扬子地块西北缘~2.09 Ga和~1.76 Ga花岗质岩石:Columbia超大陆聚合-裂解的岩浆记录

扬子地块保存了较多与Columbia超大陆演化有关的岩石记录,但是其聚合-裂解过程、在超大陆重建中的位置等还存在较大争论.对扬子地块西北缘碑坝地区马元花岗闪长岩和白玉钾长花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究.测年结果表明,上述花岗质岩石分别形成于~2 090 Ma和~1 760 Ma.地球化学组成上,马元~2 090 Ma花岗闪长岩受蚀变影响,表现出强过铝质的特点,微量元素低Sr、Cr、Ni,高Y和Yb,相对富集轻稀土、亏损高场强元素,与钙碱性花岗质岩石相似,锆石ε_Hf（t）值为+0.91~+2.59;白玉~1 760 Ma钾长花岗岩高Si,富碱,低Al、Mg、Mn和P,A/CNK值在0.96~1.04之间,微量元素富集Th、Zr、Hf,相对富集Nb、Ta,贫Sr,稀土元素总量高,轻稀土富集,轻重稀土之间分异明显,并表现出强烈的负Eu异常,10 000×Ga/Al值为3.30~3.73,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量为797×10-6~1 495×10-6,锆石饱和温度高达897~939℃,表现出A型花岗岩的特点,锆石ε_Hf（t）值为-13.58~-10.29.结合锆石微量元素、氧逸度及前人研究成果表明,马元2 090~2 080 Ma花岗质岩石最有可能形成于岩浆弧的环境,存在新生和古老地壳物质两种岩浆来源,而白玉1 790~1 760 Ma A型花岗岩形成于陆内裂谷盆地,来源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融,它们分别是Columbia超大陆聚合-裂解在扬子地块的地质响应.综合区域地球物理和岩浆-变质事件的成果,表明扬子地块可能位于Columbia超大陆的边部,与Laurentia克拉通相连.      

中亚造山带东部微陆块在Columbia—Rodinia超大陆演化中的岩浆—沉积记录

中亚造山带东部分布有多个具有前寒武纪基底的微陆块（额尔古纳、兴安、松嫩和佳木斯地块）,其上存在大量元古宙地质记录,包括2. 5~2. 4 Ga、1. 8 Ga、1. 5~1. 4 Ga、0. 9~0. 6 Ga岩浆事件和中—新元古代沉积序列,它们是回答微陆块与Columbia和Rodinia超大陆演化联系和地球中年期演化的关键对象。额尔古纳、兴安和松嫩地块发育相似的2. 5~1. 8 Ga基底岩石且其间缺少古老的蛇绿岩,它们可能构成了一个联合陆块,其陆核至少在2. 7 Ga前已经形成,从华北克拉通北部裂解出去并在其周缘演化,2. 5 Ga和1. 8 Ga经历了洋陆俯冲作用,未参与克拉通化过程。1. 87~1. 80 Ga岩浆作用很可能是Columbia超大陆周缘俯冲带作用于古老的微陆块之下的产物;兴安地块西部和白乃庙岛弧带1. 45~1. 32 Ga A型花岗岩—流纹岩组合及其向陆缘Hf同位素持续亏损的趋势与劳伦南部Granite—Rhyolite Province和波罗的克拉通西南Fennoscandia十分相似,可能是Columbia超大陆周缘俯冲后撤伸展的产物,俯冲后撤和陆下地幔上涌共同促进了Columbia超大陆的伸展和裂解。兴安地块西部发育岩石组合、碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素变化与格林威尔造山有关的同碰撞和碰撞后沉积序列相似的沉积地层,而且碎屑锆石微量元素和Hf同位素随时代的系统性变化也揭示了1. 10~0. 98 Ga地壳明显加厚,伴有大量古老地壳物质重熔,0. 9~0. 8 Ga地壳持续减薄,以古老地壳再造为主,这与Rodinia超大陆聚合阶段格林威尔造山（1080~980 Ma）及随后的垮塌伸展过程基本吻合。松嫩地块东北部954 Ma正长花岗岩很可能是松嫩与佳木斯地块陆—陆碰撞后阶段沉积岩部分熔融的产物,可能代表了Rodinia超大陆碰撞聚合在中亚造山带东部的响应。超大陆周缘前进式俯冲引发佳木斯地块与松嫩—兴安—额尔古纳联合陆块在954 Ma前碰撞拼贴,同时在外缘的佳木斯地块上产生953~939 Ma中钾—高钾钙碱性基性—中性—酸性岩组合,920~880 Ma在各地块上广泛发育中酸性钙碱性岩浆作用。从850 Ma开始,后撤式俯冲导致大量高温的钙碱性酸性岩、双峰式岩浆岩组合产出于松嫩和额尔古纳地块上,直至777 Ma和697 Ma之前开始不断裂解产生古牡丹江洋和古新林洋,而且790~560 Ma期间在额尔古纳地块西北缘、松嫩地块东缘均发育被动大陆边缘沉积,记录了Rodinia超大陆的聚合、伸展—裂解过程。另外,中亚造山带东部乃至全球其他块体上大量1. 5~1. 3 Ga和1. 0~0. 7 Ga与超大陆聚合、伸展—裂解有关的“低谷期”地质记录被不断发掘出来,暗示了地球中年期并不是前人认为的构造宁静期。     

扬子北缘晚古元古代A型花岗质岩:Columbia超大陆裂解的证据

为约束扬子陆块晚古元古代构造演化历史,以华山观岩体的钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩为研究对象,开展地球化学、年代学、全岩Nd同位素及锆石Hf同位素分析。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩的结晶年龄分别为1860±12 Ma(MSWD=0.69)和1832±14 Ma(MSWD=0.48)。两类岩石都显示铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学特征,一致的ε_(Hf)(t)值(-10.9～-13.8)及其二阶段模式年龄(2962～3183 Ma),揭示其由同一套太古宙的地壳部分熔融形成。综合已有ε_(Hf)(t)值资料,表明扬子陆块广泛存在两套太古宙长英质地壳(3.0～3.5 Ga; 3.5～3.9 Ga),为华山观两类花岗岩的岩浆形成提供了物源。华山观岩体两类花岗岩的锆石饱和温度揭示源岩位于较深的地壳,且二长花岗岩的形成有更多热源的参与。结合扬子陆块同期(～1.85Ga)A型花岗岩的地球化学数据,认为华山观钾长花岗岩具有后碰撞A_2型花岗岩的特征,形成于后碰撞伸展环境,而华山观二长花岗岩具有A_1型花岗岩的地球化学特征,暗示造山后伸展到陆内裂谷过渡的构造背景,可能与Columbia超大陆裂解有关。     

滇西南大红山群变火山-沉积岩地球化学属性、年代格架及其构造意义

云南新平地区大红山群出露于扬子地块西南缘,主要由低绿片岩相-角闪岩相变质的火山-沉积岩组成。大红山群的岩石成因、年代格架及其形成的构造背景缺乏系统研究,制约了地质学家们全面认识和理解扬子西南缘<~1.75 Ga的构造演化历史。本文以大红山群底部老厂河组变沉积岩及其内部变火山岩夹层为重点研究对象,开展岩相学、全岩地球化学和锆石U-Pb定年等综合研究。岩石地球化学研究结果表明,变沉积岩的化学成分与大陆上地壳沉积物成分接近,原岩为成熟度较高的泥岩/页岩,未经历沉积再循环,形成于被动大陆边缘的构造背景;变火山岩原岩化学成分相当于钙碱性过铝质A型流纹岩,形成于造山后的大陆裂谷拉张环境。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,老厂河组变沉积岩的碎屑锆石记录了2.3~2.2 Ga和1.9~1.75 Ga两个主年龄峰以及2.7~2.6 Ga次年龄峰。结合前人研究结果,表明大红山群物源主要来源于扬子地块西南缘的太古宙-古元古代基底岩石。变火山岩样品的岩浆锆石核部记录了1 713~1 711 Ma的年龄,应代表老厂河组原岩的形成时代,锆石的变质增生边限定峰期变质时代为约843 Ma。综合前人研究结果表明,大红山群普遍经历了849~837 Ma的新元古代变质事件。综上所述,扬子地块西南缘的大红山群完好记录了与Columbia超大陆裂解有关的非造山岩浆活动,新元古代变质事件可能与Rodinia超大陆裂解和聚合过程密切相关。     

扬子陆核古元古代A型花岗岩的年代学与地球化学研究及其构造意义

以侵入于宜昌崆岭杂岩中的圈椅埫花岗岩体为研究对象,系统研究了其年代学和地球化学特征,并据此对岩石成因和扬子陆核古元古代构造演化过程进行探讨。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,圈椅埫花岗岩形成年龄为(1 822±44) Ma,说明其为扬子陆核古元古代岩浆活动产物。地球化学研究表明,该花岗岩体富Si,贫Al、Mg,微量元素组成上富集Rb、Th,具有Eu、Ba、Sr和高场强元素的负异常。岩石具有高Ga/Al比值和(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)含量,其锆石饱和温度计算值较高(＞862 ℃),综合地质地球化学特征表明该岩体应属铝质A型花岗岩。岩体的εNd(t)值在-12.4~-10.3之间变化,对应两阶段Nd同位素模式年龄值为3.3~3.2 Ga,暗示岩体可能形成于扬子陆核深部古老的长英质地壳物质在后碰撞伸展构造背景低压、高温条件下部分熔融。结合前人已有的研究成果,认为其可能与区域上2.0~1.9 Ga板块碰撞造山后发生的由碰撞挤压向伸展作用的构造转换作用有关。扬子陆核古元古代构造岩浆事件与全球范围内2.1~1.8 Ga的与Columbia超大陆演化有关的碰撞造山-裂解事件时间吻合,表明扬子陆核可能是Columbia超大陆的重要组成部分之一。     

西大别~2.0 Ga变质花岗岩的发现及其Hf同位素特征

扬子陆块广泛存在2.10～1.90 Ga构造热事件的年代学信息,然而在大别地区该时期的岩浆岩体尚未报道,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,对西大别金盘岩体的变质花岗岩开展了锆石年代学和Hf同位素分析。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示变质花岗岩的结晶年龄为(2022±17)Ma(MSWD=2.3),代表了大别造山带古元古代的岩浆活动记录。锆石的εHf(t)值(-10.6～-7.6)及其二阶模式年龄(2.96～3.12 Ga)表明该岩体来源于古老陆壳的再造。综合已有Hf同位素资料,扬子陆块北缘广泛发育2.95～3.18 Ga太古宙地壳,为该类花岗岩的岩浆形成提供了物源。金盘岩体形成于古元古代碰撞造山作用时期(2.03～1.93 Ga),可能指示了Columbia超大陆聚合在大别地区的响应。该～2.0 Ga花岗岩体的识别,为研究大别造山带早前寒武纪构造岩浆事件的演化序列提供了新的资料。     

北京密云环斑花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素及其地质意义

密云岩体位于华北克拉通东部,由环斑花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩组成,是典型 A 型环斑花岗岩岩体之一。锆石的 LA-ICPMS U-Pb 年代学研究表明,密云环斑花岗岩形成于1681±10Ma 和1679±10Ma,而围岩片麻岩的原岩形成于2521±14Ma。锆石的 LA-MC-ICPMS Hf 同位素研究表明,太古代片麻岩来源于亏损地幔物质的部分熔融,从而表明2.5 Ca 是华北克拉通地壳重要的生长期;环斑花岗岩中锆石 Hf 同位素组成为δ_(Hf)(t)=～-5,两阶段模式年龄为 T_(DM2)=2.6～2.8Ga,表明它们来源于太古代新生地壳的部分熔融,密云环斑花岗岩侵位于华北克拉通大陆裂解、伸展环境,可能与全球古元古代未期Columbia 超大陆的裂解有关。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗中元古代片麻状花岗岩的成因及大地构造意义

内蒙古锡林浩特地块位于兴蒙造山带中部,地块前寒武纪岩系由宝音图群和片麻状花岗岩等组成。锡林浩特地块~1.4Ga片麻状花岗质岩石的发现为古老地块提供了佐证,但其岩石成因及大地构造意义不清。苏尼特左旗地区中元古代花岗岩主要由片麻状正长花岗岩和片麻状二长花岗岩组成。4件样品的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄为1373~1399Ma,属中元古代中期。片麻状花岗岩具有高硅、富碱、K2O/Na2O比值>1和过铝质等特征,并且稀土总量高、Eu负异常明显、轻稀土富集且重稀土亏损,属于A2- 型花岗岩。总体具有弱亏损的同位素组成,全岩εNd(t)除一个样品为负值(-0.2)以外,均为较小正值(+0.3~+1.0),两阶段Nd模式年龄tDM2 为1.88~1.97Ga,锆石εHf(t)值均为正值(+0.8~+11.1),tDM2 大多介于1.45~2.17Ga之间,表明主要源于古元古代末期新生地壳的部分熔融。区域上~1.4 Ga钾质花岗岩类的广泛出现表明为一次陆壳伸展作用引发构造岩浆事件,它是对全球哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的响应,锡林浩特地块中元古代(~1.4Ga)A- 型花岗岩的发现表明中元古代中期华北克拉通和锡林浩特地块同处于大陆伸展的构造环境。     

越南西北部Posen花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成特征

本文报道出露于越南西北部的Posen花岗岩岩体锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成特征,讨论岩石成因和该地区新元古代岩浆作用的大地构造意义.分析3个花岗岩样品获得723Ma至760Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄,表明花岗岩形成于新元古代.该花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素组成有较大的变化范围,ε_(Hf)(t)值变化范围为-16.1至+3.4,单阶段Hf模式年龄为1186～1945Ma,暗示Posen花岗岩有着复杂的源区物源组成.在误差范围内,锆石两阶段Hf同位素模式年龄值主要集中在2.0～2.1Ga,与两阶段Nd同位素模式年龄值2.1～2.2Ga一致,说明花岗岩体主要由古元古代地壳物质部分熔融形成的.部分锆石颗粒具有正ε_(Hf)(t)值,可能指示花岗岩岩浆形成过程中存在壳-幔混合相互作用.在越南西北部发育新元古代岩浆作用可能与扬子板块广泛发育的、伴随Rodinia超大陆裂解过程的岩浆活动存在成因的联系,也揭示越南西北部地体可能与扬子板块具有亲缘关系,因此,可以推断马江断裂带应该代表印支板块和华南板块之间的古特提斯缝合带在越南西北部的延伸.     

华北克拉通西部基底早前寒武纪地质事件、性质及其地质意义

综合华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块、孔兹岩带和鄂尔多斯地块基底正、副片麻岩以及鄂尔多斯地块现代河流沙锆石U-Pb和Hf同位素资料,并根据最新获得的鄂尔多斯基底及盖层继承碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素统计分析揭示,该陆块存在古、中太古代陆壳物质,自新太古代以来先后发生了新太古代~2.7Ga、2.55~2.45Ga以及古元古代2.2~2.0Ga和1.95~1.85Ga等多期构造热事件。由基底和盖层中各类岩石中获得的~2.5Ga锆石的εHf(t)多为正值,Hf陆壳模式年龄(t_(DM)~C)介于2.9～2.6Ga之间(峰值～2.75Ga),阴山地块存在～2.7Ga的岩石,鄂尔多斯地块基底有～2.7Ga继承锆石记录,证明新太古代存在一期重要的陆壳生长。2.55～2.45Ga的岩浆活动在西部陆块不同地质单元基底岩石中均有记录,出现大量壳源花岗岩和幔源岩浆侵入及麻粒岩相变质作用,它们的锆石εHf(t)值由负到正变化大,Hf陆壳模式年龄(t_(DM)~C)除少数接近岩浆活动年龄外,多数明显高于它们的形成年龄,指示了强烈的陆壳再造和一定陆壳生长,岩石组合及地球化学特征反映了汇聚挤压转为伸展环境,类似于华北陆块～2.5Ga广泛的岩浆变质事件及构造背景,揭示了不同陆块碰撞拼合而后转为伸展的构造演化过程。古元古代2.2～2.0Ga期间,沿鄂尔多斯地块北部及东部边缘出现大洋俯冲消减有关的陆缘弧花岗岩类,它们的锆石εHf(t)和t_(DM)~C值变化范围很大,表明在古元古代中晚期鄂尔多斯地块基底仍发生有陆壳增生和再造。此后在1.95～1.85Ga期间,沿鄂尔多斯地块北部的孔兹岩带和东部的中部构造带均发生顺时针P-T演化轨迹的变质作用,证明～1.95Ga鄂尔多斯地块相继与北部阴山地块和东部陆块碰撞拼合为一体,至～1.85Ga发生陆壳抬升与伸展、发生陆壳物质减压熔融的强烈混合岩化和大量S型花岗岩形成,其后发生镁铁质岩墙侵入,标志着华北陆块最终克拉通化完成。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.