中国北方第四系地下水同位素分层及其指示意义

中国北方第四系地下水中的D, 18O, 3H和14C含量存在明显的分层现象, 这种现象与末次冰期以来的古气候变化有着较好的对应性, 反映了全新世和末次冰期气候条件的差别以及地下水不同的形成机制.深层地下水为晚更新世末次冰期时期形成, 其δ(D) 和δ(18O) 值与全新世补给形成的浅层地下水相比, 分别贫4× 10-3~ 16× 10-3和1× 10-3~ 2× 10-3, 说明末次冰期时期年均气温较低.古地下水中D和18O的大陆梯度与全新世以来地下水中的梯度基本相同, 说明在过去30000a来尽管气温发生变化, 但中国北方大陆的大气循环模式没有发生实质性的改变.地下水同位素分层现象反映了3种不同的补给机制及参与现代水循环程度.这些信息对大陆尺度上的水循环研究和地下水的可持续开发利用有着重要的意义.      

Coastal aquifer system in late Pleistocene to Holocene deposits at Horonobe in Hokkaido,Japan

The groundwater flow systems and chemistry in the deep part of the coastal area of Japan have attracted attention over recent decades due to government projects such as geological disposal of radioactive waste. However, the continuous groundwater flow system moving from the shallow to deep parts of the sedimentary soft rock has not yet been characterized. Therefore, the Cl^–, δD and δ¹⁸O values of the pore water in the Horonobe coastal area in Hokkaido, Japan, were measured to 1,000 m below the ground surface, and a vertical profile of the pore-water chemistry was constructed to assist in elucidating groundwater circulation patterns in the coastal area. The results show that the groundwater flow regime may be divided into five categories based on groundwater age and origin: (1) fresh groundwater recharged by modern rainwater, (2) fresh groundwater recharged by paleo rainwater during the last glacial age, (3) low-salinity groundwater recharged during the last interglacial period, (4) mixed water in a diffusion zone, and (5) connate water consisting of paleo seawater. These results suggest that the appearance of hydrological units is not controlled by the boundaries of geological formations and that paleo seawater is stored in younger Quaternary sediments.     

南海北部陆坡高速堆积体沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源意义

对南海北部陆坡MD05-2905站9个沉积物样品稀土元素进行分析,结果显示MD05-2905站沉积物中稀土含量总量(ΣREE)变化范围较大,其分布范围为60.66×10-6～350.37×10-6,平均值为174.59×10-6,其中全新世样品的稀土含量总量明显低于末次冰期样品,其球粒陨石分布模式与上地壳基本一致。对比发现,其ΣREE平均值相对接近中国黄土和珠江口,而与深海粘土中稀土元素的丰度相差较大,说明其主体可能来自陆源。稀土元素分馏参数δEu和δCe以及富集因子(EF)和判别函数(DF)揭示南海北部MD05-2905站沉积物与黄土、珠江口和台湾浅滩都有联系,显示了多物源多传输方式的特征。另外发现富集因子(EF)和判别函数(DF)数值在末次冰期时期与全新世时期差别相对较大,末次冰期时期黄土、珠江口和台湾浅滩的DF值都远远小于全新世时期,这可能反映末次冰期时黄土、珠江口和台湾浅滩对南海北部的物源贡献更大,也反映末次冰期与全新世期间各个物源供给/传输方式可能发生变化。     

塔里木盆地区域地下水环境同位素特征及其意义

以大量水环境同位素样品测试结果为依据,对塔里木盆地的区域水环境同位素特征进行了分析,得出了一些有意义的认识:(1)塔里木盆地不同14C年龄的地下水的δD、δ18O值差异不明显,反映了水资源形成区在最后冰期和冰后期气温相差不大,推测是由于新构造运动使山体隆升,同一位置因高程变化产生的气温变化弥合了气候的变化,这一特征使我们难以运用δD-δ18O关系区别古水(冰期)与现代水(冰后期)。(2)在δD-δ18O关系图上,沿大气降水线可把盆地内主要河流及其补给形成的地下水大致圈定在3个域内,这3个域的区别不是大气环流作用的结果,而是河流源区山脉高程效应的反映。(3)与西北内陆盆地其他大型河流比较,阿克苏河流域下游承压自流水的14C年龄小得多,这是由阿克苏河径流量大、下游为河槽洼地、不完全具备山前倾斜平原水文地质特征等决定的。阿克苏河下游承压水水循环交替迅速,开发潜力较大,在西北内流盆地中是一个特例。(4)塔克拉玛干沙漠第四系松散层地下水主要是从盆地南缘侧向补给的,在沙漠腹地由深部向浅部顶托排泄。盆地内深层油田水处于高度封闭的滞留状态,与上部松散沉积层地下水之间基本没有联系。     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study of groundwater in the Habor Lake Basin of the Ordos Plateau,NW China

Hydrogeochemistry and isotopes were used to understand the origin and geochemical evolution in the Habor Lake Basin, northwestern China. Groundwater samples were taken, and the isotopic compositions δD, δ¹⁸O and major ions were analyzed. The groundwater can be divided into three types: the Quaternary groundwater, the shallow Cretaceous groundwater and the deep Cretaceous groundwater. The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by the feldspar weathering and dolomite weathering, the dissolution of Glauber’s salt, and cation exchange. Chemistry of lake water is mainly controlled by evaporation and precipitation. The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater cluster along the local meteoric water line, indicating that groundwater is of meteoric origin. Comparing with shallow groundwater, deep groundwater is depleted in heavy isotopes indicating that deep groundwater was recharged during late Pleistocene and Holocene, during which the climate was more wetter and colder than today.     

矿区流域不同水体同位素时空特征及水循环指示意义

为了探究平朔矿区所在流域不同水体同位素的时空变化规律,揭示采煤活动下区域水循环规律,于2020年8月和12月对流域内地表水、地下水和矿井水进行采样,测试样品的D和¹⁸O同位素组成,并利用贝叶斯混合模型MixSIAR计算了矿井水不同来源的贡献率。结果表明：(1)地表水和矿井水δD和δ¹⁸O夏季较冬季高;地下水δD和δ¹⁸O季节差异不明显。地表水氢氧同位素值沿程呈增加趋势,但局部受到矿井水的补给,出现贫化;地下水氢氧同位素值沿径流方向呈逐渐增加趋势。(2)采煤区氢氧同位素值较非采煤区明显增加。受季节效应影响,在空间分布上8月浅层地下水氢氧同位素高值区域较12月明显增多。(3)δ¹⁸O与δD关系图表明,地表水在接受大气降水的补给之后受到了蒸发分馏作用的影响;浅层地下水的补给源较复杂,深层地下水由于采煤形成的导水裂隙带受到了浅层地下水和地表水的补给;矿井水受地表水、浅层地下水和深层地下水的补给。(4) MixSIAR模型揭示出深层地下水是矿井水的主要补给来源,占61.60%～67.20%,且补给比例冬季大于...     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地天然水体环境同位素组成及其水循环意义

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地天然水体的环境同位素组成表明,区内各种地表水体（河流和湖淖）在δ18O和δD图上主要分布在雨水线右侧,其关系线的斜率明显小于雨水线的蒸发线,集中反映蒸发作用对地表水体的影响。盆地内地下水大致集中沿雨水线分布,反映了白垩系盆地内地下水为大气降水成因。盆地南北两区地下水的环境同位素具有明显差异性特点,集中体现了盆地南北两区水循环条件的差异。盆地北区各含水岩组间地下水垂向水力联系比较密切,垂向运动特点比较明显,现代水积极循环带的深度为200 m;南区地下水分层性明显,以水平径流为主,现代水积极循环带的深度为160 m。区内浅层地下水以富氚和高¹⁴C含量为特征,反映为现代水补给;而中、深层地下水则以贫氚和低¹⁴C含量为特征,反映为地质历史时期补给。     

新疆焉耆盆地水环境氢氧同位素特征及其指示作用

根据焉耆盆地开都河水及其两岸地下水中的氢氧稳定同位素资料及氘过量参数(d)值,分析了焉耆盆地内不同水体的δ(D)、δ(18O)和d值的分布规律,并得到地下水的主要补给来源及其与开都河水的相互作用关系;地下水的δ(D)在-87.60‰～-61.82‰间,δ(18O)在-10.90‰～-9.73‰间;开都河水的δ(D)在-71.95‰～-58.58‰间,δ(18O)在-9.57‰～-8.64‰间。结果表明:焉耆盆地内地下水和地表水同源于山区的降水和冰雪融水,且经历了较强的蒸发作用;地下水与地表水之间的直接水力联系较弱,深层地下水主要接受开都河水在洪积扇区的入渗补给,浅层地下水主要接受河流引水灌溉入渗;不同深度地下水之间的水力联系较为密切,为统一的地下水系统。     

同位素技术解析安阳河与地下水相互作用

河流与地下水相互作用研究是水文学研究的难点和热点。安阳河与地下水相互作用研究,对于安阳市水资源科学开发与管理具有重要意义。安阳河冲洪积扇地表水与地下水转化率为17%～27%。潜水位标高为80 m,向下游逐渐变成多层含水层（水位40 m）。当地降水环境同位素监测数据表明,当地大气降水线与全球大气降水线接近平行,表明该线代表本地区大气降水的氢氧同位素特征。地表水同位素值较集中,2016年8月δ18O值变化范围为-9‰~-8.7‰,δD值变化范围为-65‰~-63‰,2017年1月δ18O值变化范围为-8.5‰~-8.2‰,δD值变化范围为-63‰~-61‰,河水水化学类型为HCO3·SO4—Ca型,表明流域内地表水的同位素值受距离的影响较小。地下水稳定同位素值变化较大,2016年8月δ18O值范围为-10.4‰~-5.5‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-46‰,2017年1月δ18O值范围为-10.2‰~-5.4‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-45‰,即从接近降水值到最大值形成一条“蒸发”线。河流出山口一带地下水同位素值呈现最大蒸发值,表明地表水补给地下水,地下水化学类型为HCO3·SO4·Cl—Ca,存在明显人为污染成分。下游为大气降水补给浅层地下水,中深层地下水主要来源于中游侧向径流,水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca·Mg型,综合分析表明,安阳河中下游（冲洪积扇）地带“三水”转换积极,并影响其水质、水量。     

Isotopes (δD and δ18O) in precipitation, groundwater and surface water in the Ordos Plateau, China: implications with respect to groundwater recharge and circulation

The characteristics of δD and δ¹⁸O in precipitation, groundwater and surface water have been used to understand the groundwater flow system in the Ordos Plateau, north-central China. The slope of the local meteoric water line (LMWL) is smaller than that of the global meteoric water line (GMWL), which signifies secondary evaporation during rainfall. The distribution of stable isotopes of precipitation is influenced by temperature and the amount of precipitation. The lake water is enriched isotopically due to evaporation and its isotopic composition is closely related to the source of recharge and location in the groundwater flow systems. River water is enriched isotopically, indicating that it suffers evaporation. The deep groundwater (more than 150?m) is depleted in heavy isotopes relative to the shallow groundwater (less than 150?m), suggesting that deep groundwater may have been recharged during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, when the climate was wetter and colder than at present. All groundwater samples plot around the LMWL, implying groundwater is of meteoric origin. Shallow groundwater has undergone evaporation and the average evaporation loss is 53%. There are two recharge mechanisms: preferential flow, and the mixture of evaporated soil moisture and subsequent rain.     

Mixing of magmatic CO2 into volcano groundwater flow at Aso volcano assessed combining carbon and water stable isotopes

To understand deep groundwater flow systems and their interaction with CO₂ emanated from magma at depth in a volcanic edifice, deep groundwater samples were collected from hot spring wells in the Aso volcanic area for hydrogen, oxygen and carbon isotope analyses and measurements of the stable carbon isotope ratios and concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Relations between the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C_DIC) and DIC concentrations of the sampled waters show that magma-derived CO₂ mixed into the deep groundwater. Furthermore, groundwaters of deeper areas, except samples from fumarolic areas, show higher δ¹³C_DIC values. The waters' stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δD and δ¹⁸O) reflect the meteoric-water origin of that region's deep groundwater. A negative correlation was found between the altitude of the well bottom and the altitude of groundwater recharge as calculated using the equation of the recharge-water line and δD value. This applies especially in the Aso-dani area, where deeper groundwater correlates with higher recharge. Groundwater recharged at high altitude has higher δ¹³C_DIC of than groundwater recharged at low altitude, strongly suggesting that magmatic CO₂ is present to a much greater degree in deeper groundwater. These results indicate that magmatic CO₂ mixes into deeper groundwater flowing nearer the magma conduit or chamber.     

柳林泉域滞流区低温岩溶热水的年龄分析

为了研究柳林泉域西部滞流区低温岩溶热水的年龄,在区域地质、水文地质条件调查及野外取样、分析的基础上,以滞流区横沟自流井的岩溶热水为例,利用δ2H（‰）、δ18O（‰）、3H（TU）和14C（pMC）同位素测年技术分析、计算并校核了该区岩溶水的滞留时间。通过分析岩溶水中3H和14C的关系及其δ2H、δ18O值,表明横沟岩溶水属于古岩溶水,其年龄应在10 000 a以上;利用14C计算并校核后的岩溶水年龄也印证了这一点,横沟1#和2#井岩溶水的14C年龄分别为12 908 a和9 090 a。因此,横沟附近岩溶热水应属于末次冰期盛冰期内补给的古岩溶水。      

Assessment of paleo-recharge under the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet and its impact on regional groundwater flow in the northern Baltic Artesian Basin using a numerical model

The study investigates the mechanism of glacial meltwater recharge under the Fennosciandian Ice Sheet during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and its impact on regional groundwater flow in the northern Baltic Artesian Basin (BAB) in Estonia and Latvia. The current hypothesis is that a flow reversal occurred in the BAB due to subglacial recharge during the LGM. This hypothesis is supported by an extensive dataset of geochemical and isotopic measurements in the groundwater of northern Estonia, exhibiting significant depletion in δ¹⁸O with respect to modern precipitation. To verify the consistency of this hypothesis and better understand groundwater flow dynamics during the LGM period, a numerical model is developed for this area. Two cross-sectional models have been created across the northern BAB, in which groundwater flow and the transport of δ¹⁸O have been simulated from the beginning of the LGM to present-day. Several simulations were performed with different subglacial boundary conditions, to investigate the uncertainty related to subglacial recharge of meltwater during the LGM and the subsequent flow reversal in the northern BAB. Several simulations provide a satisfying fit between computed and observed values of δ¹⁸O, which means that the hypothesis of subglacial recharge of meltwater is consistent with δ¹⁸O distribution. The numerical model suggests that preservation of meltwater in northern Estonia is controlled by confining layers and the proximity to the outcrop area of aquifers, located in the Gulf of Finland. The results also suggest that glacial meltwater has been preserved under the Baltic Sea in the Gulf of Riga.     

Mountain-block recharge, present and past, in the eastern Espa?ola Basin, New Mexico, USA

Noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) and radiocarbon ages were determined for 43 groundwater samples collected in the eastern Espa?ola Basin, New Mexico (USA), to identify mountain-block recharge in waters <10 thousand years (ka) old and to evaluate possible changes in mountain-block recharge over the past ??35?ka. For Holocene samples from the southeastern area, NGTs are dominantly 2?C4° cooler than the measured water-table temperature near the mountain front. Computed minimum mountain-block recharge fractions are dominantly 0.2?C0.5, consistent with previous large mountain-block recharge estimates. NGTs do not display the distinct low during the last glacial maximum observed in other paleorecharge studies; samples recharged 15?C25?ka ago are on average only 1.3° cooler than Holocene samples. Instead, samples with the coldest NGTs were recharged 25?C35?ka ago. A proposed explanation is that higher precipitation rates during the last glacial maximum resulted in a lower mean recharge elevation for the basin, essentially buffering the effect of the lower mean annual air temperature and producing NGTs similar to the Holocene. In the period preceding the last glacial maximum, precipitation rates more like today??s resulted in Holocene-like mountain-block recharge fractions, producing a mean NGT ??5° cooler than the Holocene, as expected.     

应用环境示踪剂探讨巴丹吉林沙漠及古日乃绿洲地下水补给

巴丹吉林沙漠位于我国西北部的阿拉善高原。近年来,许多中外学者应用天然水样及土壤水分的水化学、同位素等技术手段研究了该地区地下水补给及环境演化。基于这些研究,试图给出巴丹吉林沙漠和古日乃绿洲一个完整的二维地下水系统概念模型。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水在浅埋区和出露区蒸发,同时接受少量当地降水补给,其最终的排泄区是古日乃绿洲。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水垂向补给微弱,地下水很可能是更新世晚期至全新世早期周边的雅布赖山区降水径流及发源于祁连山的河流古河道补给的古水。在全新世中-晚期,地下水得到有限的降水补给,并且经受蒸发作用。随着千年尺度的气候转型,两千年以来,巴丹吉林沙漠干旱化加剧,正在经历地下水位下降、湖泊绿洲逐渐萎缩消亡的过程。     

Hydrological and hydrogeological characterization of groundwater and river water in the North Hanoi industrial area,Vietnam

Degradation of groundwater quality by human activities is a widespread environmental problem in Vietnam. Groundwater there is a major source of water for domestic and industrial purposes. This paper reviews, compiles, and comprehensively analyzes spatiotemporal variations of hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of shallow and deep groundwater aquifers in northern Hanoi industrial zones and in nearby Red River water. Groundwater level, electrical conductivity, and water temperature were measured in six monitoring wells, complemented by anion, cation, and stable isotope analyses of ground and surface water. The results show that the groundwater in both shallow and deep aquifers was fresh, but mainly calcium-bicarbonate type contaminants and human activities affect groundwater and surface water composition. With the goal of devising sustainable water use regulations, more research must be directed toward long-term monitoring of groundwater and surface water quality, as well as toward detailed investigation of the hydraulic characteristics of local aquifers in the study area.     

Groundwater recharge and evolution in the Dunhuang Basin,northwestern China

Groundwater recharge and evolution in the Quaternary aquifer beneath the Dunhuang Basin was investigated using chemical indicators, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon data to provide guidance for regional water management. The quality of groundwater and surface water is generally good with low salinity and it is unpolluted. The dissolution of halite and sylvite from fine-grained sediments controls concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ in the groundwater, but Na⁺/Cl⁻ molar ratios >1 in all samples are also indicative of weathering of feldspar contributing to excess Na⁺. The dissolution of carbonate minerals yields Ca²⁺ to the groundwater, thereby exerting a strong influence on groundwater salinity. The δ¹⁸O and δ²H values in unconfined groundwater are enriched along the groundwater flow path from SW to NE. In contrast, confined groundwater was depleted in heavy isotopes, with mean values of −10.4‰ δ¹⁸O and −74.4‰ δ²H. Compared with the precipitation values, all of the groundwater samples were strongly depleted in heavy isotopes, indicating that modern direct recharge to the groundwater aquifers in the plains area is quite limited. The unconfined water is generally young with radiocarbon values of 64.9–79.6 pmc. In the northern basin, radiocarbon content in the confined groundwater is less than 15 pmc and an uncorrected age of ∼15 ka, indicates that this groundwater was recharged during a humid climatic phases of the late Pleistocence or early Holocene. The results have important implications for inter-basin water allocation programmes and groundwater management in the Dunhuang Basin.     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence of groundwater evolution and recharge in aquifers in Beijing Plain, China

An investigation was conducted in Beijing to identify the groundwater evolution and recharge in the quaternary aquifers. Water samples were collected from precipitation, rivers, wells, and springs for hydrochemical and isotopic measurements. The recharge and the origin of groundwater and its residence time were further studied. The groundwater in the upper aquifer is characterized by Ca-Mg-HCO₃ type in the upstream area and Na-HCO₃ type in the downstream area of the groundwater flow field. The groundwater in the lower aquifer is mainly characterized by Ca-Mg-HCO₃ type in the upstream area and Ca-Na-Mg-HCO₃ and Na-Ca-Mg-HCO₃ type in the downstream area. The δD and δ¹⁸O in precipitation are linearly correlated, which is similar to WMWL. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of river, well and spring water are within the same ranges as those found in the alluvial fan zone, and lay slightly above or below LMWL. The δD and δ¹⁸O values have a decreasing trend generally following the precipitation → surface water → shallow groundwater → spring water → deep groundwater direction. There is evidence of enrichment of heavy isotopes in groundwater due to evaporation. Tritium values of unconfined groundwater give evidence for ongoing recharge in modern times with mean residence times <50 a. It shows a clear renewal evolution along the groundwater flow paths and represents modern recharge locally from precipitation and surface water to the shallow aquifers (<150 m). In contrast, according to ¹⁴C ages in the confined aquifers and residence time of groundwater flow lines, the deep groundwater is approximately or older than 10 ka, and was recharged during a period when the climate was wetter and colder mainly from the piedmont surrounding the plain. The groundwater exploitation is considered to be “mined unsustainably” because more water is withdrawn than it is replenished.     

Isotopic variations of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater of carbonate aquifer in an arid environment

The stable isotopic characteristics were used together with the total chloride to assess changes in groundwater from recharge zones into the carbonate aquifer in an arid environment. The aquifer under study represents a major source of groundwater and thermal springs in Al-Ain city, which are located at the northern part of Jabal Hafit in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The relationship between oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of groundwater is established and is described by δD?=?2.2δ¹⁸O???9.96. The lower slope and y-intercept of groundwater samples relative to the local meteoric waterline suggests that the isotopic enrichment is due to the evaporation of shallow groundwater after recharge occurs. The majority of the shallow groundwater samples have a negative deuterium excess (d-excess) which might be ascribed to high a degree of evaporation, while most of the groundwater samples from deep wells, have a positive value of d-excess which may be related to a low degree of evaporation. The δ¹⁸O values of the thermal waters suggest enrichment towards δ¹⁸O of the carbonate rocks because of the exchange with oxygen at higher temperatures. A possible mixing between thermal or hot water and shallow groundwater is evident in some samples as reflected by δD vs. Cl and d-excess vs. δ¹⁸O plots.     

拉萨河流域地表径流氢氧同位素空间分布特征

为了探析径流过程中稳定同位素变化特征及其控制因子, 利用2008年拉萨河流域地表径流中δ18O和δD的监测数据以及相关气象和水文资料, 初步研究了流域δ18O和δD的空间分布特征.研究发现: (1)拉萨河流域以大气降水为主要补给来源, 且干流体现了较明显的蒸发效应; (2)河水偏正的d过量参数特征指示了冰雪融水的补给特征; (3)季风降水期间, 拉萨河流域由高程效应和水平距离所造成的δ18O递减率约为0.16‰·(100 m)-1; (4)大循环尺度下, 流域内河水呈现了明显的大陆效应.研究表明高海拔地区地表径流氧氘同位素分布特征能够有效示踪流域水文循环过程, 并提供古高度变化研究的稳定同位素证据.