测试和野外试验,根据测试数据表明,设备能在280℃和12 MPa高温高压环境条件下实现深井倾角、方位角、工具面向角及温度的测量。      

Mid‐Devonian movements in the Northeastern Lachlan Fold Belt

Calculations of the angular discordance between the Upper Devonian Lambie/Catombal Groups and underlying Lower Devonian formations at 130 separate locations in six areas in the northeastern Lachlan Fold Belt show that the unconformity is of a low angle except for one locality, near Limekilnes (100°). Fewer than 3% of the calculated angular discordances exceed 30°, and 73%” are less than 20°. Attempts to discover a mid‐Devonian fold direction from the restored orientation of the Lower Devonian beds, after the Upper Devonian beds have been rotated to horizontal, have been unsuccessful. Scatter of the restored bedding poles, either primary, or introduced by deformation or imprecision inherent in the measurement technique, camouflages any consistent mid‐Devonian fold axis.

Although there was demonstrable uplift, tilting, and erosion in the mid‐Devonian, limb dips on any mid‐Devonian folds do not exceed 30°. From consideration of our data, and the interpretation of angular unconformities, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence in the northeastern Lachlan Fold Belt to support an orogenic scheme in which the intense meridional deformation is synchronous with the major mid‐Devonian facies change, and part of a terminal orogeny. Only when the structures above, below and across unconformities have been mapped in some detail, will it be possible to define the nature and extent of any diastrophism that accompanied the formation of the unconformities.     

基于MEMS陀螺传感的测斜仪研制

针对目前矿井钻探的钻孔轨迹测量存在高温、高能耗问题,提出了间歇供电的无缆存储式测斜仪。硬件上采用MEMS陀螺仪和加速度传感器,软件上采用抗干扰、误差修正、温度补偿等校正措施。可用于地质灾害监测的成孔测量并记录方位角、倾角、工具面角、孔深等姿态参数。测量后,由上位机读出数据,显示轨迹图形。经仿真与模拟测试,该测斜仪具有功耗低、体积小、测量精度高、稳定性好等优点。      

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建工程——主要测试设施与数据自动化采集

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建,是由中国地质环境监测院主持的国家地下水监测工程中地下水均衡试验场的改建项目之一,由河南省环境地质监测院具体负责实施。科学技术的发展,为试验场观测数据采集的自动化奠定了良好基础。试验场数据采集需要自动化的有:3m高主杆气象站测试系统;太阳全辐射、太阳净辐射、太阳直射观测仪,E—601蒸发仪,5TM含水率、温度传感器,自动补水仪,负压测量仪。除后两项外,其他需要数据采集仪器已经市场化。后两项是作者的发明与实用专利。自动补水仪是用来模拟地下水位埋深的设备,它是以传统的马里奥特瓶补水原理为基础,采用控制电路使其可以自动补给因蒸发而消耗的水量,同时还可以记录降水的历时过程。负压测量是利用空气运动黏度约大于水运动黏度的15倍这一特性,即当水刚通过多孔瓷头时,气体不能通过多孔瓷头,据此设计了在包气带中能测定负压的传感器。数据采集则应用了惠斯登电桥平衡的补偿原理。由于控制、供电、采集数据的电缆过多,因此数据自动化采集系统应用了三级采集、逐级集成的方案。     

Reverse rotation of the accretion disk in RW Aur A: Observations and a physical model

Speckle interferometry of the young binary system RW Aur was performed with the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences using filters with central wavelengths of 550 nm and 800 nm and pass-band halfwidths of 20 nm and 100 nm, respectively. The angular separation of the binary components was 1.448?? ± 0.005?? and the position angle of the system was 255.9° ±0.3° at the observation epoch (JD 2 454 255.9). We find using published data that these values have been changing with mean rates of +0.002??/yr and +0.02°/yr, respectively, over the past 70 years. This implies that the direction of the orbital motion of the binary system is opposite to the direction of the disk rotation in RW Aur A. We propose a physical model to explain the formation of circumstellar accretion disks rotating in the reverse direction relative to young binary stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks. Our model can explain the characteristic features of the matter flow in RWAur A: the high accretion rate, small size of the disk around the massive component, and reverse direction of rotation.     

数字技术在航空伽马能谱仪中的应用

基于峰值采样保持的模拟能谱仪无法满足大尺寸多晶体高计数率的航空能谱测量。本系统采用了Y/U双通道数控增益放大器实现了谱漂的双16位分辨率调节范围,通过高速ADC与CPLD实现数字化能谱仪,在CPLD内部用VHDL语言编程实现基线恢复与峰高数据采集,保证了能量分辨率。结果表明:计数最大通过率大于100k/s,1 024道分辨率137Cs峰谱漂±1道,能量起始阈20 keV。实验证明本系统功耗低,性能可靠,体积小,可应用于航空能谱测量的场合。     

Announcement

This paper describes the results of a series of experiments carried out on card decks and foliated rock in order to study the nucleation and growth of kinks. Parameters varied in the experiments were confining pressure and the angle of inclination between the foliation and the direction of maximum shortening.The results showed that most kinks initiated as symmetric or monoclinal buckles which rapidly changed to an angular, stable form similar to that observed in nature. The amount of strain required to set up this stable geometry is small. The effect of increasing confining pressure is to diminish the size of the kinks while that of changing the angle of inclination of the foliation to the direction of maximum shortening is to modify the style of deformation from the development of a set of conjugate kinks at small angles (0 – 5°), to a single set of kinks at larger angles (5 – 15°), and, finally, to a combination of sliding along the foliation and kinking at the largest angles (15 – 30°) investigated.During this change in mode of deformation, the angular relationships between the kinks and the directions of the applied loads change systematically and graphs are presented which may be of use in relating the geometry of natural kinks to the principal stress directions.