The seismic microzonation of the city of Catania (Italy) for the maximum expected scenario earthquake of January 11, 1693

Safety against earthquake hazards presents two aspects: structural safety against potentially destructive dynamic forces and site safety related to geotechnical phenomena, such as amplification, landsliding and soil liquefaction. The correct evaluation of seismic hazard is, therefore, highly affected by risk factors due to geological nature and geotechnical properties of soils. In response to these new developments, several attempts have been made to identify and appraise geotechnical hazards and to represent them in the form of zoning maps, in which locations or zones with different levels of hazard potential are identified. The geotechnical zonation of the subsoil of the city of Catania (Italy) suggests a high vulnerability of the physical environment added to site amplification of the ground motion phenomena. The ground response analysis at the surface, in terms of time history and response spectra, has been obtained by some 1D equivalent linear models and by a 2D linear model, using a design scenario earthquake as input at the conventional bedrock. In particular, the study has regarded the evaluation of site effects in correspondence of the database of about 1200 boreholes and water-wells available in the data-bank of the Catania area. According to the response spectra obtained through the application of the 1D and 2D models, the city of Catania has been divided into some zones with different peak ground acceleration at the surface, to which corresponds a different value of the Seismic Geotechnical Hazard. A seismic microzoning map of the urban area of the city of Catania has been obtained. The map represents an important tool for the seismic improvement of the buildings, indispensable for the mitigation of the seismic risk.     

A WebGis tool for seismic hazard scenarios and risk analysis

The WebGis development represents a natural answer to the growing requests for dissemination and use of geographical information data. WebGis originates from a combination of web technology and the Geographical Information System, which is a recognised technology that is mainly composed of data handling tools for storage, recovery, management and analysis of spatial data. Here, we illustrate two examples of seismic hazard and risk analysis through the WebGis system in terms of architecture and content. The first presents ground shaking scenarios associated with the repetition of the earthquake that struck the Lake of Garda area (northern Italy) in 2004. The second shows data and results of a more extensive analysis of seismic risk in the western part of the Liguria region (north-western Italy) for residential buildings, strategic structures and historic architecture. The adoption of a freeware application (ALOV Map) assures easy exportability of the WebGis structures for projects dealing with natural hazard evaluation.     

公路桥梁地震易损性和震后恢复过程

采用专家调查的方式,统计的我国各种主要公路桥梁在不同烈度的地震发生后可能遭受的结构破坏和功能损失,以及地震发生后所需要的恢复时间。通过分析,给出了大、中、小种规模的斜拉、悬索、板梁式和拱式桥梁的结构破坏概率矩阵、设施损失率、功能损失率分布、损失功能恢复所需要的时间和桥梁在遭受破坏期间所损失的工作日数,并将研究结果与唐山地震之后的实际调查结果进行了对比,得到了一些有益的结果。     

鲁北地震危险区地震灾害快速评估系统

以县为评估单元,将县城和农村区分开,采用确定性的地震灾害评估方法,建立了鲁北地震危险区地震灾害快速评估系统,破坏性地震发生后,能够快速盲肠评估出危险区内的房屋破坏,人员伤亡和经济损失情况,为抗震救灾提供决策依据。     

Decoupled seismic analysis of an earth dam

The seismic stability of an earth dam is evaluated via the decoupled displacement analysis using the accelerograms obtained by ground response analysis to compute the earthquake-induced displacements. The response analysis of the dam is carried out under both 1D and 2D conditions, incorporating the non-linear soil behaviour through the equivalent linear method. Ten artificial and five real accelerograms were used as input motions and four different depths were assumed for the bedrock.1D and 2D response analyses were in a fair agreement with the exception of the top third of the dam where only a 2D modelling of the problem could ensure that the acceleration field is properly described. The acceleration amplification ratio obtained in the 2D analyses was equal to about 2 in all the cases considered, consistently with data from real case histories.The maximum permanent displacements computed by the sliding block analysis were small, being less than 10% of the service freeboard; a satisfactory performance of the dam can then be envisaged for any of the seismic scenarios considered in the analyses.     

石河子市建筑物群体、人员和经济损失动态震害预测及设防效益分析

根据石河子市建筑物、人口、经济现状和社会发展情况,按照建筑物、人口和经济增长率,对石河子市未来10年地震灾害损失和人员伤亡进行了动态预测,结果表明,一方面由于经济的发展和人口的增加,将有更多的社会财富和人口将受潜在破坏性地震的威胁,绝对经济损失将不断增加;另一方面,由于新建的设防建筑物的增加,建筑物总体抗震能力不断增强,在相同地震烈度影响下,其相对经济损失和人员伤亡将不断减少.并对石河子市建筑物总体抗震能力、抗震设防的效益进行了初步分析.     

数字地震波形分析软件

首先概述了数字地震波形分析的重要性及该领域一些主要波形分析软件的概况,然后介绍了笔者研制的《数字地震波形分析—WAVE Version 2004》软件;详细描述了该软件的设计目标、研制思路、系统特点、系统框架、操作界面、技术特点、方法功能等;最后给出了一个实际应用的实例。通过一些用户的反馈意见,认为该软件可作为当前地震学研究与分析预报工作中的一个主要工具。     

大型电力工程场地地震危险性研究现状与展望

概述了工程场地地震危险性分析的研究简史、内容和方法,并就研究工作中存在的问题和发展趋势进行了讨论.提出了利用GIS技术研制我国大型电力工程地震危险性分析信息系统的建议.     

A framework for a seismic risk model for Greater Cairo

Following the adverse effects caused by the moderate M_s 5.4 event of October 1992, the need to model the risk from earthquakes occurring in or near Cairo was shown to be an essential tool to offset this threat in the future. To provide the necessary elements for a risk model, this paper describes a methodology for developing a ground-shaking model as well as an inventory database for the city. In the first part, a scheme is followed to integrate data on geological structures, seismic sources, seismicity and surface soil conditions to build-up an event-based hazard model. In the second part, a brief review of the history of seismic provisions in Egyptian codes is presented, and a detailed assessment of local maps and information is supplemented by results from street surveys to obtain building stock data and geographical resolutions. On the basis of these studies, the city is divided into a number of census-tracts, or geo-codes, of classified building and soil characteristics, representing a fundamental step towards the development of a full loss model.     

An algorithm for the optimum distribution of a regional seismic network — II. An analysis of the accuracy of location of local earthquakes depending on the number of seismic stations

Summary Seven optimal networks consisting of 4 to 10 stations are compared for a given region, where velocity-depth profiles and the distribution of seismic intensity are known. Assuming that the standard error of arrival time is _t =0.05 s and the standard errors of the parameters of velocity-depth profiles are equal to 5% of their values, the average standard errors of the origin time and focus coordinates are estimated. The application of optimum methods to the planning of seismic networks in the Lublin Coal Basin is presented, and maps of standard errors of origin time , depth and epicenter ( _xy ) for the case of an optimum network of 6 seismic stations are given.     

The SERGISAI procedure for seismic risk assessment

The European project SERGISAI developed a computational tool where amethodology for seismic risk assessment at different geographical scales hasbeen implemented. Experts of various disciplines, including seismologists,engineers, planners, geologists, and computer scientists, co-operated in anactual multidisciplinary process to develop this tool. Standard proceduralcodes, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and Artificial Intelligence(AI) techniques compose the whole system, that will enable the end userto carry out a complete seismic risk assessment at three geographical scales:regional, sub-regional and local. At present, single codes or models thathave been incorporated are not new in general, but the modularity of theprototype, based on a user-friendly front-end, offers potential users thepossibility of updating or replacing any code or model if desired. Theproposed procedure is a first attempt to integrate tools, codes and methodsfor assessing expected earthquake damage, and it was mainly designedto become a useful support for civil defence and land use planning agencies.Risk factors have been treated in the most suitable way for each one, interms of level of detail, kind of parameters and units of measure.Identifying various geographical scales is not a mere question of dimension;since entities to be studied correspond to areas defined by administrativeand geographical borders. The procedure was applied in the following areas:Toscana in Italy, for the regional scale, the Garfagnana area in Toscana, forthe sub-regional scale, and a part of Barcelona city, Spain, for the localscale.     

地震映像数据的时频分析方法及应用

本文研究地震映像数据的时频解释方法.采用短时傅立叶变换方法获得地震映像记录频谱的时间与空间分布,根据介质对地震波频谱影响的基本规律,通过分析已知地质断面地震映像记录频谱的时间与空间分布,研究了综合利用频率域和时间域信息进行地震映像数据解释的效果.时频分析方法提取了地震波的频谱中关于地层岩性、构造方面的信息,为地震映像数据的处理和解释提供了更多的参考信息.实例证明,利用时频分析解释地震映像数据,有助于了解覆盖层下岩性变化、薄层的分布范围、探测隐伏土洞、确定混凝土构件中缺陷位置,提高地震映像数据的解释精度和准确性.     

基于性能的大跨径斜拉桥主塔概率地震风险分析

地震作用下,若斜拉桥主塔发生损伤,将使整体损伤风险明显提高。因此对斜拉桥主塔进行地震易损性分析来评定主塔的抗震能力,进而评估斜拉桥主塔在设计基准期内的地震损伤风险,具有重要的工程和经济意义。本文通过SAP2000有限元分析软件对某斜拉桥主塔进行了纵横向的地震易损性及危险性分析,结合地震易损性和危险性分析推导出概率地震风险函数,进而开展了斜拉桥的概率地震风险分析。分析结果证明,在100年设计基准期内,纵桥向或横桥向地震作用下,本文斜拉桥"H"型主塔均满足E3水准抗震设防要求。     

Loss estimation: a powerful tool for risk assessment and mitigation

Earlier loss estimation studies were limited to investigating particular scenarios and were carried out by highly specialized experts. Today, loss estimation techniques are translated into efficient software applications that are accessible by a large constituency of end-users. These techniques offer a high level of analysis sophistication and enable users to perform various ‘if–then’ scenarios to study the sensitivity of the results, to develop a better understanding of the outcomes and to gain insight on the consequences of the findings and decisions. Functionality of loss estimation models has improved significantly due to advances in information technology such as the introduction of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). GIS allows for easy display of input and output (in standard reports and maps) providing a critical functionality for communication of outcomes to emergency planners and decision-makers.     

三亚市交通系统易损性分析

采用经验统计法,模糊数学理论和Push—over等方法,针对三亚市交通系统中的道路、桥梁进行易损性分析研究,给出了不同烈度下道路、桥梁易损性分析结果,从中找出交通系统存在的薄弱环节,为三亚市编制抗震防灾规划和制定防灾决策提供重要的科学依据。     

Seismic risk assessment for the mega-city of Istanbul: Ductility, strength and maximum interstory drift demands

This study investigates the seismic demands due to the catastrophic 1999 M_w=7.4 Kocaeli and the M_w=7.1 Duzce earthquakes. The inelastic response spectra for the Kocaeli and Duzce earthquakes are investigated for systems with known strength and ductility. An analytical fiber element model is developed for a typical reinforced concrete building in Turkey. The interstory drifts are calculated from nonlinear dynamic analysis using 26 recorded strong-motion data from the 1999 Kocaeli and the Duzce earthquakes. In the dynamic analysis, the structural members are modeled by employing distributed plasticity fiber elements and both geometrical as well as material nonlinearities are taken into account. This study shows that the ductility and interstory drift demands due to the Kocaeli and the Duzce earthquakes were very severe (well above the code prescribed values) even for moderately inelastic structures. It is apparent from the results that the forward directivity effect is the most influential factor on the interstory drift demand. Both the distance to the fault rupture and the site conditions affect seismic demands, but the site conditions and the local topography are more influential than the distance from the fault rupture. This study shows that substantial damage should be expected in a future earthquake at all districts of Istanbul, but especially at Avcilar, Cekmece, Fatih, Bakirkoy and the Zeytinburnu districts. It is also shown that base isolation may substantially improve the performance of a structure in the inelastic domain and base isolated structures may be designed for lower minimum lateral strengths and higher strength reduction factors.     

An algorithm for the optimum distribution of a regional seismic network—I

Summary An algorithm for the optimum distribution of any number of regional seismic stations is formulated. The information needed from a given region is the relative distribution of seismic intensity and the travel times of seismic waves used in earthquake location procedure. To define the optimum distribution of a regional network, some generalization of D-planning (minimization of the ellipsoid volume of earthquake location errors) was applied. The D-optimum criterion is generalized for a case where equations describing the process are nonlinear and when the most probable values of the sought parameters (origin time and earthquake focus coordinates) are not known.As an example of the algorithm application, the optimum distribution of seismic stations in the central district of the Lublin Coal Basin in Poland is given.     

台湾地区7级强地震前中强地震条带特征讨论

分析了我国台湾地区近期的地震时空分布，发现从1993年开始，台湾地区MD5．5级^①以上地震逐渐形成了二条相交于花莲、苏沃海外的中强地震条带，其中一条呈北东向分布，另一条呈北西向分布，一直持续到1999年9月21日北东向条带西南段的空段附近(南投)发生了MS7．6级强震群型地震后仍然存在，结果2002年3月31日又在两条条带交汇处的苏沃海外发生了MS7．5级主震型地震。与板内地震条带相比：组成这两条条带的地震震级较大(大于5．5)；这两条条带的长度较短(不到400km)；北西向条带在后期的地震数量偏少；北西向条带的长宽比也较小(小于5)。     

Framework for the derivation of analytical fragility curves and life cycle cost analysis for non-seismically designed buildings

The quantification of the devastating effects of earthquakes on buildings can be achieved with the use of earthquake risk assessment. The formulation of strategies to minimise this risk is a complex task which relies on data regarding mainly the hazard, vulnerability and remaining life of the building. In this paper, the case study of Limassol municipality is presented. Initially, the building inventory and categorisation is defined followed by the selection of hazard scenarios and the development of analytical vulnerability curves. In the final part, risk assessment is performed leading to the formulation of retrofitting strategies for long term use.