小波函数对侧扫声纳图像滤波效果的影响分析

侧扫声纳技术应用日益广泛,已成为海洋测量的重要工具,而去除噪声处理是对侧扫声纳图像进行正确判读的前提。利用小波函数滤波处理的方法,分别采用Haar、Daubechies、Coiflets、Symlets、Discrete Meyer、Biorthogonal、Reverse Biorthogonal等小波函数与中值滤波函数对侧扫声纳图像进行处理,并以平滑指数和边缘保持指数为评价指标,对滤波效果进行定量比较。试验表明,小波函数可以有效地平滑声纳图像,并能保持其较好的边缘效果。     

一维小波变换在侧扫声纳图像去噪中的应用

针对侧扫声纳呯信号中的斑点噪声问题,采用一维离散小波变换对信号在各尺度分解,采用非极大值抑制技术平滑信号,并对各层小波系数模极大值进行阈值化处理抑制噪声,讨论了不同阈值对去噪效果的影响。结果表明,尺度因子和阈值的选择对原数据能量保持影响不大,但对噪声抑制效果影响大。文中算例均能较好地保持边缘,边缘保持指数均在0.5以上。     

侧扫声纳回波信号的增益控制

根据侧扫声纳回波信号的特点，提出了在工程上易实现的增益控制的方法，已在设备研制项目中得到应用。     

高分辨率测深侧扫声纳

文中介绍了由中国科学院声学研究所和美国亚迪技术开发（上海）有限公司联合设计和制造的高分辨率测深侧扫声纳,它能够同时获得高分辨率的海底地形和地貌。该声纳由电子分机和分别安装在载体左右两侧的两条声纳阵组成,最大工作水深6000m。声纳阵由一条发射线阵和10条间距为λ／2的接收线阵组成,λ为声波波长,其中8条线阵接收声信号,两边的两条为哑元。声纳的多子阵海底自动检测-子空间拟合信号处理方法能克服水声信道多途和复杂海底的影响,正确检测到海底的直达回波。2003年11月和2004年7月,声纳在中国浙江千岛湖进行两次长时间的湖试,获得了高分辨率湖底等深线图和地貌图,正确检测出湖底边长为0．5m立方体目标的高度。     

侧扫声纳图像增强技术

随着海洋探测技术的飞速发展,侧扫声纳的图像质量和定位精度迅速提高,其应用日益广泛和深入。在声纳图像判读分析时,常常需要进行辐射改正和均衡增强。根据海底地貌声纳图像的特点,归纳了几种有效、适用的图像增强方法,并建立了声纳图像分析软件。     

侧扫声纳数据的格式转换及应用

通过读取Qmips和XTF两种声纳数据格式，将其转换成通用的图像格式，用于图像的显示、分析和处理。介绍了声纳数据格式转换为Tiff及GeoTiff的方法，以及与数据格式相关的地理信息内容的获取，转换后的图像因其格式的头信息不同而显示结果不同。     

侧扫声纳系统成图中的位移、变形和噪声问题

侧扫声纳声图判读的正确性和准确性对海洋工程的实施和维护中具有非常重要的作用。但诸多影响因素的存在使得声纳声图不能真实反映海底状况。了解这些因素，并在判读过程中尽可能消除其影响，以达到正确和准确判读是非常有意义的。本文将这些影响因素按照作用结果分为位移、变形和噪声3个大类，并对其校正或消除方法进行讨论。     

侧扫声纳探测中物标相关信息的研究

在侧扫声纳作业过程中,充分利用探测目标及其周围环境的相关信息,合理制订扫测方案,可以大大提高扫测搜寻效率,充分降低误判、漏判现象的发生。通过作者在多年实际工作中遇到的问题和取得的经验,阐述作者的上述观点,为以后工作提供一些经验和借鉴。     

侧扫声纳声线反射和折射干扰的实验分析

介绍了侧扫声纳由自身声源反射和折射衍生的两种干扰波的形成机理,提出以绘制声线图进行分析的研究方法,着重通过海上实作验证了温度跃层产生的声线弯曲对声纳的影响特点,为外业工作的设计和施测提供了几点建议。     

C3D测深侧扫声纳探测系统综述

对C3D测深侧扫声纳系统的构成、工作原理、性能、优点、应用等进行了介绍,对基于C3D构建水下探测系统和工程实践进行了研究,对C3D数据处理工具和方法进行了探讨,对C3D的优势、不足和应用前景进行了总结。实测表明,C3D是一款性能优越能够满足多种水下工程需要的声纳探测系统。     

一种联合单波束测深的侧扫声呐海底线提取方法

论述了侧扫声呐的成像原理,针对目前常用侧扫声呐系统数据采集的相关特性,结合实际工程应用,提出了一种联合单波束测深的侧扫声呐海底线提取新方法,以便在数据后处理时进行快速准确地斜距改正。利用实测数据验证了该方法的有效性,并与成熟商用软件的提取结果和阈值法提取结果进行对比分析,结果表明该方法具有一定的可行性和优势。     

侧扫声呐探测数据管理系统设计与实现

侧扫声呐调查获得的数据是一类格式特殊、类型多样、结构复杂、数据量庞大、包含信息丰富的数据,设计和建屯侧扫声呐数据管理系统是数据深层次应用和共享的前提.针对侧扫声呐数据的特点,本文将侧扫声呐获得的完整数据体系规划为原始数据层、标准化数据层、目标数据层和元数据层4个层次,设计并开发了侧扫声呐数据管理系统,整个管理系统包括原...     

国内外侧扫声纳测量标准比较研究

由于侧扫声纳应用领域不断扩大,用户要求不断提高,国际海道测量组织和世界测量技术发达国家相继发布了各自的新版测量规范和标准。本文将我国侧扫声纳现行测量标准与国际相关标准在系统探测能力、测线布设、数据采集、质量控制等方面进行比较详细的分析比较,指出了我国侧扫声纳测量规范在测线布设、数据采集要求等方面的不足,旨在推进我国测量标准尽快实现与国际接轨。     

Active learning for detection of mine-like objects in side-scan sonar imagery

A data-adaptive algorithm is presented for the selection of the basis functions and training data used in classifier design with application to sensing mine-like targets with a side-scan sonar. Automatic detection of mine-like targets using side-scan sonar imagery is complicated by the variability of the target, clutter, and background signatures. Specifically, the strong dependence of the data on environmental conditions vitiates the assumption that one may perform a priori algorithm training using separate side-scan sonar data collected previously. In this paper, a novel active-learning algorithm is developed based on kernel classifiers with the goal of enhancing detection/classification of mines without requiring an a priori training set. It is assumed that divers and/or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) may be used to determine the binary labels (target/clutter) of a small number of signatures from a given side-scan collection. These sets of signatures and associated labels are then used to train a kernel-based algorithm with which the remaining side-scan signatures are classified. Information-theoretic concepts are used to adaptively construct the form of the kernel classifier and to determine which signatures and associated labels would be most informative in the context of algorithm training. Using measured side-looking sonar data, the authors demonstrate that the number of signatures for which labels are required (via diver/UUV) is often small relative to the total number of potential targets in a given image. This procedure designs the detection/classification algorithm on the observed data itself without requiring a priori training data and also allows adaptation as environmental conditions change.     

A fiber optic recording oscilloscope for the display of side-scan sonar and seismic data

Fibre optic recording oscilloscopes may be used to improve the display and reproduction of marine seismic data. The potential of the system includes the reproduction of true plan acoustic mosaics with compensation for skew or yawing and correction of slant range distortion, and sparker record improvement by printing, for example, on transparency for optical Fourier filtering to remove multiples.     

Sea-bed characterisation and classification from the power spectra of side-scan sonar data

This work is concerned with the automatic characterisation and classification of the sea-bed for side-scan sonar trace power-spectra.A parametric model of side-scan sonar trace power-spectra is developed from the equation for the magnitude frequency response of a Butterworth filter. The model's parameters are optimised to give a least squares fit with observed spectra. Three of the optimised parameters are used to define features.     

Geometric distortions in side-scan sonar images: a procedure fortheir estimation and correction

A procedure is introduced for the estimation and correction of geometric distortions frequently observed in side-scan sonar images as a result of motion instabilities of the sonar towfish. This procedure estimates geometric distortions from the image itself, without requiring navigational or altitude measurements. Estimates of the local degree of geometric distortion are obtained by cross-correlating segments of adjacent lines of the image. A mathematical model for the distortions is derived from the geometry of the problem and is applied to these estimates to reconstruct the sampling pattern on the seabed, under the assumption of a planar bottom. The estimated sampling pattern is then used for resampling the image to correct the geometric distortions. The model parameters may also be used for calculating approximate estimates of the attitude parameters of the towfish. A simulation is employed to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique and examples of its application to high-resolution side-scan sonar images are provided     

Interference fringes on GLORIA side-scan sonar images from the Bering Sea and their implications

GLORIA side-scan sonographs from the Bering Sea Basin show a complex pattern of interference fringes sub-parallel to the ship's track. Surveys along the same trackline made in 1986 and 1987 show nearly identical patterns. It is concluded from this that the interference patterns are caused by features in the shallow subsurface rather than in the water column. The fringes are interpreted as a thin-layer interference effect that occurs when some of the sound reaching the seafloor passes through it and is reflected off a subsurface layer. The backscattered sound interferes (constructively or desctructively) with the reflected sound. Constructive/destructive interference occurs when the difference in the length of the two soundpaths is a whole/half multiple of GLORIA's 25 cm wavelength. Thus as range from the ship increases, sound moves in and out of phase causing bands of greater and lesser intensity on the GLORIA sonograph. Fluctuations (or wiggles) of the fringes on the GLORIA sonographs relate to changes in layer thickness. In principle, a simple three dimensional image of the subsurface layer may be obtained using GLORIA and bathymetric data from adjacent (parallel) ship's tracks. These patterns have also been identified in images from two other systems; SeaMARC II (12 kHz) long-range sonar, and TOBI (30 kHz) deep-towed sonar. In these, and other cases world-wide, the fringes do not appear with the same persistence as those seen in the Bering Sea.     

Interpretation of GLORIA side-scan sonar imagery for the Coriolis Troughs of the New Hebrides backarc

The Coriolis backarc troughs in southern Vanuatu are elongate, rhomboidal depressions with steep walls and flat floors, formed by extension. The Futuna Trough is relatively immature and, like Erromango Basin, shows no recent volcanism. Vate Trough is most developed, and its floor is largely covered by lava fields. Between Vate and Banks Islands, the backarc has three distinct characters: in the south it is sediment-draped; centrally, either lava projects through sediment cover or the area is covered by slide debris; in the north, a steep escarpment may result from collision of the arc with the D'Entrecasteaux Ridge.     

基于中值滤波加权修正的多波束声呐测深数据趋势面滤波方法

针对传统趋势面滤波方法中多项式拟合曲面系数向量的求取和作为阈值的均方根误差的求取都受到异常数据的影响,使该方法在异常测深数据较多的情况下滤波效果不佳的问题,提出了一种中值滤波加权修正的改进方法。在构造趋势面之前,对水深数据进行加权修正,以前后两次修正后数据的拟合优度的变化量作为是否进行下一步水深修正的依据,利用最终修正后的水深数据求取多项式拟合曲面系数向量和均方根误差,大幅降低了异常数据的影响,具有很强的抗差性。经仿真模拟数据和多波束实测数据滤波试验,该方法在异常数据较多的情况下依然良好,能够保持良好的滤波效果,明显优于传统趋势面滤波;同时,该方法能够保持较高的运算效率,适用于海量多波束测深数据的自动滤波。