Locata定位系统的时间同步机制

Locata系统是一种新型的高精度地基定位系统,它既可以与现有的全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)无缝对接,也可以在卫星信号失效时独立提供定位服务。Locata系统的定位精度可以达到厘米级,其关键技术是高精度(纳秒级)的时间同步技术。文中通过分析Locata系统的定位原理,对Locata系统独特的时间同步技术进行了研究,详细描述了其时间同步机制和技术实现方案,并给出了时间同步的具体流程和步骤。该研究可为我国研制地基伪卫星定位系统提供参考。      

Deploying a Locata network to enable precise positioning in urban canyons

Locata is a new positioning technology developed by the Locata Corporation. At the beginning of 2007, the Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG) bought and received a network of Locata transceivers with two rovers. The purpose is to solve the challenges identified when surveying in dense multipath areas (i.e. urban canyons). In this paper, the technology is tested in an urban canyon scenario on the University park at the University of Nottingham. By comparing Locata position solutions with the true positions calculated with a total station and a carrier-phase GPS, the results show that centimetre-level accuracy is achievable in difficult environments in the presence of Wi-Fi signals. The rover’s estimated coordinates may diverge in some cases. Finally, a comparison study shows that Real Time Kinematic GPS and Locata technologies have similar accuracy when both are available.     

Improved decentralized multi-sensor navigation system for airborne applications

The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) technologies is a very useful navigation option for high-accuracy positioning in many applications. However, its performance is still limited by GNSS satellite availability and satellite geometry. To address such limitations, a non-GNSS-based positioning technology known as “Locata” is used to augment a standard GNSS/INS system. The conventional methods for multi-sensor integration can be classified as being either in the form of centralized Kalman filtering (CKF), or decentralized Kalman filtering. However, these two filtering architectures are not always ideal for real-world applications. To satisfy both accuracy and reliability requirements, these three integration algorithms—CKF, federated Kalman filtering (FKF) and an improved decentralized filtering, known as global optimal filtering (GOF)—are investigated. In principle, the GOF is derived from more information resources than the CKF and FKF algorithms. These three algorithms are implemented in a GPS/Locata/INS integrated navigation system and evaluated using data obtained from a flight test. The experimental results show that the position, velocity and attitude solution derived from the GOF-based system indicate improvements of 30, 18.4 and 20.8% over the CKF- and FKF-based systems, respectively.     

基于伪卫星的改善GPS几何精度因子的研究

随着人们活动范围的日益扩大和周边环境的日益复杂,高精度GPS导航技术逐渐成为国内外研究的重点。GPS系统的定位精度在很大程度上取决于参与定位卫星的数目和几何布局,而几何精度因子(GDOP)正是衡量定位卫星几何布局优劣的量度。文章从几何精度因子着手,从理论上证明了伪卫星对GPS系统GDOP的改善,分析了伪卫星数量对GPS系统定位精度的影响。借助于仿真实验,结果表明,在GPS导航定位中,伪卫星能够显著增强卫星几何图形结构、提高测量精度、改善精度因子从而提高定位精度。     

一种新型高精度地基伪卫星定位系统——Locata

Locata系统是由澳大利亚Locata公司发明的一种地基伪卫星定位系统,本文介绍了其组成,精度、可靠性、扩展性等性能,分析了其应用现状与前景。该系统具有较高精度、可提供室内定位服务等优点,可为我国地基伪卫星系统的发展提供借鉴。     

Precise relative positioning using real tracking data from COMPASS GEO and IGSO satellites

China completed a basic COMPASS navigation network with three Geostationary and three Inclined Geosynchronous satellites in orbit in April 2011. The network has been able to provide preliminary positioning and navigation functions. We first present a quality analysis using 1-week COMPASS measurements collected in Wuhan. Satellite visibility and validity of measurements, carrier-to-noise density ratio and code noise are analyzed. The analysis of multipath combinations shows that the noise level of COMPASS code measurements is higher than that of GPS collected using the same receiver. Second, the results of positioning are presented and analyzed. For the standalone COMPASS solutions, an accuracy of 20 m can be achieved. An accuracy of 3.0 m for the vertical, 1.5 m for the North and about 0.6–0.8 m for the East component is obtained using dual-frequency code only measurements for a short baseline. More importantly, code and phase measurements of the short baseline are processed together to obtain precise relative positioning. Kinematic solutions are then compared with the ground truth. The precision of COMPASS only solutions is better than 2 cm for the North component and 4 cm for the vertical. The standard deviation of the East component is smaller than 1 cm, which is even better than that of the East component of GPS solutions. The accuracy of GPS/COMPASS combination solutions is at least 20 % better than that of GPS alone. Furthermore, the geometry-based residuals of double differenced phase and code measurements are analyzed. The analysis shows that the noise level of un-differenced phase measurements is about 2–4 mm on both B1 and B2 frequencies. For the code measurements, the noise level is less than 0.45 m for B1 CA and about 0.35 m for B2 P code. Many of the COMPASS results presented are very promising and have been obtained for the first time.     

组合码和相位观测值在线解双差模糊度的算法

如何在线精确地求解整周模糊度,是ＧＰＳ高精度动态相对定位的关键问题。在线解算取决于很多因素：基线长度、数据处理方法、接收机的性能（如双频还是单频）以及抗ＡＳ和ＳＡ的能力等。现代双频ＧＰＳ接收机能获得载波相位和Ｌ１、Ｌ２频道上的精度伪距观测值,组合这４个观测值可进行单历元整周模糊度解算。文中对组合码和相位观测值在线解整周度的算法进行了试验和分析,得出了很有实用意义的结合。     

Adaptive wavelet transform based on cross-validation method and its application to GPS multipath mitigation

Global positioning system (GPS) multipath disturbance is a bottleneck problem that limits the accuracy of precise GPS positioning applications. A method based on the technique of cross-validation for automatically identifying wavelet signal layers is developed and used for separating noise from signals in data series, and applied to mitigate GPS multipath effects. Experiments with both simulated data series and real GPS observations show that the method is a powerful signal decomposer, which can successfully separate noise from signals as long as the noise level is lower than about half of the magnitude of the signals. A multipath correction model is derived based on the proposed method and the sidereal day-to-day repeating property of GPS multipath signals to remove multipath effects on GPS observations and to improve the quality of the GPS measurements.     

PPP-RTK模糊度快速固定算法研究

将网络RTK（NRTK）与精密单点定位（PPP）技术优势融合的PPP-RTK技术,已经成为目前精密定位研究的热点. 本文提出一种将模糊度快速固定的解决方案,优化了PPP-RTK的模糊度固定解的算法,使得模糊度估计可靠性提高. 在实验中,利用国际GNSS服务（IGS）测站的实测数据进行了PPP-RTK定位解算. 结果统计表明:利用该算法对静态数据进行定位处理,其中数据收敛时间达到厘米级需要20 min,其中在平面位置方向的定位精度优于3 cm,在高程方向上的定位精度优于5 cm.      

Multisensor integration using neuron computing for land-vehicle navigation

Most of the present navigation sensor integration techniques are based on Kalman-filtering estimation procedures. Although Kalman filtering represents one of the best solutions for multisensor integration, it still has some drawbacks in terms of stability, computation load, immunity to noise effects and observability. Furthermore, Kalman filters perform adequately only under certain predefined dynamic models. Neuron computing, a technology of artificial neural network (ANN), is a powerful tool for solving nonlinear problems that involve mapping input data to output data without having any prior knowledge about the mathematical process involved. This article suggests a multisensor integration approach for fusing data from an inertial navigation system (INS) and differential global positioning system (DGPS) hardware utilizing multilayer feed-forward neural networks with a back propagation learning algorithm. In addition, it addresses the impact of neural network (NN) parameters and random noise on positioning accuracy. Electronic Publication     

一种基于目标检测和PnP的移动终端室内定位方法

针对传统的视觉定位易受噪声干扰、目标检测准确率低且无法获取终端准确位姿信息的问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的目标检测和PnP相结合的移动终端室内定位方法,通过Mask-RCNN进行目标检测,然后采用EPnP算法求解相机准确的位姿信息,并对该方法进行系统实现及真实场景试验。试验结果表明,该方法目标检测准确率在98%以上,单轴定位误差在0.35 m以内,满足移动终端室内定位的精度,具有精度高、稳定性好的优点,为基于视觉的移动终端室内定位提供了新的思路。     

Precision real-time navigation of LEO satellites using global positioning system measurements

Continued advancements in remote sensing technology along with a trend towards highly autonomous spacecraft provide a strong motivation for accurate real-time navigation of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO). Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors nowadays enable a continuous tracking and provide low-noise radiometric measurements onboard a user spacecraft. Following the deactivation of Selective Availability a representative real-time positioning accuracy of 10 m is presently achieved by spaceborne global positioning system (GPS) receivers on LEO satellites. This accuracy can notably be improved by use of dynamic orbit determination techniques. Besides a filtering of measurement noise and other short-term errors, these techniques enable the processing of ambiguous measurements such as carrier phase or code-carrier combinations. In this paper a reference algorithm for real-time onboard orbit determination is described and tested with GPS measurements from various ongoing space missions covering an altitude range of 400–800 km. A trade-off between modeling effort and achievable accuracy is performed, which takes into account the limitations of available onboard processors and the restricted upload capabilities. Furthermore, the benefits of different measurements types and the available real-time ephemeris products are assessed. Using GPS broadcast ephemerides a real-time position accuracy of about 0.5 m (3D rms) is feasible with dual-frequency carrier phase measurements. Slightly inferior results (0.6–1 m) are achieved with single-frequency code-carrier combinations or dual-frequency code. For further performance improvements the use of more accurate real-time GPS ephemeris products is mandatory. By way of example, it is shown that the TDRSS Augmentation Service for Satellites (TASS) offers the potential for 0.1–0.2 m real-time navigation accuracies onboard LEO satellites.     

GPS/Galileo long baseline computation: method and performance analyses

Modernized GPS and Galileo will provide triple-frequency signals for civil use, generating a high interest to examine the improvement of positioning performance using the triple-frequency signals from both constellations over baselines up to hundreds or thousands of kilometers. This study adopts a generalized GPS/Galileo long-range approach to process the mutually compatible GPS and Galileo triple-frequency measurements for high-precision long baseline determination. The generalized approach has the flexibility to deal with GPS and Galileo constellations separately or jointly, and also the capability to handle dual or triple-frequency measurements. We compared the generalized long-range approach with the Bernese v5.0 software on two test baselines located in East Asia and obtained highly compatible computational results. Further, in order to assess possible improvement of GPS/Galileo long baseline determination compared with the current dual-frequency (L1/L2) GPS, we simulated GPS and Galileo measurements of the test baselines. It is shown that the current level of accuracy of daily baseline solutions can be improved by using the additional Galileo constellation. Both the additional constellation and the triple-frequency measurements can improve ambiguity resolution performance, but single-constellation triple-frequency ambiguity resolution is more resistant to the influences of code noise and multipath than dual-constellation dual-frequency ambiguity resolution. Therefore, in environments where large code noise or multipath is present, the use of triple-frequency measurements is the main factor for improving ambiguity resolution performance.     

GLONASS CDMA L3 ambiguity resolution and positioning

A first assessment of GLONASS CDMA L3 ambiguity resolution and positioning performance is provided. Our analyses are based on GLONASS L3 data from the satellite pair SVNs 755-801, received by two JAVAD receivers at Curtin University, Perth, Australia. In our analyses, four different versions of the two-satellite model are applied: the geometry-free model, the geometry-based model , the height-constrained geometry-based model, and the geometry-fixed model. We study the noise characteristics (carrier-to-noise density, measurement precision), the integer ambiguity resolution performance (success rates and distribution of the ambiguity residuals), and the positioning performance (ambiguity float and ambiguity fixed). The results show that our empirical outcomes are consistent with their formal counterparts and that the GLONASS data have a lower noise level than that of GPS, particularly in case of the code data. This difference is not only seen in the noise levels but also in their onward propagation to the ambiguity time series and ambiguity residuals distribution.     

Android智能终端GNSS定位精度分析

目前,普通智能终端的平面定位精度在5 m左右。2016年,Google公司推出Android系统7.0版本,开始支持输出GNSS（global navigation satellite system）原始观测值。通过改正和计算,可以获得Android智能终端的伪码和载波相位观测值,从而实现较高精度的GNSS定位。研究采用华为P9手机进行,在观测条件良好的情况下,采集静态的GNSS原始观测数据,并采用多种方式分别进行定位解算,并分析其定位精度。同时,在相邻观测点放置NovAtel DL-V3-L1型接收机进行对比。实验表明通过静态下精密单点定位或者载波相位差分定位的方式,可以显著提升智能终端的定位精度,达到分米级水平。     

GLONASS pseudorange inter-channel biases and their effects on combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning

Combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning (PPP) can obtain a more precise and reliable position than GPS PPP. However, because of frequency division multiple access, GLONASS carrier phase and pseudorange observations suffer from inter-channel biases (ICBs) which will influence the accuracy and convergence speed of combined GPS/GLONASS PPP. With clear understanding of the characteristics of carrier phase ICBs, we estimated undifferenced GLONASS pseudorange ICBs for 133 receivers from five manufacturers and analyzed their characteristics. In general, pseudorange ICBs corresponding to the same firmware have strong correlations. The ICB values of two receivers with the same firmware may be different because of different antenna types, and their differences are closely related to frequency. Pseudorange ICBs should be provided for each satellite to obtain more precise ICBs as the pseudorange ICBs may vary even on the same frequency. For the solutions of standard point positioning (SPP), after pseudorange ICB calibration, the mean root mean square (RMS) improvements of GLONASS SPP reach up to 57, 48, and 53 % for the East, North, and Up components, while combined GPS/GLONASS SPP reach up to 27, 17, and 23 %, respectively. The combined GPS/GLONASS PPP after pseudorange ICB calibration evidently improved the convergence speed, and the mean RMS of PPP improved by almost 50 % during the convergence period.     

A preventative approach to mitigating CW interference in GPS receivers

In the global positioning system (GPS), code division multiple access (CDMA) signals are used. Because of the known spectral characteristics of the CDMA signal, continuous wave (CW) interference has a predictable effect on the different pseudo random noise (PRN) spreading codes (unique to each satellite) depending on the Doppler frequency of the signal. The Doppler frequency for each signal is also predictable once the receiver position is known. As different satellite signals have different Doppler frequencies, the effect on the signal quality is also different. In this paper first the effect is studied analytically. The concept of an “exclusion zone” is defined and analyzed for each satellite. This exclusion zone, where that satellite should not be used due to interference degradation, is shown to be predictable for each satellite as a function of time. Using this prediction, the CW interference effect on the positioning quality of the receiver can be mitigated by ignoring the affected satellites within exclusion zones when performing position evaluation. The threshold beyond which a satellite should be excluded is then derived by studying the mutual effects of the geometry and the signal quality of that satellite on the positioning quality. Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) uses redundancy in measurements to perform an internal consistency check to see if all of the measurements are satisfactory. In this paper this technique is also used to mitigate the effect of CW interference on the positioning accuracy. Finally it is shown that the prediction of the exclusion zone for each satellite outperforms the RAIM algorithm in mitigation the effect of the interference when 5 satellites are visible. An erratum to this article can be found at     

GNSS精密数据处理的关键策略与方法

GNSS数据的精密化发展使卫星导航定位的效率和精度迅速提升,这主要归于网络RTK技术、实时精密定位技术的不断发展。同时,多频GNSS系统的迅速发展也使GNSS导航定位多样化,具体应用有了更多的选择和变化,为导航定位的推广也起到很大作用。     

地基增强系统发展及应用

从GNSS定位原理出发,总结了GNSS定位误差的来源,并以GPS为例介绍了WAAS、LAAS、JPALS、CORS、伪卫星、LOCATA等几种增强系统及独立定位系统,指出了各个系统的优缺点和仍需解决的问题以及系统的应用领域,为北斗的地基增强系统建设提供参考。     

GPS常用水准方法研究及精度分析

GPS全球定位系统是随着现代科技发展而建立起来的高精密卫星导航定位系统。GPS测量具有很多传统测量方式所不具备的优点,如无须通视、高精度、全天候、操作简便、自动化高等,因此GPS测量可以极大地提高生产效率。水准测量是GPS应用的一个重要方面,用水准拟合方法将GPS测量所得到的大地高转化为我国所通用的正常高已经成为我国GPS研究的重要方面。本文通过实验来比较GPS水准不同的拟合方法和拟合点的分布对GPS水准面拟合精度的影响。