Karst groundwater vulnerability mapping: application of a new method in the Swabian Alb, Germany

Groundwater from karst aquifers is an important drinking water resource, which is, however, particularly vulnerable to contamination. Karst aquifers consequently need special protection. This paper discusses the concept of groundwater vulnerability mapping and the special characteristics of karst aquifers that are relevant in this context. On this basis, a new method of groundwater vulnerability mapping is proposed—the PI method. It can be applied for all types of aquifers, but provides special tools for karst. Vulnerability is assessed as the product of two factors: protective cover (P) and infiltration conditions (I). The method was first applied and compared with two other methods (EPIK and the German method) in a test site in the Swabian Alb, Germany. The results obtained with the different methods are discussed and an outlook on the role of vulnerability maps within an overall groundwater protections scheme is given.

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Resumen Las aguas subterráneas en medios kársticos suponen un recurso importante para uso de boca, pero es particularmente vulnerable a la contaminación, por lo que los acuíferos kársticos requieren una protección especial. Este artículo discute el concepto de cartografía de vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas y las características propias de los acuíferos kársticos que son relevantes en este contexto. Con esta base, se propone un nuevo método para cartografiar la vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas, denominado "PI". Puede ser aplicado a todo tipo de acuíferos, pero proporciona herramientas especiales en medios kársticos. Se establece la vulnerabilidad como resultado de dos factores: la cubierta protectora y las condiciones de infiltración. El método ha sido aplicado por vez primera y comparado con otros dos enfoques (EPIK y el método alemán) en un emplazamiento ubicado en Swabian Alb (Alemania). Se discute los resultados obtenidos con estos métodos y se incide en cuál es el papel que desempeñan los mapas de vulnerabilidad en el contexto de los esquemas generales de protección de las aguas subterráneas.

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Résumé L'eau souterraine des karsts est une importante ressource d'eau potable, cependant particulièrement vulnérable à la pollution. C'est pourquoi les aquifères karstiques nécessitent une protection particulière. Ce papier discute le concept de cartographie de la vulnérabilité de l'eau souterraine et les caractéristiques particulières des aquifères karstiques qui sont concernés dans ce contexte. Sur cette base, une nouvelle méthode de cartographie de la vulnérabilité de l'eau souterraine est proposée: la méthode PI. Elle peut être appliquée à tous les types d'aquifères, mais fournit des outils spécifiques au karst. La vulnérabilité est évaluée comme étant le produit de deux facteurs: les conditions de couverture protectrice (P) et d'infiltration (I). La méthode a été mise en oeuvre pour la première fois et comparée à deux autres méthodes (EPIK et la méthode allemande) sur un site test du Jura souabe (Allemagne). Les résultats obtenus avec les différentes méthodes sont discutés et le rôle des cartes de vulnérabilité dans un schéma général de protection des eaux souterraines est passé en revue.

     

Geohazard reconnaissance mapping for a settlement area

To minimise the losses associated with natural hazards, it is necessary to compile and evaluate earth science data. This study describes and maps the geohazards that may affect the Egirdir (Isparta) settlement area. For these purposes, field studies were performed, and the data obtained were compiled using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Four different types of earth slump were identified: paleo, small-scale shallow, active and potential earth slump. In addition, two rockfall source areas were identified and mapped. The ratio of the area affected by rockfall to the total area is 2.03%. Although there is no expected risk associated with active earth slump, displacement in the potential earth slump area represents a risk. The risk level calculated is 1.5% for 1 year. Based on all of the data, a geohazard reconnaissance map of the study area was prepared. Based on this map, it can be concluded that 83% of the overall study area has no risk of mass movement.     

Slope stability analyses for materials with a non-linear failure envelope

Upper bound techniques are used to analyse the stability of slopes of material failing according to a non-linear failure criterion, such as closely jointed rocks. The global, extremal nature of upper bound calculations is discussed, as is the inverse use of such procedures for obtaining safe lower bound estimates for material strength properties in back analyses. Specific results are presented for the material model proposed by Hoek and Brown.     

基于强度折减法的某变电所边坡稳定性分析

为评价某山区变电所高填方场地稳定性,预测该场地布设支档结构后可能产生的滑裂面的形态,采用有限元强度折减法分析了该场地的稳定性。以现场原位测试及土工试验检测数据结合工程经验,综合确定了有限元计算参数。采用场地塑性应变增量贯通区作为场地上部失稳滑裂面,并采用极限平衡法对该滑面进行了验算。经分析计算,得到了场地支档结构墙顶水平位移与边坡安全系数的关系,发现极限平衡验算结果较有限元分析结果明显偏大,偏于不安全。     

Slope stability analysis: a support vector machine approach

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) such as backpropagation learning algorithm has been successfully used in slope stability problem. However, generalization ability of conventional ANN has some limitations. For this reason, Support Vector Machine (SVM) which is firmly based on the theory of statistical learning has been used in slope stability problem. An interesting property of this approach is that it is an approximate implementation of a structural risk minimization (SRM) induction principle that aims at minimizing a bound on the generalization error of a model, rather than minimizing only the mean square error over the data set. In this study, SVM predicts the factor of safety that has been modeled as a regression problem and stability status that has been modeled as a classification problem. For factor of safety prediction, SVM model gives better result than previously published result of ANN model. In case of stability status, SVM gives an accuracy of 85.71%.     

济南岩溶泉域地下水流模拟

为深入研究济南岩溶泉域地下水资源变化的现状及未来发展趋势,探索地下水资源可持续管理途径,文章建立了济南泉域地下水稳定流和非稳定流模拟模型,分析了地下水流场及泉水流量变化趋势,并圈划了泉群地下水汇流带。在泉群汇流带内开采地下水直接影响泉流量,而水源地开采通过影响泉群汇流带间接影响泉流量。泉流量呈明显的季节性变化,且与降水量紧密相关:丰水期水位升高,泉流量增加;枯水期水位降低,泉流量减少。保护天然补给量与增加人工补给量是保证泉水长流的重要措施。     

Field compaction control studies on road bases in a new settlement area in Ghana

Summary Among the major causes for failure of roads in the tropics is inadequate compaction during construction. There is, therefore, the need to strictly control the compaction of the pavement layers if the design life of the road is to be attained; thereby eliminating large maintenance costs.This note reports on pavement compaction control studies undertaken on the road bases of service roads in a new settlement area in Ghana. These roads were to be provided with bituminous surfacing immediately after compaction. Studies concerning particle breakdown during field compaction by two contractors executing the works under the same conditions have been made, together with an assessment of contractor efficiency.It was found that the placement moisture contents varied greatly from the optimum. One contractor was compacting the gravels on the dry side of optimum, consequently achieving relatively high densities. The other contractor was compacting on the wet side and achieving lower density levels. This was still the case even after initial test sections were found to have been undercompacted.Compaction levels achieved in the crowns were generally found to be higher than those at the shoulders of the road test sections. The breakdown of coarse particles due to compaction was quite significant. There is therefore the need for highway material engineers to ensure that in addition to meeting the grading requirements, road base materials must adequately meet the requirements on weathering and mechanical strength properties.     

基于盲数理论的边坡安全稳定分析研究

岩土工程中的各种信息普遍存在着随机性、模糊性、灰性及未确知性等不确定性,由于实际情况的复杂和试验资料的不足,计算参数往往是多种不确定性的混合体。针对这一特点,利用盲数来表达计算参数的不确定性,将盲信息的数学理论引入到边坡稳定的刚体极限平衡计算方法中,提出了一种安全系数计算的新方法。运用盲数运算法则计算出安全系数在不同的取值区间内的可信度,从而为判断边坡的稳定状态提供了更全面的依据,克服了传统方法描述过于绝对化的问题。实例研究表明,盲数在边坡稳定分析中能更好地考虑参数的不确定性情况,得到的结果更可靠,有较好的实用价值。     

Three‐dimensional modelling of differential railway track settlement using a cycle domain constitutive model

A method for simulation of differential (spatially varying) track settlement in a ballasted railway track is presented. It employs a cycle domain constitutive model to determine accumulated plastic (permanent) deformation of the granular layers supporting the track. The constitutive model is adopted for both the ballast and the sub‐ballast but with different parameter sets. The proposed framework can be used to predict differential track settlement accounting for heterogeneous (space‐variant) track characteristics and loading conditions. Here, it is demonstrated for three‐dimensional continuum modelling of a railway crossing panel subjected to a large number of axle passages. Because of the design of the crossing panel and the transient character of the impact loads on the crossing, the load transferred into the track bed is not uniform along the track, and the resulting differential settlement leads to vertical irregularities in track geometry. The spatial variation of track settlement is calculated both along the sleepers and along the rails. The influences of the number of adjacent sleepers accounted for in the model and the stiffness of the subgrade on the predicted settlement at the crossing are studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Liquefaction potential of Quaternary alluvium in Bolu settlement area,Turkey

Groundwater bearing alluvial units in the seismically active settlement areas may bring out probable damage on the urban and built environment due to liquefaction. Bolu settlement area and surroundings are located in the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Geotechnical boreholes were drilled in order to determine the distribution of the geological units, to obtain representative soil samples and to measure groundwater level. Quaternary aged alluvium is the main geological unit in the South of study area. Stiffness and consistency of the soils were determined by Standart penetration test. P and S wave velocities of soil have been measured along the seismic profiles. The index and physical properties of the samples have also been tested in the laboratory. Liquefaction potential and safety factor of the sandy levels in Quaternary aged alluvium were investigated by different methods based on SPT and V _s. Liquefaction seems to be a significant risk in case of an earthquake with a _max = 0.48 g and M _w = 7.5 at different levels of the boreholes. This situation may bring out environmental problems in the future.     

辽宁抚顺西露天矿北帮边坡稳定性分析及变形分区

分析了抚顺西露天矿的地质背景,对西露天矿北帮边坡进行稳定性数值分析,并对西露天矿地质灾害进行评价和变形区划分。分析结果表明,矿区的地质灾害主要受断层,软弱岩体,强降雨以及矿震等的影响;边坡存在相当大塑性区,边坡表坡局部存在较大变形,随着井采开采的推进边坡塑性区将增大,地表沉降位移增量呈增加的趋势;对地质灾害影响的区域应根据变形情况逐渐实施搬迁。最后指出应对北帮边坡岩体变形的时效性问题及趋势进行预测,并做好地质灾害防治工作。     

The earthquake in the Swabian Jura of 16 November 1911 and present concepts of seismotectonics

Beginning with the Swabian Jura earthquake in 1911 the seismic activity in Central Europe is concentrated to this area. A comparison with other events of the same epicentral region shows that the largest earthquake in Germany has the character of a left-lateral horizontal strike slip striking N — NNE. The focal parameters can be assumed within the following intervalls: Seismic moment M_o = 1…8·10¹⁷ Nm; focal area F_o = 18…53 km²; average dislocation d_o = 20…53 cm and stress drop Δp_o = 13…19 bar.     

Chemical alteration of tephra in the depositional environment: theoretical stability modelling

The study of the chemical stability of vitreous material in aqueous media is well‐established. There has to date been little consideration of the implications of variations in the chemical durability of tephra in Quaternary tephrochronology. Chemical alteration can take the form of cationic leaching from the matrix, or complete destruction of the silica network, either of which could constrain the ability to chemically identify distal tephra. Here we apply established models of vitreous durability to the published chemical analyses of a large number of Icelandic tephras in order to predict their relative durabilities under equivalent conditions. This suggests that some important tephras have relatively poor chemical stability, and that rhyolitic tephras are, in general, more stable than basaltic. We conclude that tephras should be expected to show predictable differential chemical stability in the post‐depositional environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

挤压地区物理模拟研究进展

构造物理模拟是目前研究构造变形过程与成因机制最为有效的手段。在系统展示并归纳国内外研究成果的基础上, 总结了物理模拟实验的理论、材料及技术进展。在挤压地区, 构造物理模拟已经被证明是一种模拟逆冲褶皱系统演化过程的强有力工具; 在推覆体或双冲构造、冲断带的反转与基底卷入、挤压造山作用与表面过程、挤压地区构造转换带及地幔对流与板块碰撞俯冲等方面取得了很大进展。     

滨海软基上膜袋围堰稳定性分析及沉降预测研究

根据软土地基上膜袋围堰自身特性,考虑土工膜袋纵向抗拉强度的影响,建立了膜袋围堰整体稳定性分析模型,定量研究了土工织物膜袋抗拉力、袋内填充土体强度参数以及膜袋充填厚度对围堰整体安全系数的影响。对膜袋围堰场地进行了现场沉降观测,根据室内软土的固结试验和渗透性试验,结合观测数据对常值参数灰色模型预测方法进行修正,利用修正模型对围堰的长期沉降进行了预测。研究结果表明：围堰整体安全系数随着土工织物膜袋抗拉强度及袋内填充土体强度参数的增大显著增加;随着膜袋充填厚度增大,围堰整体安全系数先迅速降低,后趋于稳定。软土地基的固结特性与其长期沉降有紧密关系,实际预测时应根据不同软土的固结性质选取沉降预测模型,以提高预测精度。     

Numerical modelling of hydro-mechanical behaviour of ground settlement due to rising water table in loess

The numerical simulation of collapsible settlement in loess soil subjected to rising ground water table is presented in this paper. A coupled hydro-mechanical model is proposed. Comparisons between the results of numerical simulations and those of oedometer and in situ water immersion field test in Lanzhou, northwest China, reveal good agreement, which validates the proposed model formulation. Factors that influence the ground settlement of loess including initial elevation of ground water table, rising water height and velocity are then evaluated. The results of the analyses reveal that the most critical situation of largest possible ground settlement due to ground water rising in loess involves initial water table elevation of 10 m and rising water velocity of 0.5 m/year. Two upper bound lines of predicted maximum possible ground settlement are proposed to facilitate a preliminary quick evaluation of ground settlement due to rising water under different water table scenarios in loess.     

基于连续-离散耦合的边坡稳定性分析研究

以河北省某露天铁矿边坡为工程背景,采用连续-离散耦合数值分析方法,对典型边坡断面进行分步开挖,结合强度折减法,计算分析坡体的变形规律和受力特征。连续、离散网格区域分别采用有限差分FLAC和颗粒离散元PFC进行建模,着重从连续-离散模型的数据一致性,剪应变增量的形成、发展与局部位移的关系,连续-离散介质受力与位移过程,离散体细观破裂与坡体塑性变形等方面,对边坡稳定性的耦合分析方法进行研究,从宏观和细观角度对边坡的失稳机制进行了较为全面的探索。结果表明：（1）计算过程中坡体应力和位移在连续域和离散域保持了较高的一致性,连续-离散耦合分析方法适用于边坡稳定性研究;（2）作为边坡失稳判据的剪应变增量变化过程主要受岩土体水平位移控制;（3）细观破裂机制可有效表征边坡的宏观塑性变形;（4）土体颗粒接触力链的方向改变是土体位移和变形的驱动因素。     

泄洪雾化雨下如美水电站边坡稳定性分析

本文以如美水电站中坝址的消能防冲区为研究对象,将大型有限元软件ABAQUS与强度折减法相结合,建立了防冲区两个典型剖面的计算模型。通过对泄洪雾化雨下两个典型剖面的边坡稳定性进行分析,结果表明:泄洪雾化导致边坡局部处于不稳定状态,在剖面I-I坡脚处出现不稳定区域,在剖面II-II坡体中部出现不稳定状态。     

Geospatial modelling of flood susceptibility pattern in a subtropical area of West Bengal,India

Flood hazards are the most destructive among all natural disasters and are a constant threat to human’s life and property. Effective disaster risk reduction strategies can be improved by geospatial approach in the way of producing information and knowledge that are useful to plan truly effective actions for the protection from floods. This research aims to develop a quantified predictive model of flood susceptibility in the Ghatal and Tamluk subdivision of Medinipur district of West Bengal, India, by means of empirically selected and weighted spatial predictors of flood. The weighted prediction model is used to quantify the spatial associations between individual geospatial factors within the flood inundated study area. Yule’s coefficient and distance distribution analysis are used to assign weights to individual geo-factors, and finally weighted spatial predictors are integrated to a multi-class index overlay analysis to derive the spatially explicit predictive model of flood susceptibility. The resultant susceptibility model reveals that approximately 32.35 and 52.99% of the total study areas (3261.45 km²) are under the category of high-to-moderate flood susceptible zone. Quantitative results of this study could be integrated into the policy process in the formulation of local and national government plans for the future flood mitigation management and also to develop appropriate infrastructure in order to protect the lives and properties of the common people of the Medinipur district.