原油污染对栉孔扇贝抗氧化酶活性的影响

以原油水溶性成分(water soluble fraction of crude oil,WSF)为污染物,采用暴露实验法,研究了栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)鳃和消化腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性的变化.结果表明,WSF污染下,鳃和消化腺组织SOD和CAT酶活性随暴露时间增加一般表现为降低-升高-降低的趋势,酶活性达到最高的时间随浓度不同而变化.第1天时消化腺SOD在0.08 mg/L浓度下被诱导,而后随时间增加表现为抑制效应;浓度为0.21和0.88 mg/L时消化腺SOD酶活性被抑制,随暴露时间延长而活性增加.暴露时间为4d时,石油烃浓度在0.08和0.88 mg/L时鳃组织SOD酶活性均被抑制,而浓度为0.21 mg/L时被诱导.消化腺和鳃组织SOD可以作为扇贝被污染胁迫的指标.     

环境因子对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性的影响

采用分光光度法研究了环境因子对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）血淋巴中谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）活性的影响。结果表明,血清和血细胞中都存在GST,且血细胞中酶活力高于血清。血细胞中GST的适宜温度范围是20～35℃,最适温度为30℃,在60℃时酶活力完全丧失。该酶的适宜pH为7—8,最适pH为7．5。将血细胞裂...     

华贵栉孔扇贝主要经济性状对闭壳肌重的影响效果分析

闭壳肌是华贵栉孔扇贝Chlamys nobilis (Reeve)的产品形式,它的大小成为选择育种的一个重要目标性状,由于其不易测性给选育工作带来困难.采用多元回归和通径分析来了解各经济性状对闭壳肌重的影响程度,从而找出与闭壳肌重的关联度最大的性状作为选育目标性状是本研究的目的.随机挑取同一养殖群体中的152只1龄华贵栉孔扇贝,对其壳长、壳高、壳宽、铰合线长、活体重、软体部重和闭壳肌重等7个性状进行测定并计算性状间的相关系数.以闭壳肌重为依变量,其它性状为自变量进行多元回归和通径分析,计算出对应的通径系数和决定系数.结果表明,7个性状间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);通径分析表明软体部重对闭壳肌重的直接影响最大(0.712),其次是壳宽(0.394),其它经济性状对闭壳肌重的影响是通过软体部重、壳宽来间接实现的;决定系数分析表明其结果与通径分析呈现一致的变化趋势.经多元回归分析,逐步剔除偏回归系数不显著的壳高和铰合线长,建立了壳长、壳宽、活体重和软体部重对闭壳肌重的回归方程:Y=-4.403+0.032X1+0.243X2-0.035X3+0.228X4,R2=0.856.本研究为华贵栉孔扇贝的选择育种提供理论依据.     

论海洋无脊椎动物染色体操作过程中中心体对细胞分裂和倍性的影响

根据对中心体研究的最新进展，着重论述了杂色体组操作过程中中心体对细胞分裂和倍性的影响。在海洋无脊椎动物多倍体育种中，其染色体组的加倍多是通过抑制细胞分裂实现的，然而正是在此操作的同时也改变了细胞中中心体的数目。在双中心粒中心体细胞中，由于中心体数目的变化将直接影响到下一次细胞分裂中期纺锤体的极性（单极、双极或多极），进而影响到姊妹染色体的分离及细胞的分裂和倍性。深入仔细地开展有关这方面的研究，不仅可以揭示细胞分裂的许多奥密，而且可以为海洋无脊椎动物染色体组工程的研究提供细胞学基础，达到事半功倍的效果。     

多氯联苯(PCB1254)对栉孔扇贝消化盲囊和鳃丝抗氧化系统及脂质过氧化水平的影响

本实验研究了浓度梯度为0.5,1.0,和10.0μg/L的多氯联苯化舍物(PCB1254)处理30d栉孔扇贝消化盲囊和鳃丝SOD,CAT和GPx活性和脂质过氧化水平的变化.研究结果表明:低浓度组(0.5μg/L和1.0μg/L)的抗氧化酶活力能够被PCB1254显著的诱导,但是在高浓度组,抗氧化酶快速被诱导升高然后随着...     

栉孔扇贝体内类支原体样生物的分离纯化

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)是我国北方诸省传统的一种养殖贝类.自20世纪90年代以来,北方海域养殖的栉孔扇贝灾难性的死亡事件屡有发生,1997年最甚.该贝一般呈现两个死亡高峰期:其一为春季(3～5月)死亡,在有些海区死亡率达50%以上;其二为夏季高温期(6～9月)死亡,一般在持续27℃以上高温天气(如在8月)死亡尤为严重,此期内死亡率高达80%以上,甚至有的海区100%死亡[1]1).     

Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo(a)pyrene exposure

Industrial activities, notably oil and gas industries, are expanding in the Arctic. Most of the biomarkers were developed using temperate organisms living at temperatures above 10 °C. Little is known about the biomarker responses of organisms living between −1.88 and 5 °C. Therefore, assessment of the toxicity of chemicals to cold-water adapted species is required. In this study, the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, was selected as a key species for bio-monitoring because of wide distribution in Arctic waters and its commercial value. Test animals, stored in seawater at 2 °C, were injected with benzo(a)pyrene (diluted in cod liver oil 5 mg ml⁻¹) in the adductor muscle every 24 h for four days giving a final dose of 0, 74 and 90.6 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight for control, low and high dose, respectively. The biomarkers used were total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) in the digestive gland and cell membrane stability of haemocytes. TOSC values were significantly reduced (ca. 30%) in exposed groups (P<0.05), indicating a depletion in oxyradical molecular scavengers. The antioxidant defences appeared to be overwhelmed by the reactive oxygen species as the plasma membranes of haemocytes were destabilised (P<0.05) probably due to lipid peroxidation. These data indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced by Arctic scallops via the metabolisation of benzo(a)pyrene at 2 °C.     

不同积温情况下栉孔扇贝雌性生殖腺中磷脂、核酸及水分的含量变化

为研究某些生化组分与栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)雌性生殖腺成熟情况的关系,在亲贝促熟的后期,对不同积温情况下栉孔扇贝雌性生殖腺中的磷脂、核酸及水分的含量进行测定。结果表明,磷脂含量、RNA/DNA值及水分含量均随着积温升高(从210℃到300℃)而增加,但成熟的卵子一经产出后,雌性生殖腺中的磷脂含量、RNA/DNA值及水分含量均降到最低。组织切片的结果表明雌性生殖腺中的卵子在成熟过程中体积明显增大,以至于滤泡中充分成熟的卵子被挤压成不规则形状,细胞核的核膜和核仁在卵子排出去之前一般都消失。成熟卵子产出后的滤泡中出现空泡,未能排出的卵子部分被滤泡吸收,形态模糊。     

Application of the first internal transcribed spacer(ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA as a molecular marker to population analysis in farrer''s scallop Chlamys farreri

Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA （ ITS - 1 ） was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter＇ s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA （analysis of molecular variance） showed that the majority （96.26%） of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 （ = 0.042）, indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.     

Comparisons between the influences of habitat, body size and season on the dietary composition of the sparid Acanthopagrus latus in a large marine embayment

Seasonal samples from Shark Bay on the west coast of Australia were used to determine (1) the habitats occupied by the juveniles and adults of Acanthopagrus latus in this large subtropical marine embayment and (2) the extent to which the dietary composition of this sparid is influenced by habitat type, body length and season. Sampling was undertaken in two habitat types in which A. latus was known to be abundant, namely mangrove (Avicennia marina) creeks and nearby rocky areas, the latter comprising sandstone boulders and/or limestone reefs. The mean total length ±95% CLs of A. latus was far lower in mangrove creeks, 126 ± 6.1 mm, than in rocky areas, 313 ± 4.7 mm. As A. latus attains maturity at ca. 245 mm, the juveniles of this species typically occupy mangrove areas and then, with increasing body size, move to nearshore rocky areas, where they become adults. The species composition of the food ingested by juvenile A. latus in mangrove creeks differed markedly from that of large juveniles and adults in rocky areas. Based on analyses of data for both habitat types combined, this difference was far greater than that between size classes and season, which was negligible. There were indications, however, that, overall within each habitat, the dietary composition did change seasonally, although not with body size. Acanthopagrus latus fed predominantly on mangrove material, sesarmid crabs and small gastropods in mangrove habitats, and mainly on Brachidontes ustulatus in rocky areas, where this mytilid bivalve is very abundant. The mangrove material, which contributed nearly 40% of its overall dietary volume in mangrove creeks, consisted mainly of lateral root primordia. This apparently unique food source for a teleost is presumably ingested through subsurface nipping, which would be facilitated by the mouth and dentitional characteristics of sparids. The almost total lack of correspondence in the dietary compositions of fish in the length class that was well represented in both mangrove and rocky areas illustrates the extent to which this sparid is capable of opportunistic feeding behaviour.     

温度和体质量对仿刺参消化道排空时间和排便量的影响

实验测定了不同体质量的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka))在不同温度条件下, 消化道的排空时间、排便量和排便率。按仿刺参体质量大小分设10 g ± 0.5 g、40 g ± 2.0 g 和70 g ± 3.5 g 三个体质量组, 以及6、9、12、15、18、21 ℃共6 个温度梯度。结果表明, 各体质量组仿刺参的排空时间均随温度的升高, 具有先增大后减小的趋势, 10 g ± 0.5 g 和40 g ± 2.0 g 组分别在12 和15 ℃时排空时间最长, 且在9～15℃时差异不显著(P＞0.05), 但显著大于其他温度组(P＜0.05), 70 g ± 3.5 g 组仿刺参在12 ℃时的排空时间达各组最大值36.4 h。在6、18 和21 ℃温度条件下, 仿刺参的排空时间随体质量的增大总体呈增长趋势, 各温度组仿刺参的排便量均随体质量的增大而增加。仿刺参的个体排便率随体质量的增加而增大, 而单位体质量排便率多数随体质量增大而减小。10 g ± 0.5 g 和40 g ± 2.0 g 组的排便率均在6 ℃时最高, 70 g ± 3.5 g 组在9 ℃时达最高, 然后降低。温度和体质量对仿刺参排空时间和排便量均有极显著的影响(P＜0.01), 二者的交互作用对排空时间的影响也是极为显著的(P＜0.01),但对排便量的影响不显著(P＞0.05)。     

温度、pH和金属离子对仿刺参蛋白酶活力影响的研究

利用分光光度计比色法测定了温度、pH值和Hg2 等9种金属离子对体长24.2cm±0.7cm仿刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)消化道中蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃,对热不稳定,最适pH为7.2。Hg2 ,Mn2 ,Ag ,Pb2 ,Ba2 ,Ca2 对蛋白酶的活性有抑制作用,抑制作用由强至弱依次为Hg2 >Ag >Mn2 >Pb2 >Ca2 >Ba2 ,其中Hg2 和Ag 与对照差异极显著(P﹤0.01),表现出极强的抑制作用;Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Mg2 则对酶活有一定的促进作用,其促进作用大小依次为Mg2 >Zn2 >Cu2 ,Mg2 与对照差异显著(P﹤0.05)。     

生物和非生物因子对秋季海州湾长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响

根据2011年和2013−2018年秋季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深、资源密度、饵料生物等生物和非生物因子数据,开展长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index, HSI)模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明：海州湾长蛇鲻在秋季最适宜栖息的底层水温范围为17.5～18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3～32.0,最适水深范围为24～37 m;选择其3种主要饵料生物作为生物因子,即枪乌贼(Loligo spp.)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)和六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema),与底层水温、底层盐度和水深共同作为影响因子建立HSI模型。结果显示,对长蛇鲻空间分布总偏差贡献率最高的是饵料因子,其次是水深和底层水温。通过交叉验证发现,运用算术平均算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)。研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布在34.5°～36°N,119°～121°E之间,其中35°～36°N海域的最适栖息地分布范围大,而且从近岸至远海,HSI指数有增加的趋势。