概化的Tank模型及其在龙羊峡水库汛期旬平均入库流量预报中的应用

Tank模型（又称为水箱模型），是一种用于流域径流预报的确定性水文模型，根据龙羊峡水库入库主要产流区－－黄河上游唐乃亥水文站以上流域下垫面条件下产汇流特性，将其概化为以降雨量为输入，径流量为输出的单孔出流的线性水箱，工用于该水库汛期旬平均入库流量的预报，经对历史资料进行拟合和试验预报的 结果表明，该模型具有较高的预报精度，现已应用于黄河上游龙羊峡水库汛期旬平均入库来水量的中期预报中，取得了十分显著的经济效益。     

GAS参数优化方法在黄河上游非汛期径流预报中的应用

本文采用相关分析与GAS参数优化相结合的方法,对黄河上游非汛期径流预报模型进行了研究,并对2000～2003年的径流进行了实时预报检验,从检验结果来看,这种预报方法具有较高的预报精度.本文为非汛期径流预报研究提供了参考和借鉴,同时,就计算分析手段而言,GAS在参数优化方面具有广泛的应用价值.     

黄河上游径流丰枯变化特征及其环流背景

为了揭示影响黄河上游径流丰枯变化的气候因子,为径流的长期、超长期预报与水资源的规划利用提供依据,利用相关台站的降水、径流观测资料,分析了黄河上游汛期径流的丰枯变化特征及其环流背景.结果表明:黄河上游(唐乃亥以上)流域丰、枯水段基本上是交替出现的,总体上枯水持续时间多于丰水,一个完整的丰枯循环周期大约在18 a左右.黄河上游径流的丰、枯,与大气环流的异常有着非常密切的关系,其中,西太平洋副热带高压偏西、偏强、偏北,青藏高原中部地区有西风槽存在是黄河上游汛期降水偏多、径流偏丰的两个重要因素.因此,基于汛期流量的丰枯与其所对应的环流背景之间的联系,可根据前期环流的演变特征对黄河上游汛期流量的丰枯做出大致预测.     

黄河源区水文预报的关键科学问题

黄河源区水文预报对龙羊峡、刘家峡等黄河上游梯级水库群的洪水资源化调度乃至整个黄河流域的水旱灾害防御都起着举足轻重的作用。然而,由于降水的地面观测严重匮乏、且缺少适用于高寒山区的专用水文模型,源区水文预报成为长期困扰黄河洪水/径流业务预报的难题。在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上,从高海拔缺资料地区的降水观测与降水预报、寒区水文模型构建与气象水文耦合系统集成、高原降水发生的气象成因与形成机制3个方面,评价了黄河源区水文预报的当前现状与技术水平,提出了黄河源区水文预报面临的关键科学问题;指出新一代多源降水信息融合与同化、高寒区特殊产汇流模型构建、无缝隙气象水文集合预报、强降水与连阴雨的多影响天气系统解析等,是当前黄河源区水文预报的研究重点与发展方向。     

密云水库水文预报研究

密云水库的水文预报工作主要包括:洪水预报,汛期中长期来水预报,枯季中长期来水预报.由于近年产汇流条件改变,使得自1989年开发的一些软件在实际工作中无法较好应用.本文基于实践,分析了该流域的降水和径流特点及其发展趋势,对各项预报内容采用的预报方法,做了总结和更新,初步提出适合密云水库特点的一套水文预报方案,并指出进一步发展密云水库水文预报服务系统的问题,对密云水库水文预报的发展具有较大参考价值.     

数据驱动模型在渭河流域来水预报中的开发和应用研究

现有的水文预报方法分为过程驱动模型方法和数据驱动模型方法两大类,近年来随着水文数据获取能力和计算能力的发展,数据驱动模型在水文预报中受到了广泛的关注,回归模型、神经网络模型均属此类.本文首先采用距离平方反比与泰森多边形相结合的方法,由雨量站观测到的降水量求得渭河流域各四级区的降水量,然后采用自回归模型结合年～月～旬逐级修正的方法对渭河流域10个四级区进行降水预报,采用降水～气温～径流多元线性回归模型对渭河流域28个水库进行径流预报,取得了较好的效果.     

SIMHYD模型在松花江流域应用的适应性分析

近年来,概念性水文模型在水文预报中得到了广泛应用,为探讨SIMHYD模型在松花江流域应用的适应性,为其汛期的防洪控制、水库调度提供依据,本文选择嫩江流域上游石灰窑断面和第二松花江流域白山断面汛期(6—9月)的日径流过程进行模拟。计算结果表明,SIMHYD模型在松花江流域的应用中存在区域性差异:在嫩江流域上游石灰窑汇水区,率定期的纳什系数为0.501,验证期的纳什系数为0.158,模型应用的适应性较差;在第二松花江流域白山汇水区,率定期的纳什系数为0.777,验证期的纳什系数为0.729,模型应用的适应性优良。模型对于洪峰处的模拟存在较大误差,主要原因在于该模型没有考虑到产流时空分布不均及河道汇流计算过程。     

黄河源区雨季降水与汛期径流量重建及其千年尺度下的演变特征

黄河源区年内降水集中, 洪水风险大, 重建源区雨季降水和汛期径流量对于提高径流预报预测精度及防洪防灾具有重要科学意义和应用价值。本文利用黄河源区及周边筛选的16个树轮年表, 采用嵌套主成分层次贝叶斯回归模型, 估算参数后验分布替代固定值以考虑不确定性, 重建了黄河源区过去1 160 a的雨季降水; 提出了基于年径流的分类占比回归模型, 以考虑汛期径流量与年径流量的一致性, 将黄河源区汛期径流量展延至公元159年。结果表明: ①嵌套主成分层次贝叶斯回归模型的误差缩减值(E_R)和有效系数(E_C)评价指标值均显著高于0, 分类占比回归模型的E_R和E_C值最高分别达0.90和0.88, 重建结果可靠性较高; ②即使在千年尺度下, 1979—1985年亦是较为不寻常的汛期高径流量时期。     

贝叶斯概率水文预报系统在中长期径流预报中的应用

采用贝叶斯概率水文预报理论制订水电站水库中长期径流预报模型,以概率分布的形式定量地描述水文预报的不确定度,探索概率水文预报理论及其应用价值。采用气象因子灰关联预报模型处理输入因子的不确定度,将实时气象信息和历史水文资料有效结合,突破传统确定性预报方法在信息利用和样本学习方面的局限性,以提高水文预报的精确度。以丰满水电厂水库为例对所建模型进行检验,模拟计算结果表明,该模型与确定性径流预报方法相比,不仅有利于决策人员定量考虑不确定性,而且在期望意义上提高了径流预报精度,具有较高的应用价值。     

环境变化对黄河中游汾河径流情势的影响研究

20世纪70年代后我国许多河流的径流量呈下降的趋势.在这些趋势变化中,如何区分人类活动及气候变化的影响是当前流域水文研究的热点和难点.提出了区分人类活动和气候变化影响的分析思路以及定量计算方法.介绍了SIMHYD概念性降水径流模型,并应用黄河中游汾河流域"天然"时期的水文、气象资料率定了模型参数,通过水文模拟还原了人类活动影响期间的天然径流量,进而分析了汾河流域径流情势的变化原因.结果表明:SIMHYD降水径流模型对汾河流域天然月径流过程具有良好的模拟效果;就1970-1999年的平均状况而言,气候因素和人类活动对径流的影响量分别占径流减少总量的35.9%和4.1%,人类活动是汾河流域径流减少的主要因素.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.     

悬板开孔对排沙漏斗流场特性的影响

排沙漏斗的水沙分离性能取决于其流场特性,为了弄清楚悬板开孔对流场特性的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术和数值模拟方法,分别对悬板溢流段和非溢流段同时均匀布孔、仅在非溢流段布孔和无孔时的排沙漏斗流场特性开展研究。结果表明：①布孔位置不影响涡流性质但影响其强度,均匀布孔时涡流强度最小,不利于水沙离心分离;②无孔和仅在非溢流段布孔时的流场特性有利于泥沙径向输移、沉降和排出,均匀布孔径向速度和二次流流速减小不利于泥沙输移和排出;③仅在悬板非溢流段布孔时悬板表面速度大于其他方案,泥沙不易淤积于悬板。为减少悬板上的泥沙淤积量且同时要保证较高的泥沙截除率时可采用仅在悬板非溢流段布孔的方案优化悬板体型。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.