柴达木盆地东部表土花粉分析

1 Introduction The modern surface pollen data provide foundation for the reconstruction of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate using pollen data. So the studies of modern pollen have received more attention in China and other countries. The study objects in…     

Relationship between pollen assemblages and organic geochemical proxies and the response to climate change in the Zhuye Lake sediments

This paper examines the relationship among organic geochemical proxies （TOC, C/N ratio and ~13C） and pollen assemblages in Zhuye Lake sediments since the Late Glacial. Results show that the reaction extent of organic geochemical proxies and pollen as- semblages to environment changes are different. Organic geochemical proxies are sensitive to overall environmental change, while pollen assemblages indicate detailed information of environmental change. For the entire sedimentary section （except the sand layer fi＇om the bottom of the section）, when values of TOC, C/N ratio and total pollen concentrations are high, 813C values are low, and vice versa. The different responses of organic geochemical proxies and pollen records in Zhuye Lake are mainly due to their different sensitivity and diverse influencing factors in different environmental conditions.     

南洛河流域洛南盆地表土孢粉与植被的关系(英文)

The catchment of South Luohe River in Central China is an important region for investigating modern pollen-environment relationship, because it is located in the transitional zone between south and north China, an environment which is sensitive to climate changes. In this study, 40 surface samples under ten vegetation types were collected to reveal the relationship between pollen assemblages and vegetation. The results show that the surface pollen assemblages reflect the vegetation quite well. In forest topsoils, the average of arboreal pollen content is greater than 40%, and the Selaginella sinensis spore is high. As to sparse forest grassland and shrub community, the average arboreal pollen is 13.2% and 16.6% respectively, and the shrub pollen is relatively higher than that of grassland samples. The grassland and farmland are characterized by low percentage of tree and shrub pollen(<10% and <1%), and high percentage of herbs(>80%). Pinus, Quercus and some other arboreal pollen can indicate the regional vegetation because of their dispersal ability. Quercus pollen is under-representative and so is Pinus. Artemisia pollen is significantly over-represented, has poor correlation with the plant coverage, and may reflect human disturbance. Gramineae can indicate plant quite well, but with low representation. High content of Chenopodiaceae probably suggests human impact. Predominant Selaginella sinensis can be used as an indicator of forest environment. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis of pollen assemblages can distinguish forest and non-forest vegetation well. The former method is better at separating pine and mixed forests, while the latter is more stable and could better differentiate farmland and other non-forest area. The first axis of PCA mainly reflects the humidity.     

河北省中南部农田孢粉组合特征

The study on 82 surface soil pollen samples from different types of cultivated vegetations in central and southern parts of Hebei Province indicates that the pollen assemblages from farmlands in the plain have not only their own plant types, but also the pollen components from the nearby mountains. Arboreal pollen percentages and concentrations (dominated by Pinus) from farmlands in mountain area are higher than those in the plain, and it reduces gradually with the increasing distance away from the mountains. Taking Pinus pollen in Taihang Mountains as an example, its content is 20%-30%, 10%-20%, 20%-30% and below 16% respectively for the samples from the area of 0-50, 50-100, 100-150 and more than 150 km away from the east Taihang Mountains. The increase of Pinus pollen proportion in the central plain is probably related to the fohn effect. The spatial variation of AP from mountains to the plain in Hebei Province may be similar to the forests clearance by human activities in the early historical period. Shrubby pollen proportion is small both in mountains and in the plain, but their major components are different. Elaeagnaceae, Corylus, Ostryopsis and Oleaceae are common in mountain areas, while there are relatively high contents of Rosaceae and Vitaceae in the plain. Herbs content in the plain (about 60%) is 15% higher than that in mountains, among which the Cereals and Cruciferae pollen percentages are 5% and 2% higher respectively. Artemisia pollen percentage in the plain is lower than that in mountains. Since the human activities are weaker in mountains compared with that in the plain, the general trend is that Chenopodiaceae pollen increases from mountains to the plain gradually, reflecting the raising intensity of human activities. The fern spores of Selaginella sinensis in mountains are higher than that in the plain, but it still reaches to about 7% in the plain. The fern spores of Selaginella sinensis are not prone to be spread by wind, indicating that those in the surface soil of the plain may be carried by river water from mountains during the deposition of the plain.     

Relationship between pollen assemblages and organic geochemical proxies and the response to climate change in the Zhuye Lake sediments

This paper examines the relationship among organic geochemical proxies (TOC, C/N ratio and δ¹³C) and pollen assemblages in Zhuye Lake sediments since the Late Glacial. Results show that the reaction extent of organic geochemical proxies and pollen assemblages to environment changes are different. Organic geochemical proxies are sensitive to overall environmental change, while pollen assemblages indicate detailed information of environmental change. For the entire sedimentary section (except the sand layer from the bottom of the section), when values of TOC, C/N ratio and total pollen concentrations are high, δ¹³C values are low, and vice versa. The different responses of organic geochemical proxies and pollen records in Zhuye Lake are mainly due to their different sensitivity and diverse influencing factors in different environmental conditions.     

Relationships between modern pollen and vegetation and climate on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau ecosystem is fragile and sensitive to climate change. Understanding the relationships between modern pollen and the vegetation and climate of the region is critical for the evaluation of ecological processes.Here, we explore modern pollen assemblages of typical land-cover types at a large spatial scale by analyzing 36surface samples from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, supplemented by typical desert, desert-steppe, and steppe meadow transition data selected from the Chinese...     

青藏高原东北部共和盆地末次冰消期以来古植被和环境演变(英文)

Paleoenvironmental history in the monsoonal margin in the northeast Tibetan Pla-teau provides important clue to the regional climate. Previous researches have been limited by either poor chronology or low resolution. Here we present a high-resolution pollen record from a 40.92-m-long sediment core (DLH) taken from Dalianhai, a terminal lake situated in the Gonghe Basin, the northeast Tibetan Plateau for reconstructing the vegetation and climate history since the last deglacial on the basis of a chronology controlled by 10 AMS 14C dates on plant remains preserved in the core sediments. The pollen assemblages in DLH core can be partitioned into 6 pollen zones and each zone is mainly characterized by the growth and decline of tree or herb pollen percentage. During the periods of 14.8-12.9 ka and 9.4-3.9 ka, the subalpine arboreal and local herbaceous pollen increased, indicating the subalpine forest developed in the surrounding mountains and a desert steppe or typical steppe developed in Gonghe Basin under a relatively moister climate. During the periods of 15.8-14.8 ka, 12.9-9.4 ka and 3.9-1.4 ka, the forest shrank or disappeared according to different degrees of aridity, and the desert steppe degraded to a more arid steppe desert in the basin, indicating a dry climate. After 1.4 ka, vegetation type around Dalianhai was mainly dominated by steppe suggested by increased Artemisia. Our results suggested the climate history in this region was dry from 15.8-14.8 ka, humid from 14.8-12.9 ka and dry from 12.9-9.4 ka, after which the climate was humid during 9.4-3.9 ka, followed by dry conditions during 3.9-1.4 ka and humid conditions in the last 1.4 ka. The change of pollen percentage and the evolution of palaeovegetation in Dalianhai since the last deglacial were similar to those recorded in Qinghai Lake. The forest expanded in the mountains around Dalianhai during the B?l-ling-Aller?d period, shrank during the Younger Dryas and the early Holocene, then it devel-oped and reached its maximum in the mid-Holocene. During the late Holocene, the vegetation began to shrink till disappearance. However, the timing of forest expansion in the Holocene lagged behind that of Qinghai Lake, and this spatial heterogeneity was probably caused by the different forest species between these two places. The maximum of forest development in the mid-Holocene was inconsistent with the period of stronger summer monsoon in the early Holocene indicated by stalagmite records, the reason might be related to the complexity of vegetation response to a large-scale climatic change.     

CLASSIFICATION OF MASS SPECTRA

In order to investigate correlations between the functionality of compounds and the classification of theirmass spectra,low-resolution spectra of monofunctional compounds have been classified by foursupervised classification methods.The new classes are characterized by structural features and thecorrelation between functionality and classification is explained by fragmentation rules.Systematicmisclassifications show that low-resolution mass spectra alone are not suitable for reliable identificationof functionality.     

RESOLUTION OF MULTICOMPONENT FLUORESCENT MIXTURES BY ANALYSIS OF THE EXCITATION-EMISSION-FREQUENCY ARRAY

Fluorescence lifetime provides a third independent dimension of information for the resolution of totalluminescence spectra of multicomponent mixtures.The incorporation of this parameter into theexcitation-emission matrix(EEM)by the phase modulation technique results in a three-dimensionalexcitation-emission-frequency array (EEFA).Multicomponent analysis based on the three-dimensionalEEFA brings a qualitative change for the resolved spectra,i.e.individual spectra can be uniquely resolved,which is impossible with any two-dimensional analysis.In this paper we present a method for analyzingthe EEFA.We show mathematically that with the three-dimensional analysis of the EEFA individualspectra and lifetimes can be obtained.Our algorithm is developed in mathematical detail and isdemonstrated by its application to a two-component mixture.     

THE WAVELENGTH COMPONENT VECTORGRAM: A TOOL FOR RESOLVING TWO-COMPONENT FLUORESCENT MIXTURES

We consider the problem of resolving the total luminescence spectra of two-component mixtures.Non-negativity of the constituent spectra is commonly used as a criterion to accomplish this resolution,but its application seldom leads to unique answers. Sometimes, the condition must be relaxed because nosolution satisfying non-negativity exists. In these cases judgments must be made concerning which partsof the spectra will be allowed to go negative and by how much. The wavelength component vectorgramn (WCV) is presented here as a tool for assisting theexperimenter in making these judgments. Even when non-negative resolutions exist, it may happen thatresolutions with slight negative elements will more closely match the spectra of the pure constituents.The WCV can also be used as a tool for detecting these cases. The methodology is illustrated with realdata from a two-component mixture.     

Surface pollen and its relationship to vegetation on the southern slope of the eastern Qilian Mountains

The objective of this study is to investigate pollen-vegetation relationship in the Qilian Mountains. The eastern Qilian Mountains are located in the transitional zone of the Tibetan Plateau, the Loess Plateau and the arid region of Northwest China, which is one of the key areas of global environmental change. A total of 13 surface pollen samples from main vegetation have been collected. Pollen percentages were calculated in all samples. In order to reveal the relationship between pollen composition and the vegetation types from which the soil samples have been collected, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) ordination method was employed on the pollen data. The results show that dominating vegetation types can be recognized by their pollen spectra: Picea crassifolia forest, alpine shrub and alpine meadow as well. Altitude and temperature determine the distribution of the surface pollen and the vegetation. The good agreement between modern vegetation and surface samples across this area provides a measure of the reliability of using pollen data to reconstruct paleoenvironment and paleovegetation patterns in this or other similar regions. However the loss of Betula pollen in forest needs further investigation. Pollen oxidation is the most important factor contributing to the damage of modern pollen in the study area. Pollen concentrations decrease with the increase of pH values of soils, and decrease sharply when the pH exceeds 7.6.     

东祁连山表土花粉组合及其数量特征

应用TWINSPAN分类和DCA排序对东祁连山地区7个不同植被类型的表土花粉组合及其与环境的关系进行定量研究。表土花粉类型可分为3组：Group1为花粉产量大的本地花粉，可较好地反映当地植被的特征；Group2为产量小的本地花粉，反映植被特征较差；Group3为外来花粉，在土壤地层中较常见。样地排序结果可划分出6个组：(1)山地草原化荒漠，(2)青海云杉林，(3)祁连圆柏林，(4)金露梅灌丛，(5)矮嵩草草甸，(6)小嵩草草甸，各组具有不同的花粉组合特征；但山杨—白桦林可能是由于花粉自身和花粉保存等原因，花粉组合无突出特征，难以区分。海拔高度和干燥度是影响表土花粉和植被分布的重要因素。藜科／蒿属(C／A)、木本花粉／非木本花粉(AP／NAP)随植被变化也反映出与植被分布的一致性。     

新疆博尔塔拉河表土孢粉组合与植被关系研究

博尔塔拉河流域位于中哈边境,其植被和土壤具有十分明显的垂直分布和区域性差异,根据该流域一条自西向东沿着海拔高度从210 m 到3 235 m 长约200多km的样带上所采集的人为干扰较少的49 个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式和现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了博尔塔拉河流域植被与表土花粉之间的关系。该区孢粉谱从上至下可划分为6个带,分别对应高山草甸带、亚高山草甸草原带、森林灌丛带、灌丛草原带、荒漠草原带、荒漠植被带。值得注意的是第6个孢粉带因含有具湿地特征的隐域性植被类型花粉组分,故又分成2个亚带,即荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ₁和荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ₂。森林灌丛植被带上限的云杉花粉含量明显比该带下限的含量高,表明云杉花粉的传播在沟谷地区受山谷风的影响较大。与此同时,将孢粉数据与气象数据相结合,分析结果得出比较有代表性的云杉属(Picea)、桦属(Betula)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、麻黄属(Ephedra)等花粉,与降水量和温度的关系较为密切。     

祁连山北坡中部气候特征及垂直气候带的划分

通过对祁连山北坡中部气候特征，森林植被类型和土壤类型的定位预测研究，对祁连山北坡中部森林生态系统的主要气象要素垂直分布特征进行分析，应用气候指标和生物学原理，将祁连山林区按不同海拔高度划分为：1.山地荒漠草原气候带；2.山地草原气候带；3.山地森林草原气候带；4.亚高山灌丛草甸气候带；5.高山亚冰雪稀疏植被气候带；进而提出了合理开发祁连山山地气候资源，以促进当地经济发展。     

格尔木河流域及周边地区表土花粉与区域植被的关系研究

对格尔木河流域进行了植被样方调查及表土、河流冲积物表层花粉分析,结果显示该流域表土花粉能较好地反映样方植被群落特征,河流冲积物样点中,上游段花粉组合以藜科、麻黄科、蒿属为主,反映了该段植被带的整体面貌;中下游段样点花粉组合中禾本科、莎草科占绝对优势,反映河道周围湿生草地植被带特征。主成分分析(PCA)显示,前两个因子轴能很好地区分高寒灌丛草甸带、矮半灌木荒漠带和湿生草地样点。     

浙江嵊州西白山表土花粉的初步研究

通过对浙江嵊州西白山香榧林、针阔混交林、茶园及竹园16份苔藓的花粉分析,研究其表土花粉与现代植被的关系。结果表明:①研究区植物孢粉共由50科属组成,以乔木花粉(主要为香榧和马尾松)为优势,含量为71.5%～92.9%,草本花粉次之,含量为5.3%～24.7%,蕨类孢子含量最低,含量为1.5%～7.2%,表土花粉组合基本上反映了该区植被的总体特征;②PCA结果显示,香榧和香榧林均能很好的区分出来,说明其具有很好的分异性;③香榧花粉在香榧林的含量较高,平均高达41.1%,但在林外,其含量则迅速降低,为5.2%～9.8%,可见香榧花粉的传播距离非常有限。该结果建议当地层中香榧花粉化石的含量达到10%,就可以初步断定在研究区附近有古香榧林的存在。     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸区放牧家畜粪花粉组合特征及其环境指示意义

青藏高原是我国重要的高寒草甸分布区和畜牧区,畜牧活动对区域植被和生态的影响作用受到众多学者的广泛关注.通过采集青藏高原东部高寒草甸区共49个放牧家畜粪样品(牦牛粪样品30个、马粪样品11个、羊粪样品8个),并在区域植被调查的基础上,对粪样品开展了花粉分析.结果 表明:这3种类型的粪样品花粉组合以莎草科(Cyperace...     

贺兰山表土花粉与花粉通量对比研究

贺兰山西坡4个植被类型(荒漠草原、榆树疏林、青海云杉林、高山灌丛草甸)的18个表土样品和12个捕捉器样品花粉组合与周围植被对比研究表明,表土和捕捉器样品花粉组合能较好地代表当地的植被类型,但荒漠草原带、榆树疏林带和高山灌丛草甸带捕捉器样品花粉组合表现植物建群种比表土样品好,青海云杉林植被带表土样品花粉组合表现植物建群种比捕捉器样品好。松属、蒿属和藜科花粉表土样品花粉组合百分比高于捕捉器样品,表明这4种花粉类型易于在表土环境保存,蔷薇科、豆科和杨属捕捉器样品花粉组合百分比高于表土样品,表明这3种花粉类型不易在表土环境保存。捕捉器样品花粉组合反映植物多样性比表土样品好,绣线菊、百合科、毛茛科和石竹科花粉在捕捉器样品花粉组合出现,而在表土样品花粉组合均未发现。捕捉器样品花粉组合聚类分析结果显示不同植被带花粉组合差异明显,而表土样品花粉组合聚类分析只可区分荒漠草原植被和高山灌丛草甸植被。     

哈拉湖流域表土花粉与植被关系研究

哈拉湖位于青海省境内祁连山系西部,属于高山内陆湖泊。对哈拉湖域进行了植被样方调查及表土、湖底表层沉积物花粉分析,结果显示该流域表土花粉组合能较好地反映样方植被群落特征,高寒荒漠草原植被样点花粉组合以蒿属、菊科、藜科花粉为主,高寒草甸样点莎草科花粉占绝对优势。R值分析结果显示藜科、莎草科和蒿属花粉具有超代表性,而禾本科、菊科、豆科花粉具有低代表性特征。湖底表层沉积物中的花粉分析结果显示湖泊沉积物花粉受控于湖泊近源植被,花粉组合能较好反映湖区整体植被特征,花粉分布具有均一性。沉积物表层花粉组合以蒿属、藜科为主,双气囊型花粉如云杉属、松属等少量出现,表明河流和风力是哈拉湖沉积物花粉输入的主要动力。该研究为在哈拉湖地区利用花粉重建古植被提供了重要的参考依据。     

神农架巴山冷杉林花粉与植物关系及其森林植被之演替

在神衣架巴山冷杉林中,冷杉花粉数量与其植物盖度接近。在林外,冷杉花粉数量迅速下降,至10km以外则仅有个别出现。用在表土中所取R值对化石花粉组合谱进行了校正。说明现代的巴山冷杉林乃是由栎—桦林演变而来,时间约在300—400BP。