The transmission of spatially-compact internal wave packets through a critical level

Results are presented from numerical simulations of the incidence of a spatially-compact beam of internal waves on a shear layer containing a critical level. It is found that a significant fraction of the energy of the incident beam is transmitted across the critical level when the packet is narrow in physical space and when the energy density of the packet is not too high so that nonlinear effects are weak. As either the packet width or its energy density increases, the presence of a critical level renders the shear layer increasingly opaque to the transmission of energy. The familiar exponentially small value of the transmission coefficient is recovered as the spatial width of the packet exceeds (roughly) eight to ten wave lengths.     

Forced Rossby wave packets in barotropic shear flows with critical layers

In this paper, we investigate the meridional propagation of a forced Rossby wave packet towards a critical layer in a zonal shear flow by solving the linearized barotropic vorticity equation. The forcing is applied north of the critical layer. Two approaches are employed for solving this problem. First, an analytic solution valid for large time is derived, using Fourier and Laplace transform techniques and asymptotic approximations. This solution exhibits the modification due to the wave packet of the solution obtained by Warn and Warn (1976) [Warn, T., Warn H., 1976. On the development of a Rossby wave critical level. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2021–2024.] in the monochromatic case. A numerical investigation is then carried out using a finite difference scheme and a time-dependent radiation condition. It is found that the forced wave packet is absorbed at the critical layer and the total momentum transferred to the mean flow as a result of the absorption is observed to be proportional to the length scale of the wave packet. We also consider the case of a north–south mean flow with a longitudinally propagating wave packet forced to the east or west of the critical layer. The monochromatic version of this problem has been used before (Geisler, J.E., Dickinson, R.E., 1975. Critical level absorption of barotropic Rossby waves in a north–south flow. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3805–3811.) to examine the interaction of western boundary currents and oceanic Rossby waves.     

波和湍流的相互作用

利用Burger's和巢纪平提出的湍流发生模型计算了不同R_e数和R_i数情况下系统的状态,可能的形态有:无扰动的基本场、重力内波、湍流。找到了这三种状态相互转换的临界R_e和R_i数值。指出R_i<1/4是出现湍流状态的必要条件。在R_i>1/4时,R_e=2π~2处是发生Hopf分岔出现重力内波(周期解)的条件。波和湍流的能量来自基本速度场和基本温度场,一旦波和湍流形成后又影响基本场.若初始的R_i在1/4附近(稍大于1/4),重力内波形成后最终可能使R_i数反小于1/4,进入湍流状态,这就是湍流和内波在大气中间歇发生的原因。所计算出的相轨线和Liapunov特征指数验证了各种状态的确实性。     

关于大气中非线性重力内波的调制

本文利用多重尺度方法研究了大气中重力内波的非线性问题,指出,当大气中的Bruntvaisala频率随高度变化时,我们可以得到一个非线性Schrodinger方程,同时还指出,当N~2按N~2=N_0~2+vcosnz(v>o)和N~2=N_0~2+vsinnz(v>0)分布时,可得到如下结论:当大气中的重力内波的波数满足3n~2-k~2<0时,大气中的重力内波可能会出现Benjammin-Feir不稳定,也就是说,大气中垂直方向的波长较长、水平方向的波长较短的重力内波容易出现Bebhanub-Feir不稳     

Exploring the vertical extent of breaking internal wave turbulence above deep-sea topography

A mooring equipped with 200 high-resolution temperature sensors between 6 and 404 m above the bottom was moored in 1890 m water depth above a steep, about 10° slope of Mount Josephine, NE-Atlantic. The sensors have a precision of less than 0.5 mK. They are synchronized via induction every 4 h so that the 400 m range is measured to within 0.02 s, every 1 s. Thin cables and elliptical buoyancy assured vertical mooring motions to be smaller than 0.1 m under maximum 0.2 m s⁻¹ current speeds. The local bottom slope is supercritical for semidiurnal internal tides by a factor of two. Exploring a one-month record in detail, the observations show: 1/semidiurnal tidal dominance in variations of dissipation rate ε, eddy diffusivity K_z and temperature, but no significant correlation between the records of ε and total kinetic energy, 2/a variation with time over four orders of magnitude of 100-m vertically averaged ε, 3/a local minimum in density stratification between 50 and 100 m above the bottom, 4/a gradual decrease in daily or longer averaged ε and K_z by one order of magnitude over a vertical distance of 250 m, upwards from 150 m above the bottom, 5/monthly mean values of <[ε]> = 2 ± 0.5 × 10⁻⁷ m² s⁻³, <[K_z]> = 8 ± 3 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹ averaged over the lower 150 m above the bottom.     

对流层上层斜压波包活动与2003年江淮流域梅雨的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和中国740站逐日降水资料, 研究了2003年淮河流域梅雨期间对流层上层斜压波动的传播情况。结果发现, 斜压波组织成波包向下游传播且具有明显的下游频散效应。波动起源于巴尔喀什湖西北侧, 沿着西北－东南向的路径向东南传播, 传至江淮流域大约需要3天。斜压波包所带来的扰动能量为江淮流域暴雨的发生发展提供了必要的能量积聚。通过与1998和1997年这两个梅雨年份的比较, 发现1998年异常强梅雨年的斜压波包的活动特征与2003年的相似, 但在梅雨降水非常偏少的1997年, 未发现有明显的斜压波包向下游的传播。     

一个全球大气格点模式和超长波预报问题

本文是作者在“一个修改的σ坐标初始方程”北半球模式的基础上发展全球大气模式的第一个报告.文中给出了这个全球格点模式方程组的基本计算方案;并对一个全球大气形势预报的实例进行了分析,与半球模式预报的结果作了比较,讨论了有关超长波的预报问题.     

Some Possible Solutions of Nonlinear Internal Inertial Gravity Wave Equations in the Atmosphere

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Experimental observation of strong mixing due to internal wave focusing over sloping terrain

This paper reports on experimental observation of internal waves that are focused due to a sloping topography. A remarkable mixing of the density field was observed. This result is of importance for the deep ocean, where internal waves are believed to play a role in mixing. The experiments were performed on the rotating platform at the Coriolis Laboratory, Grenoble. The rotation, its modulation and density stratification were set to be in the internal wave regime. After applying various data processing techniques we observe internal wave rays, which converge to a limiting state: the wave attractor. At longer time scales we observe a remarkably efficient mixing of the density field, possibly responsible for driving observed sheared mean flows and topographic Rossby waves. We offer the hypothesis that focusing of internal waves to the wave attractor leads to the mixing.     

Observations of an internal gravity wave in the lower troposphere at Halley,Antarctica

Observations of internal gravity waves in the stably-stratified atmospheric boundary layer at Halley, Antarctica are presented. These were made on 1 February, 1986 and take the form of temperature measurements from a 30 m mast and a Sodar record. The temperature record shows a clearly defined, dominant wave period of around 11 min. A high-resolution radiosonde ascent made during the period of wave activity exhibits thin layers of low Richardson number and it is suggested that these are regions of dynamic instability where the waves are generated. A linear stability analysis of the radiosonde data supports this idea. It is argued from simple theoretical ideas and by means of a numerical model that only waves with a wavelength greater than a certain critical value are likely to be observed at the surface. The observations are shown to be consistent with this hypothesis.     

Nonlinear generation of harmonics through the interaction of an internal wave beam with a model oceanic pycnocline

The interaction of an internal wave beam (IWB) with an idealized oceanic pycnocline is examined using two-dimensional fully nonlinear direct numerical simulations based on a spectral multidomain penalty method in the vertical direction. The phenomenon of focus is the nonlinear generation of harmonics. A total of 24 simulations have been performed, varying the normalized pycnocline thickness and the ratio of peak pycnocline Brunt-Väisälä frequency to that of the stratified lower layer. Harmonics at the point of IWB entry into the pycnocline increase in amplitude and number with a measure of the maximum gradient of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, suggesting refraction as an important factor in harmonic generation. Among the simulations performed, two distinct limits of pycnocline thickness are identified. For thin pynoclines, whose thickness is 10% of the incident IWB's horizontal wavelength, harmonics trapped within the pycnocline have maximum amplitude when their frequency and wavenumber match those of the natural pycnocline interfacial wave mode. Results in this case are compared with weakly nonlinear theory for harmonic generation by plane wave refraction. For thicker pycnoclines, whose thickness is equal the incident IWB's horizontal wavelength, IWB refraction results in harmonic generation at multiple locations in addition to pycnocline entry, giving rise to complex flow structure inside the pycnocline.     

2016年梅雨期间长江中下游强降水与对流层上层斜压波包的关系

2016年6—7月,长江中下游地区发生了自1998年以来最严重的强降水事件,造成了重大的经济损失。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国2479站逐月及逐日降水资料,研究了2016年梅雨期间长江中下游地区降水与欧亚大陆对流层上层斜压波包活动的关系,并诊断了两者之间的信息流向。结果表明,梅雨期间的高频斜压波动具有明显的下游频散效应。波动起源于黑海,沿西北—东南方向于3—4 d后传至长江中下游地区。斜压波包为长江中下游地区强降水的发生提供了必要的能量。波作用通量矢量的分布表明,梅雨期间逐日均有来自西风带上游的扰动能量向长江中下游流域传播。而梅雨期间降水与斜压波包的信息流关系表明,二者之间存在信息传递。因此,3—4 d并源于黑海附近的斜压波包活动是2016年长江中下游梅雨期间异常降水的成因。这些结果为深刻认识长江中下游地区强降水事件发生的成因和有效预测提供了线索。      

Steepening of the leading and back faces of solitary internal wave depressions and its connection with tidal currents

During internal wave investigations in summer on the Pacific shelf of Kamchatka, internal wave depressions were recorded as having either a steepened forward face or a steepened back face. It was established that these changes in profile are correlated with tidal phase. Waves with a steepened leading face were most common during flood tide and those with a steepened back face dominated during ebb tide. Significant properties of the observed internal waves were revealed: the higher the amplitude of the waves, the less the steepening of the face, and the waves spreading during ebb tide have higher amplitude than those in flood tide.     

A search for evidence of critical internal wave reflection on the continental rise and slope off Nova Scotia

Abstract

According to linear inviscid theory, the reflection of internal waves off a uniformly sloping bottom should lead to greatly enhanced energy density, and a cross‐isobath alignment of motions, near the critical frequency ω_c for which the wave ray slope equals the bottom slope. Current‐meter data from the continental rise and slope off Nova Scotia are used to test this hypothesis. Near‐bottom energy enhancement at ω_c was found to be significant at the 95% level for 8 out of 30 tests performed, whereas cross‐isobath alignment of motions near ω_c was significant at the 95% level for 10 out of 15 tests performed. Some aspects of the observations that appear to be consistent with non‐linear reflection theory are briefly discussed.     

非ENSO年夏季西风带波包活动特征及其对长江中下游强降水事件的影响:以1993年为例

利用Hadley中心海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国740站逐日降水资料,运用一点滞后相关等方法,分析了非ENSO年长江流域夏季降水特征,并以1993年为例探讨了非ENSO年波包活动特征及其对长江流域夏季降水的影响。结果表明：非ENSO年长江中下游地区夏季降水年际和年代际变化明显,20世纪90年代初强降水事件多发。在1993年,波包起源于里海南侧,自西向东向长江中下游地区传播,为长江流域夏季降水的发生提供了必要的扰动能量积聚。通过非ENSO年和ENSO年波包活动个例的初步对比,发现非ENSO年的南支波导作用较为明显,波包主要表现为自西向东传至长江中下游地区;而作为ENSO年的1983年,则存在一支明显的偏北波导,使波包沿着西北-东南向的路径向下游传播,最终到达长江中下游地区。这些结果有利于深刻认识非ENSO年长江流域夏季强降水事件的形成机理。     

The structure of the turbulent wake and the random internal wave field generated by a moving sphere in a stratified fluid

We present experimental results on the structure of the turbulent wake of a sphere and on the frequencies associated with the vortex shedding in a stratified fluid. The strong correlation between the random internal wave field emitted by the wake and the coherent structures of the turbulent wake is demonstrated.     

Wind-stress feedback amplification of abrupt millennial-scale climate changes

The influence of changes in surface wind-stress on the properties (amplitude and period) and domain of existence of thermohaline millennial oscillations is studied by means of a coupled model of intermediate complexity set up in an idealized spherical sector geometry of the Atlantic basin. Using the atmospheric CO₂ concentration as the control parameter, bifurcation diagrams of the model are built to show that the influence of wind-stress changes on glacial abrupt variability is threefold. First, millennial-scale oscillations are significantly amplified through wind-feedback-induced changes in both northern sea ice export and oceanic heat transport. Changes in surface wind-stress more than double the amplitude of the strong warming events that punctuate glacial abrupt variability obtained under prescribed winds in the model. Second, the average duration of both stadials and interstadials is significantly lengthened and the temporal structure of observed variability is better captured under interactive winds. Third, the generation of millennial-scale oscillations is shown to occur for significantly colder climates when wind-stress feedback is enabled. This behaviour results from the strengthening of the negative temperature-advection feedback associated with stronger northward oceanic heat transport under interactive winds.