Evaluation of blast-induced ground vibration effects in a new residential zone

The results from an experimental blasting program that was performed at the special explosives training field of the General Directorate of Security in Ankara, where new residential blocks are planned to be constructed nearby, are presented. With the objective of estimating the blast-induced ground vibration effects on the proposed structures, various blasting parameters of nineteen surface and underground explosions were recorded in two directions at three measurement stations. Site-specific empirical relationships between peak particle velocity, the amount of explosive and the distance were developed. These relationships were used to construct a practical blasting chart, which gives the maximum amount of explosive to be used as a function of distance, for future underground and surface blasting operations in the training field. Since the use of peak particle velocity in the field of civil engineering has been limited so far, site-specific parameters were also estimated to predict the blast-induced horizontal peak ground acceleration. Then, an attempt was made to investigate the dynamic responses of four and six storey reinforced concrete structures that consist of frame and shear wall type structural systems under the measured accelerations using finite element analysis. The limitations of this approach were discussed within the context of damage estimation.     

Analysis of parameters of ground vibration produced from bench blasting at a limestone quarry

The aim of this study is to predict peak particle velocity level at a limestone quarry located in Istanbul, Turkey. The ground vibration components were measured for 73 blast events during the bench blast optimization studies during a long period. In blasting operations; ANFO (blasting agent), gelatine dynamite (priming) and NONEL detonators (firing) were used as explosives at this site. Parameters of scaled distance (charge quantity per delay and the distance between the source and the station) were recorded carefully and the ground vibration components were measured by means of vibration monitors for every event. Then, the data pairs of scaled distance and particle velocity were analyzed. The equation of scaled distance extensively used in the literature was taken into consideration for the prediction of peak particle velocity. At the end of statistical evaluations, an empirical relationship with good correlation was established between peak particle velocity and scale distance for this site. The established relationship and the results of the study are presented.     

Evaluation of blast induced ground vibration for minimizing negative effects on surrounding structures

The present paper mainly deals with the prediction of blast-induced ground vibration level in Bakhtiary formation at intake of waterway system in Gotvand dam, Iran. For this research the ground vibration components were recorded carefully by means of 3 sets of vibration monitors for 32 blast events during the bench blasting in front of tunnels. Then, the data pairs of scaled distance and particle velocity were analyzed by using the USBM equation. At the end of statistical evaluations, a relationship between peak particle velocity and scaled distance for this site was established with good correlation. Again, other data measurements during tunnel excavation near concrete structures were used to validate the predicted PPV and optimize the blasting patterns to omit the effects of resonance and vibration in USBM (RI-8507) standard. Based on the vibration tests done in Bakhtiary conglomerate, constant dynamic factors of the rock mass related to vibration velocity are 159.07 and 1.077.     

Study of blasting vibrations in Sarcheshmeh copper mine

Introduction In spite of development of mechanized methods of ground excavation, drilling and blasting is still extensively employed because of its low capital investment and simplicity. Its extensive use is not even limited by extension of mines close to residential areas and vital establishments. If it is not used in a controlled way, blasting operation can cause instability, failure of mine slopes and damps and damage to the nearby structures. The main objective here could be to reduce the …     

Delay time optimization in blasting operations for mitigating the vibration-effects on final pit walls' stability

Blasting induced vibration is one of the fundamental problems in the open-pit mines and intense vibration can cause critical damage to structures and plants nearby the open-pit mines, especially to the final pit wall's stability. It is very important to study how to control vibration induced by blasting in the mitigation of negative effects of blasting in open-pit mines. This study aims to examine the propagation of blasting induced ground vibrations and find the feasible approaches to reduce the harmful effects of vibrations induced by blasting on the final pit wall's stability. For this purpose, a series of field experiments were conducted in XinQiao Mining Co. Ltd. Sixty-six events and the blasting parameters of these shots were carefully recorded. During the statistical analysis of the collected data, the predictor equation proposed by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was used to establish a relationship between the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) and the Scaled Distance (SD) factor. The relationship between PPV and SD was determined and proposed to be used in this open-pit mine. Control of maximum charge amount per delay and the selection optimum interval time to reduce the intensity of vibration by waveform interference were applied in practice. Based on the field experiments, we can determine the maximum charge amount per delay and 15 ms delay were proposed to be used in this site, and a decrease in vibration of 24.5% was obtained.     

The effect of discontinuity frequency on ground vibrations produced from bench blasting: A case study

A good number of empirical formulae and methods dealing with the analysis of the effects of blast-induced ground vibrations have been developed. The most common approach suggested for estimating the attenuation of particle velocity on the ground is to scale the distance (scaled distance, SD). This approach makes it possible to estimate the peak particle velocity when the amount of explosive charge or the distance or both are altered.Many parameters known to have an influence on particle velocity have been used for particle velocity prediction equations. Some of these parameters are maximum charge per delay, the distance between the station and shot location, burden, inelastic attenuation factor and site factors. However, the impacts of the discontinuities existing on the benches where blasts are detonated on the propagation velocity of seismic waves have not been taken into consideration in these equations.This study aims to examine the impacts of the discontinuity frequency parameter derived through geological measurements carried out on the blasting benches or nearby in a quarry mine (Supren, Eskisehir) in Turkey on the propagation of blast-induced ground vibrations. Developed based on the geological observations carried out on the benches, the model was formed by adding discontinuity frequency parameter to the particle velocity prediction model suggested by Nicholls et al. [Nicholls HR, Johnson CF, Duvall WI. Blasting vibrations and their effects on structures. Bulletin no. 656. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Mines; 1971]. In order to research the effect of the discontinuity frequency in the bench on the blast-induced ground vibrations, the relationship between the recorded peak particle velocity, scaled distance and discontinuity frequency was statistically evaluated for the site. The established relationship and the results of the study are presented.     

G7公路甘肃段爆破施工对土遗址震动影响的检测与分析

近年来土遗址受城市建设和交通施工损害的现象时有发生,对于这些人为因素对遗址的影响缺乏有效的检测与评估手段。本文基于G7高速公路的爆破振动观测,进行质点峰值加速度和峰值速度的衰减分析,开展爆破震动对附近明水军事要塞土遗址震动影响的研究。通过对竖向、水平向的振动加速度和速度的观测和数据分析,得出不同药量条件下,对应相同质点的震动峰值加速度衰减规律。提出了公路爆破附近土遗址震动控制范围和最大药量的施工建议,为爆破附近有土遗址的施工提供了数据支持,相应的结论和建议可以在同类土遗址保护中参考使用。     

Evaluation of human response to blasting vibration from excavation of a large scale rock slope: A case study

Ground vibration, as the most critical public hazard of blasting, has received much attention from the community. Many countries established national standards to suppress vibration impact on structures, but a world-accepted blasting vibration criterion on human safety is still missing. In order to evaluate human response to the vibration from blasting excavation of a large-scale rock slope in China, this study aims to suggest a revised criterion. The vibration frequency was introduced to improve the existing single-factor (peak particle velocity) standard recommended by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM). The feasibility of the new criterion was checked based on field vibration monitoring and investigation of human reactions. Moreover, the air overpressure or blast effects on human beings have also been discussed. The result indicates that the entire zone of influence can be divided into three subzones: severe-annoyance, light-annoyance and perception zone according to the revised safety standard. Both the construction company and local residents have provided positive comments on this influence degree assessment, which indicates that the presented criterion is suitable for evaluating human response to nearby blasts. Nevertheless, this specific criterion needs more field tests and verifications before it can be     

Analysis of Influence Characteristics of Site Ground Motion in Ya'an Area,Sichuan

为分析雅安地区场地结构引起的震动特性,选取该地区重大安评项目中的实际测试钻孔进行场地地震反应分析,采用等效线性化方法,并以NGA强震记录为输入,开展场地反应计算,在全面分析该地区场地地震特征的基础上,以峰值速度为参数指标,研究场地条件引起的峰值速度放大效应。研究结果表明,雅安地区场地卓越周期约为0.2 s,自振周期为0.2 s的建筑结构破坏相对严重;随着基岩峰值加速度的增大,峰值速度呈增大趋势,峰值速度与峰值加速度变化趋势并非完全一致,分析场地效应时应考虑多种地震动参数的变化规律;不同地震输入下峰值速度放大系数为1～1.8;峰值速度放大系数k_v在不同强度基岩输入下,大致呈随等效剪切波速的增大而减小的趋势,软土场地更易引起场地峰值速度的放大,这种现象在芦山地震中较为明显。     

水库输水隧洞施工爆破振动对大坝安全影响监测及分析

阐述柏峰水库除险加固工程主坝输水隧洞施工爆破振动对大坝安全影响。选择有代表性的几个部位,采用原位质点振动速度测试的方法对整个施工期间爆破振动对大坝安全影响进行全过程监测与分析。对实测结果分析表明,爆破振动对大坝安全未产生明显的危害。监测成果可为工程爆破振动安全评价提供科学依据。     

基于爆破荷载等效施加方法的振动波形预测与古建筑安全评估

隧道爆破开挖产生的振动对邻近的古建筑有着不容忽视的安全影响,为研究爆破振动波的传播规律以及预测地面振动效应和分析临近古建筑结构的安全性,以拉卜楞隧道为依托,采用现场实测结合数值模拟分析的方法,预测爆破荷载作用下拉卜楞寺的动力响应。结果表明：(1)随着单响总药量的增加,质点振动速度增大,衰减比也随之增大,说明高频振动衰减快,低频振动衰减慢;(2)通过理论计算将爆破荷载等效施加在弹性边界或隧道开挖轮廓面上,动力模拟结果表明在大于40 m的中远区两者振速变化规律趋于一致,故将荷载施加在开挖轮廓面上是合理的;(3)爆破地震波自由界面处体波经过反射形成沿表面传播的Rayleigh波,结合数值模拟山体内部地震波的传播规律发现,经反射叠加山体内部形成复杂的振动区;(4)当地震波到达拉卜楞寺最近点时,径向振速峰值为0.000 672 cm/s,垂向振速峰值为0.000 448 cm/s,合成振速峰值为0.000 807 cm/s,远小于古建筑安全振动控制标准。     

Evaluation of blast-induced ground vibration predictors

The present paper mainly deals with the prediction of blast-induced ground vibration level at a Magnesite Mine in tecto-dynamically vulnerable hilly terrain in Himalayan region in India. The ground vibration was monitored to calculate the safe charge of explosive to avoid the continuous complaints from the nearby villagers. The safe charge of explosive and peak particle velocity (PPV) were recorded for 75 blast events (150 blast data sets) at various distances. These data sets were used and analysed by the widely used vibration predictors. From the four predictors, vibration levels were calculated and compared with new monitored 20 blast data sets. Again, the same data sets were used to validate and test the three-layer feed-forward back-propagation neural network to predict the PPV values. The same 20 data sets were used to compare the results by the artificial neural network (ANN). Among all the predictors, a very poor correlation was found, whereas ANN provides very near prediction with high degree of correlation.     

地铁隧道爆破施工影响的邻近居民楼质点峰值振速研究

地铁隧道爆破施工时严重威胁邻近居民楼的结构安全,因此研究邻近居民楼爆破峰值振速是非常必要的。文章基于群孔荷载简化模型、柱面波理论及传统的应力波衰减理论,在考虑高程效应影响下推导质点峰值振速公式。依托乌鲁木齐地铁一号线工程,对一邻近六层居民楼的爆破施工响应进行监测,并将实测质点峰值振速、提出的修正公式预测振速和传统萨道夫公式预测的振速进行对比分析。研究结果表明:采用修正公式预测的质点峰值振速与现场实测值的分布规律一致,呈现出随着高程增大而逐渐增大的趋势;而且现场实测值与修正公式预测值相对误差较小,表明考虑高程因子的修正公式是可行的。     

Estimation of shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using artificial blasting test

The objective of this study is to estimate the shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using the vibration generated from artificial blasting events, and to verify its applicability. In this study, near-field artificial blast testing and monitoring were carried out at the Seongdeok dam, Korea, as the first blasting tests to be carried out on an existing dam in Korea. Vibrations were induced by four different types of blasting, using various explosive charge weights and depths of blasting bore-holes. During the tests, acceleration time histories were measured at the rock outcrop adjacent to the point of the explosion, and at the crest of the dam. The fundamental frequency of the target dam was computed from the frequency analysis of measured acceleration histories. Numerical analyses were carried out, varying the shear modulus of the earth fill zone and using the acceleration histories measured at the rock outcrop as input ground motions. From a comparison between the fundamental frequencies calculated by numerical analyses and those of measured records, the shear wave velocities with depth, which are closely related to shear moduli, could be estimated. It is found that the effect of different blasting types on shear wave velocity estimation for the target dam materials is negligible, and that shear wave velocity can be consistently evaluated. Furthermore, by comparing the evaluated shear wave velocity with empirical formulae from previous research, the applicability of the method was verified. Therefore, in cases of mid-to-small earth dams, where the earthquake record is not available, the shear wave velocity of earth fill materials can be reasonably evaluated using blasting vibration records obtained at the site adjacent to the dam.     

伊朗Sarcheshmeh铜矿爆破振动研究di

地面振动是爆破产生的副效应之一，爆破中，相当一部分能量通过其产生的地面振动而被消耗，从而导致矿山产量大降，甚至影响矿山的发展．本文处理并分析了在伊朗Kerman 省Sarcheshmeh铜矿11次爆破记录到的57个三分向地震图．这些数据通过数字化地震仪PDAS-100记录得到，并使用DADISP软件加以分析．最后，重新考察了影响地面振动的爆破参数，比如炸药的重量和种类、结构物与爆破点的距离、爆破延时等，并研究了它们对峰值质点速度（vPP）的影响．在此基础上，确定了合适的爆破延时及炸药种类．通过研究这些数据，为Sarcheshmeh铜矿作出了vPP与换算距离之间的关系图．有了这样的关系图，就能够确定结构物的安全距离及相应的炸药数量．      

采石场周边民房爆破振动效应评价及衰减关系

为了避免福岭采石场爆破施工对周边民房的影响,布设4个测试点,对不同药量及距离产生的爆破振动给附近民房带来的影响进行监测和分析,得到了振动衰减关系及该采石场爆破施工对附近民房影响的安全距离。当保护对象距离为200 m时,96 kg药量,振动速度为0.45 cm/s,达到土坯房和毛石房屋容许振动的上限值。     

与规范反应谱相对应的Clough-Penzien模型参数研究

根据我国现行抗震规范（GB50011—2001）的反应谱曲线，对Clough—Penzien模型的参数取值进行了具体研究。采用时间包络函数考虑地震动的非平稳性，根据加速度峰值等效原则确定了谱强度因子S0的表达式，表明谱强因子不仅与地面加速度特性、场地类别有关，而且与结构的动力特性（阻尼比、自振周期）有关。最后对谱强度因子计算做了简化处理，为随机抗震计算分析提供了参考依据。     

Modelling damage potential of high‐frequency ground motions

Damage to building structures due to underground blast‐induced ground motions is a primary concern in the corresponding determination of the safe inhabited building distance (IBD). Because of the high‐frequency nature of this category of ground motions and especially the presence of significant vertical component, the characteristics of structural response and damage differ from those under seismic type low‐frequency ground motions. This paper presents a numerical investigation aimed at evaluating reinforced concrete (RC) structure damage generated by underground blast‐induced ground excitation. In the numerical model, two damage indices are proposed to model reinforced concrete failure. A fracture indicator is defined to track the cracking status of concrete from micro‐ to macrolevel; the development of a plastic hinge due to reinforcement yielding is monitored by a plastic indicator; while the global damage of the entire structure is correlated to structural stiffness degradation represented by its natural frequency reduction. The proposed damage indices are calibrated by a shaking table test on a 1: 5‐scale frame model. They are then applied to analyse the structural damage to typical low‐ to high‐rise RC frames under blast‐induced ground motions. Results demonstrate a distinctive pattern of structural damage and it is shown that the conventional damage assessment methods adopted in seismic analysis are not applicable here. It is also found that the existing code regulation on allowable peak particle velocity of blast‐induced ground motions concerning major structural damage is very conservative for modern RC structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某水工隧洞爆破震动对周边建筑物影响的试验分析

隧道开挖时的爆破震动对周边建筑物安全影响很大,但目前对不同爆破参数、周边建筑的距离与爆破开挖之间关系的研究成果不多,实际工程中也难以把握。以宁夏固原市某水工隧道工程为依托,采用现场试验的方法,对地表关键位置质点爆破振动频率与振动速度进行测试和分析。结果表明:(1)经测试发现房屋主振频率在10~60Hz间,而一般房屋建筑的频率均小于10Hz,说明此次试验中爆破震动不能与房屋产生共振。(2)对试验数据进行分析,并依据爆破震动规范安全振速标准进行判别,发现此次试验中土坯房的安全距离为160 m,一般砖房为60 m。研究结果可为隧道爆破的设计与施工提供理论依据,为类似隧道的爆破工程及解决由爆破引起的纠纷提供借鉴。     

Predicting blast-induced ground vibration using various types of neural networks

Prediction of vibration is very important in mining operations as well as civil engineering projects. In this paper, multi layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and general regression neural network (GRNN) were utilized to predict ground vibration level in a Sarcheshmeh copper mine, Iran. It was observed that the MLPNN gives the best results. For this technique root mean square error and coefficient of correlation were found 0.03 and 0.954, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that distance from the blast, number of holes per delay and maximum charge per delay are the most effective parameters in making ground vibration in the blasting operation.