超新星坍缩与中微子泄漏

本用简化的中微子泄漏模式代替输运方程，计算超新星坍缩过程中的中微子变化。通过调节模式中的能数可改变中微子的俘陷密度使之达到较为合适的值，还讨论了在中微子俘陷密度到达之前，特定密度区段（１０＾１０－５×１０＾１１ｇ／ｃｍ＾３）内使电子俘获率有显变化的一种参数方法及研究结果。     

恒星内部核素~(56)Fe、~(56)Co、~(56)Ni和~(56)Mn电子俘获过程中微子能量损失高斯修正

采用高斯修正法,研究了核素~(56)Fe、~(56)Co、~(56)Ni和~(56)Mn电子俘获过程中微子能量损失.结果表明:对核素的Gamow-Teller(G-T)共振跃迁能级分布的高斯修正使中微子能量损失率增加.在低能跃迁电子俘获过程为主导地位的反应中,高斯修正对中微子能量损失的影响很小,而对高能G-T共振跃迁为主要的电子俘获过程的中微子能量损失的影响将大大增加.如核素~(56)Fe在密度ρ_7=100(ρ_7以10~7 mol·cm~(-3)为单位),高斯函数半宽度△=14.3,18.3,22.3 Mev时,修正差异大约达2个数量级,核素~(56)Ni在△=6.3,18.3Mev差异分别达60%和40%.     

II型超新星瞬发爆炸模型的对流不稳定性

本研究ＩＩ型超新星瞬发爆炸模型中的铁星核在坍缩,反弹和激波传播过程中的对流不稳定性,发现在铁星核内区出现中的指状对流,外区出现Ｓｃｈｗａｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ对流,而在声速点和中微子俘陷球之间的过渡区出现Ｌｅｄｏｕｘ对流,在０．７４－０．９１Ｍ⊙间的区是对流不稳定的活跃区域。     

II型超新星瞬发爆炸模型的对流不稳定性

本文研究ＩＩ型超新星瞬发爆炸模型中的铁星核在坍缩、反弹和激波传播过程中的对流不稳定性．发现在铁星核内区出现中子指状对流,外区出现Ｓｃｈｗａｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ对流,而在声速点和中微子俘陷球之间的过渡区出现Ｌｅｄｏｕｘ对流．在０．７４－０．９１Ｍ间的区域是对流不稳定的活跃区域．     

Ⅱ型超新星爆发的一个计算模型——坍缩阶段

本文提出了一个质量为15M_⊙的Ⅱ型超新星爆发坍缩阶段的计算方案,并讨论了我们采用这一方案进行计算所得到的部分结果。在电子俘获率的计算中,我们考虑了逆反应和中子、质子质量差的影响,降低了坍缩过程中电子数密度的减少,使得在我们的结果中最大下落速度U_(max)和达到最大下落速度那一点的质量M_(max)都较大(分别为3.06×10~9厘米/秒和0.76M_⊙)。这两个量较大是有利于反弹后激波传出铁镍核引起Ⅱ型超新星爆发的。在我们的中微子传输模型中,在光学厚和光学薄阶段分别采用中微子渗漏模型和中微子平衡扩散模型,并采用灰大气模型讨论了中微子沉淀对坍缩的影响。计算结果表明,中微子沉淀对坍缩的影响很小,能量沉淀与中微子能损的比值不超过10~(-5),动量沉淀与引力加速度的比值不超过10~(-6)。     

中微子天体的形成及其结构

本文讨论了中微子质量不为零可能导致的一种新天体——中微子天体(记作NAO)。探讨了这种天体的形成机制和它与星系形成间的关系,确定了其内所含e,p,He~4等物质的含量,这些物质的存在可以给出一系列观察效应.NAO是尺度在100 pc量级、中微子总质量在10~(14)Me量级、其内所含e、p、He~4等物质的质量在10~9M。量级的一种特殊天体,具有丰富的新性质。     

大气模式动态测定的研究

利用12万组大气阻力资料，对DTM－1994模式进行改造，获得了一个新的大气模式，该模式的特点是：1．利用2阶周日峰效应，代替了原来模式中的复杂的周日效应表达式，减少了模式参数（少于50个），并使模式参数均具有明确的物理意义，2．分清了模式的主要参数和次要参数，在主要参数中，又分清了利用了阻力资料可以改进的参数和可能改不好的参数．3．与MSIS－1990和DTM－1994模式相比，其互差可以被接受，说明使用卫星阻力资料可以进行大气模式动态改正，不仅能测定大气总密度，并且能测定大气的分密度，4．与卫星轨道相比较，改进有显优于MSIS－1990模式，在120km轨道附近，改进模式密度比MSIS－1990模式大10％，同时我们在卫星陨落期预报中发现，MSIS－1990模式密度比实际大气密度小9％，这说明改进模式的密度与实际大气的密度基本接近。     

中微子静止质量与Lemaitre模型

本文根据最近关于中微子静质量可能不为零的实验,用Lemaitre模型讨论了中微子静止质量及宇宙年龄对宇宙常数项∧和哈勃常数H_0的限制,并得出了∧的上限∧≤15×10~(-57)/cm~2和H_0的可能范围.     

电子回旋脉■和太阳微波毫秒级尖峰辐射

本文提出由非热电子(60keV)的空心束(hollow beam)分布激发回旋脉降作为太阳微波毫秒级尖峰辐射的产生机制。文中求得了非常波模二次谐波的增长率及其随时间的变化、脉泽的饱和时间、饱和波能密度及脉降辐射的方向特征。 结果得到,当磁场强度B=507G,等离子体数密度n_(?)=4×10~9cm~(-3),电子温度T_e=1.4×10~6K,非热电子数密度与热电子数密度之比(n_s/n_e)≈4×10~(-5),磁场标高时,将在2.84GHz频率上产生高亮温度(T_b≈5×10~(15)K)的毫秒级尖峰辐射。     

强磁场对中子星壳层热核反应的影响

本文通过考虑强磁场中电子的量子效应，分析了强磁场下电子气体的Fermi能，讨论了磁场对核的屏蔽势和核反应率的影响，进而计算了强磁场对天体物理中几个较重要的热核反应的影响，结果表明，相对于无磁场而言，在较低密度下，足够强的磁场使原子核的屏蔽势显著增加，但在ρ／μe＞10~5molcm~(-3)的密度下，中子星表面存在的强度为10~5～10~9T范围内的磁场对核反应率几乎没有影响。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...