中国大陆造山带地壳密度结构特征

本文探讨中国大陆造山带地壳介质密度的变化特征和不同类型,并用大陆动力学机制解释这些特征产生的原因。根据重力场小波变换的尺度—源深度转换律,进行地面重力异常场多尺度分解,取得了反映中国地壳不同埋藏深度的小波细节,揭示了造山带地壳的密度结构。和克拉通地体不同,中国大陆的造山带下地壳密度都偏低,只有古生代块体弱碰撞形成的摺皱山脉是例外。这些造山带大都与古大洋封闭和俯冲碰撞作用有关。古大洋封闭后在地壳中留下的裂隙和海水,会造成地壳密度降低。中国大陆造山带地壳密度结构大致可以分四类。上中下地壳密度都偏低的属于第一类造山带。第二类造山带上中地壳密度偏低,而下地壳密度偏高。第三类造山带上中地壳密度偏高,而下地壳密度偏低。第四类造山带上中下地壳密度都偏高。通过板块构造原理和岩石物理规律对青藏高原造山带地壳密度结构分类的解释可见,青藏高原南部,中部和北部地壳密度结构分属三类不同的造山带,体现印度次大陆和欧亚板块碰撞不同阶段作用造成的结果。根据地壳密度变低和厚度是否加大,还可以识别板沿和板内造山带。     

扬子区地壳密度扰动成像和华南燕山期花岗岩成因

用区域布格重力场小波变换多尺度分析方法确定了扬子克拉通地壳的密度扰动模式,它反映了区域的壳源大花岗岩基等板内构造。扬子克拉通的大地构造边界和上地壳浅层密度扰动梯度带重合。克拉通内部上地壳浅层密度扰动和大地构造分区没有明显的对应关系;但是它和地质图有一定对应关系。根据构造边界和上地壳浅层密度扰动梯度带一致的原则,利用研究区重力小波细节勾画出了上地壳结晶基底构造图,提供基底构造准确定位的参考。由于大陆地壳经常发生岩层的近水平拆离,地面的地质构造和地下构造可能发生明显变化。基于密度成像的地壳构造研究表明,古地块的碰撞作用使大陆地壳发育裂隙裂缝,在三叠纪华北和扬子克拉通碰撞时地壳原有的裂隙裂缝复活了,又使得热流体活动加剧和中地壳岩石逐渐重熔,形成了雪峰山—幕阜山—皖南黄山燕山期花岗岩带。花岗岩重熔作用属于岩石圈克拉通化的一种作用。现今雪峰山、幕阜山和皖南黄山还是弱地震多发区,说明这个燕山期花岗岩带虽然已经克拉通化,但是克拉通化的程度还是比扬子地块略逊。     

中国大陆及邻区岩石圈地壳三维结构与动力学型式

通过中国大陆及邻区地震测深剖面的系统构造解析,建立起中国大陆岩石圈地壳厚度与速度结构模型。本文根据地壳厚度与速度结构模型、地壳变形结构样式、地壳地质结构与构造演化、地壳运动学与动力学等四方面标志,将中国大陆岩石圈地壳划分为3类6种地壳结构-动力学型式:克拉通型褶推式结构-挤压动力学型式、克拉通型地垒结构-拉伸动力学型式、增厚型高原扇形结构-碰撞楔入动力学型式、增厚型造山带楔状结构-俯冲楔入动力学型式、减薄型盆岭结构-块体伸展动力学型式和减薄型铲状结构-整体伸展动力学型式。笔者探讨了克拉通型地壳、增厚型地壳和减薄型地壳的基本特征、相互关系及其地质意义。     

塔里木地体大地电磁调查和岩石圈三维结构

经过在塔里木盆地内701个大地电磁测站的数据采集、资料处理和三维反演,取得测点分布比较均匀的岩石圈三维电阻率模型,从电性结构角度刻划了塔里木地体三维岩石圈构造。反演取得的电阻率模型表明电性岩石圈厚度为138km,沉积盆地内部的电阻率大都反映为低阻,电阻率小于10Ωm。上地壳结晶基底为高阻,深度12~24km;中下地壳为中低阻层,深度约24~47km。岩石圈地幔上层为低阻,深度约47~88km,电阻率为10Ωm。岩石圈地幔下层高阻,深度约88~138km。软流圈极低阻,电阻率仅为4Ωm。塔里木地体中上地壳高导层不发育(满加尔除外),地壳平均电阻率值偏高,电性莫霍面不清晰,下方有一个厚的高电阻率"根",说明塔里木盆地具有克拉通盆地的属性。同时塔里木地体的四周为高角度岩石圈断裂包围,四缘有高电阻率区存在,深度从15km到90km基本不变,这又说明塔里木盆地为处于造山带之间的大型断陷盆地。塔里木地体为早古生代古特提斯洋中漂移的大陆克拉通地体,以后由于大陆碰撞挤压发生地壳断陷成盆;因此,把它称为断陷型克拉通盆地更为准确。盆地内满加尔和罗布泊低阻区深度从上地壳15km到约90km地幔一直存在,到下地壳之后在北缘打开缺口冲过南天山。推测这一低阻带形成于晚古生代古亚洲洋封闭阶段,是塔里木和哈萨克斯坦地体、西伯利亚克拉通发生碰撞的产物。满加尔坳陷、塔西南的和田坳陷、叶城-莎车坳陷和于田-民丰坳陷、以及唐古孜巴斯坳陷地壳呈现低电阻率,说明这里流体活跃,有利于大型特大型油气成藏。     

前寒武纪大陆地壳构造—大陆壳体并合构造模式

根据星子理论和地球的星子堆积模型，以及地质演化两阶段模式和区域演化序列的差异，提出一种综合地质构造单元：大陆壳体。大陆克拉通内部南体具独特的并合构造特征，文章将该构造模式称为大陆壳体并合构造，作为研究大陆克通地壳形成、演化的工作模式。作者在系统分析全球大陆克拉通地质、地球化学资料和对中国东部板内地壳构造研究基础上，将大陆克拉通地壳划分为若干类型，并总结了不同类型地壳区的区域演化序列，及并合带的类型     

早前寒武纪大陆地壳的性质与构造演化问题

世界大陆地壳主要由早前寒武纪英云闪长质花岗岩类组成，并于太古宙晚期普遍经历了克拉通化。迄今尚未证实世界是否保存有未经受早期强烈改造和重熔分异轮回的原属地球的初始基性岩壳。华北克拉通是世界典型太古宙克拉通陆块之一。这些古陆块的规模、刚性特征和地质构造等，都直接显示出与现今板块理论基本模式一致。大陆地壳经早期高增生率阶段，又经裂解和聚合演化而形成不同时代的地体拼贴而成的现今世界大陆。它们并非由陆核增生，而现代大陆演化则深受先存拼合地体的影响，在全球板块运动过程中大陆各地体块体因重力均衡及张剪、压剪的走滑发生调整。古陆块虽经长期剥蚀而至今仍为大陆，是因下地壳区的挤压环境促使发生近水平面状强烈韧性剪切、板底垫托和滑脱，导致岩片叠置使陆壳垂直增生，而获得浮力，并可因超负荷增大而形成下地壳高压麻粒岩相区。由反映强弱应变的变形分隔的深成构造作用机制所造成的地壳水平网络状结构，在地学大断面内是最主要的特征之一。     

从地壳上地幔构造看大陆碰撞带岩石圈的克拉通化

本篇讨论超级大陆汇聚后逐渐变为克拉通或扩大克拉通的作用过程,即指经及大陆碰撞地体汇聚后新形成的大陆块逐渐转变为刚性克拉通的作用过程。增生大陆岩石圈的克拉通化的作用后果,包括大陆地壳密度的增加,岩石圈地幔的增厚和大地热流值的下降,使大陆岩石圈逐渐刚性强化。大陆碰撞后形成的大陆块必须经过克拉通化的过程,才能逐渐成为刚性克拉通。作用过程主要包括:①上地壳沉积碎屑岩石结晶岩化和中地壳岩石角闪岩化;②下地壳岩石基性化;③大陆碰撞带下凹莫霍面的磨平;④岩石圈地幔底侵加厚形成陆根。从大陆碰撞带转变为克拉通的过程也是岩石圈地幔不断增厚而地壳缓慢变硬变冷的过程。这个过程包含以下作用:区域变质作用,交代作用和岩石圈幔源岩浆的底侵。这个过程时间尺度比碰撞造山作用大一个级次。长期的底侵作用使地壳岩石密度和强度不断加大,改变岩层的矿物成分和局部结构。当大陆岩石圈克拉通化到一定程度之后,由于下方软流圈的热能供应逐渐减缓,使岩石圈地温梯度缓慢下降,最终结果会形成大陆根。由于显生宙大陆碰撞带岩石圈强度弱,大陆碰撞时更容易造成岩石圈变形,因此大陆碰撞的板内效应主要发生在大陆内的显生宙碰撞带。显生宙大陆碰撞带如果再次受到大陆碰撞板内效应的作用,其克拉通化的过程必然会推迟。     

新生代以来中国大陆岩石圈尺度的大地构造分区

基于大陆根柱构造概念，讨论了新生代以来大陆岩石圈尺度的大地构造分枢，地壳浅部主要表现为３种形态，即西部挤压造山带、东部大陆裂谷带和中部克拉通块体群，它们分别对应山根与造山岩石圈根、地幔热柱和大陆（岩石圈）根，认为浅部构造开矿对对壳幔深部构造的一种响应，简述了地于岩石圈度的３个大地构造单元的软流圈     

拉萨地体东南部整体地壳成分及其成因分析

造山带地壳结构和成分的基本特征对于认识大陆地壳成分演化和区域成矿背景具有重要意义.综合青藏高原拉萨地体东南部地球物理、高温高压岩石物性和岩浆岩地球化学资料,分析该地区地壳整体成分特征,并探讨其可能成因.该地区平均地壳波速显著低于全球大陆和造山带地壳的平均值,表明地壳整体具有中酸性成分,下地壳特征也可由中性岩石(残余体性质的中性含石榴石麻粒岩)解释.拉萨地体东南部整体地壳成分特征应与多阶段长英质化有关,包括碰撞前大陆弧演化阶段(以堆晶或残余体下地壳拆沉为主)和碰撞后高原垮塌阶段(以加厚下地壳拆沉为主,伴随印度古老长英质陆壳物质的俯冲回返/构造底侵).拉萨地体是研究大陆地壳成分演化的绝佳区域,亟待进一步开展多学科综合研究.     

揭开南岭地壳形成演化之谜

南岭的形成演化目前尚不清楚,作为板内造山的一个典型,研究南岭地区的地壳构造对大陆动力学有重要意义。本文对南岭地区重力异常进行了多尺度密度反演,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各等效层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义线性反演方法进行各层密度反演,取得区域地壳多个深度上的密度扰动图像。用小波变换多尺度分析和三维密度结构反演确定了南岭中上地壳存在独立的构造单元,它具有低密度性质,反映区域规模的大花岗岩基。南岭中上地壳的构造单元位于北纬24°～26°,东经100°～116°,深达22 km左右。深度22 km以下南岭地壳低密度带与武夷低密度带连通为武夷—云开构造带。南岭最终形成与100 Ma以前特提斯洋俯冲和亚欧板块与加里曼丹地体的陆岛碰撞直接有关。同期发生的区域规模的燕山晚期南岭花岗岩基对应特提斯洋向华南俯冲的第二岩浆带。基于地球物理资料提出的这个陆岛俯冲碰撞假说能否成立,还需要更多岩石学的直接证据证实。     

从卫星重力资料看中国及邻区地壳密度结构

本文应用小波多尺度分析等信息提取新方法,从地球重力场模型(EGM2008)经各项校正得到的中国及邻区卫星布格重力异常中提取和反演了中国及邻区上、中、下地壳的密度信息,揭示了区域地壳三维密度结构。下地壳低密度扰动主要出现在青藏高原和华南沿海到对马海峡一带,其它地区多现较高密度扰动。所有克拉通地体密度在中下地壳都是高密度的。中下地壳低密度扰动带可分成四类:(1)出现在板块边界的低密度扰动条带,(2)出现在中国西部挤压构造有关的山脉下方,(3)与拉张走滑构造有关的构造带,(4)和与大陆内部板内造山有关的构造带。上地壳结晶基底的低密度扰动可出现在显生宙造山带和未充分发育的大陆裂谷。碰撞俯冲造山带以地壳低密度大厚度为特征,但是板内造山带不同,以地壳局部高密度中厚度为特征,局部高密度反映了中基性结晶岩的存在,莫霍面上拱反映了中基性岩浆侵入。板内拉张裂谷带上地壳基底密度局部低、中地壳低速带发育反映拉张区的流体活动,而下地壳反射体发育、莫霍面变厚成层反映拉张区的玄武岩浆底侵。由于卫星重力测量资料分辨率毕竟有限,对中国东部地区还未能给出关于中地壳密度扰动的细节,还必须开展地面重力测量资料的小波多尺度分析。     

天然火山作用探测华北下地壳组成、结构及其形成过程

与中上地壳相比，对下地壳组成、结构的认识受限于样品的获取，然而天然火山作用携带的下地壳捕虏体可以为了解下地壳提供关键样品。华北克拉通是世界上最古老的克拉通之一，显生宙以来的火山作用携带有丰富的下地壳捕虏体，为探测华北下地壳组成、结构及其形成过程提供了可能。通过对这些捕虏体定深、定性及定年的综合研究，构建了以信阳，莒南，汉诺坝和女山等典型地区为代表的下地壳组成、结构剖面模型。这些剖面表明，华北克拉通下地壳具有分层的特点，且上老下新，暗示可能与底侵作用有关。其中捕虏体的锆石U- Pb年龄和Hf同位素的研究，揭示了该克拉通下地壳复杂的形成与演化过程：最古老的组成部分可能老至~4. 0 Ga冥古宙，此后经历了3. 80~3. 65 Ga古太古代的再造作用，2. 8~2. 5 Ga 新太古代和2. 3~1. 8 Ga 古元古代的增生与再造共存，同时还经历了显生宙以来包括462~220 Ma，140~90 Ma和47~45 Ma的增生与再造事件。     

Crustal Poisson’s ratio anomalies in the eastern part of North China and their origins

Seismic tomography can provide both fine P-wave and S-wave velocity structures of the crust and upper mantle.In addition,with proper computation,Poisson’s ratio images from the seismic velocities can be determined.However,it is unknown whether Poisson’s ratio images have any advantages when compared with the P-wave and S-wave velocity images.For the purposes of this study,high-resolution seismic tomography under the eastern part of North China region was used to determine detailed 3-D crustal P- and S-wave seismic velocities structure,as well as Poisson’s ratio images.Results of Poisson’s ratio imaging show high Poisson’s ratio(high-PR) anomalies located in the Hengshan-North Taihang-Zhangjiakou(H-NT-Z) region,demonstrating that Poisson’s ratio imaging can provide new geophysical constraints for regional tectonic evolution.The H-NT-Z region shows a prominent and continuous high-PR anomaly in the upper crust.Based on Poisson’s ratio images at different depths, we find that this high-PR anomaly is extending down to the middle crust with thickness up to about 26 km.According to rock physical property measurements and other geological data,this crustal Poisson’s ratio anomaly can be explained by Mesozoic partial melting of the upper mantle and basaltic magma underplating related to the lithospheric thinning of the North China craton.     

Density inhomogeneity of the lithosphere in the southeastern periphery of the North Asian craton

The study addresses the space distribution of lithospheric density contrasts in 3D and 2D surface (spherical) sources of gravity anomalies to depths of 120 km below the geoid surface and their relationship with shallow deformation and Archean, Early Paleozoic, and Late Mesozoic geodynamic environments. The lithospheric section in northeastern Transbaikalia and the Upper Amur region includes two layers of low-density gradients attendant with low seismic velocities and low electrical resistivity. The lower layer at depths of 80–120 km is attributed to an asthenospheric upwarp that extends beneath the North Asian craton from the Emuershan volcanic belt and the Songliao basin. The concentric pattern of density contrasts in the middle and lower crust beneath the Upper Amur region may be produced by the activity of the Aldan-Zeya plume, which spatially correlates with the geometry of the asthenospheric upwarp as well as with the regional seismicity field, magnetic and heat flow anomalies, and stresses caused by large earthquakes and recent vertical crustal movements. The relationship between shallow and deep structures in the crust and upper mantle bears signature of horizontal displacement (subduction) of the lower crust of the Baikal-Vitim and Amur superterranes beneath the North Asian craton.     

Compositions of Upper Mantle Fluids Beneath Eastern China: Implications for Mantle Evolution

The composition of gases trapped in olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in Iherzolite xenoliths collected from different locations in eastern China has been measured by the vacuum stepped-heating mass spectrometry. These xenoliths are hosted in alkali basalts and considered as residues of partial melting of the upper mantle, and may contain evidence of mantle evolution. The results show that various kinds of fluid inclusions in Iherzolite xenoliths have been released at distinct times, which could be related to different stages of mantle evolution. In general, primitive fluids of the upper mantle (PFUM) beneath eastern China are dominated by H2, CO2 and CO, and are characterized by high contents of H2 and reduced gases. The compositions of PFUM are highly variable and related to tectonic settings. CO, CO2 and H2 are the main components of the PFUM beneath cratons; the PFUM in the mantle enriched in potassic metasomatism in the northern part of northeastern China has a high content of H2, while CO2 a     

华北地台太行-五台和阴山地块地壳物质组成——岩石地震波速实验证据

在模拟地壳的温度和压力条件下,测定了华北地台太行－五台和阴山地块的主要变质岩群和侵入岩共５４个岩石样品的纵波速度（ｖｐ）．各类岩石的ｖｐ在约４～１０ｋｍ深度内上升很快,在１０～２５ｋｍ内继续增大,但是幅度变小,在该深度范围内达到了ｖｐ最大值;在３０～３５ｋｍ之后到５０ｋｍ深度内的ｖｐ都趋于恒定．综合对比地壳的波速结构和岩石的波速特征表明,在太行－五台地块,五台群、滹沱群和古老花岗岩岩类构成上地壳,阜平群和恒山群构成中地壳,集宁群代表了下地壳的岩石组成;在阴山地块,马家店群、二道凹群、色尔腾山群和古老侵入岩类是中地壳和上地壳的组成部分,乌拉山群岩石则是下地壳的代表     

早前寒武纪地质及深成构造作用研究进展

早前寒武纪地质的研究进展主要表现在准大陆克拉通早期构造演化,克拉通及古老造山带深层结构,元古代超大陆恢复对比、早期地壳性质及生长等主要问题上开展多学科研究计划的实施。其中,同位素年代学,特别是锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ方法,地震反射、Ｐ－Ｔ计算及古地磁研究对前寒武纪地质学的进展具有重要的推动作用。和个古陆克拉通区域地质学的持质研究积累,不断产生新的认识,这种新的科学思想涉及到早期陆壳组成及区划,太古代克拉通化历史,太古代－元古代界限及性质,元古代造山带网络与克拉进陆块拼合,大陆下地壳剖面及其组成等同题。华北早前寒武纪地质演化研究中的重要问题包括：华北麻粒岩相带与克拉通基底构造的关系,克拉通基底构造区域,早期陆壳性质及其记录的重大构造一热事件幕,华北克拉通与世界典型陆块构造演化对比等。     

The evolution of the layered lower crust and the Moho through geological time in Western Europe: contribution of deep seismic reflection profiles

Deep seismic reflection images from a set of profiles shot in Western Europe have been reviewed and compared, and tentative conclusions have been proposed concerning the evolution of the layered lower crust and the Moho. The disappearance of Variscan mountain roots is related to the set-up of a new Moho at a typical 30-km depth and the creation of seismic layering in the lower crust. Deep seismic profiles suggest that these processes resulted, at least in part, from magmatic intrusion, partial crustal melting and metamorphism of deep crustal rocks into eclogite. On the other hand, the layered lower crust is greatly attenuated beneath Cretaceous basins and Tertiary rifts in relation to prominent Moho upwellings. The unusual amplitude of the Moho reflection and the presence of anomalously high seismic velocities in the lowermost crust beneath the Tertiary rifts suggest that the Moho and part of the layering are comparatively young features related to interactions between crust and mantle. Beneath Triassic-Jurassic basins, the layered lower crust was not affected by the subsidence of the basement, with the whole crustal thinning being entirely concentrated in the upper crust. This indicates that the layered lower crust and the Moho were formed or restored during or after the main rifting phase. Seismic data reveal constraints on the processes that affect the crust-mantle transition and seem to restore the Moho to its typical depth after any mechanical deformation of the lithosphere.     

Seismic Velocity Structure and Composition of the Continental Crust of Eastern China

On the basis of a one-by-one latitude-longitude grid three-dimensional seismic velocity model, the crustal P-wave velocity structure in eastern China (105-125°E and 18-41°N) is obtained, and a set of geotherms for each grid is established for P-T correction on P-wave velocities. The average depths of sub-crustal layers and their average P-wave velocities of 18 tectonic units in eastern China are exhibited. Our result presents a 32-34 km thick crust beneath eastern China, which is thinner than previous studies, with an average velocity of 6.54 km/s, corresponding to a 5 kg/m3 variation in crustal mean density. The thicker upper but thinner middle and lower crust results in a lower average seismic velocity of eastern China. An intermediate crustal composition with a SiO2 content of 59.7 wt% has been estimated. However, there exists a significant lateral variation in the crustal structures among the tectonic units of eastern China. The structure and composition features of some regions in eastern China in     

Crustal density structure from 3D gravity modeling beneath Himalaya and Lhasa blocks,Tibet

The Himalaya and Lhasa blocks act as the main belt of convergence and collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Their crustal structures can be used to understand the dynamic process of continent–continent collision. Herein, we present a 3D crustal density model beneath these two tectonic blocks constrained by a review of all available active seismic and passive seismological results on the velocity structure of crust and lower lithosphere. From our final crustal density model, we infer that the present subduction-angle of the Indian plate is small, but presents some variations along the west–east extension of the orogenic belt: The dip angle of the Moho interface is about 8–9° in the eastern and western part of the orogenic belt, and about 16° in the central part. Integrating crustal P-wave velocity distribution from wide-angle seismic profiling, geothermal data and our crustal density model, we infer a crustal composition model, which is composed of an upper crust with granite–granodiorite and granite gneiss beneath the Lhasa block; biotite gneiss and phyllite beneath the Himalaya, a middle crust with granulite facies and possible pelitic gneisses, and a lower crust with gabbro–norite–troctolite and mafic granulite beneath the Lhasa block. Our density structure (<3.2 g/cm³) and composition (no fitting to eclogite) in the lower crust do not be favor to the speculation of ecologitized lower crust beneath Himalaya and the southern of Lhasa block.