日本垃圾焚烧场所的区位决定与政策博弈

垃圾焚烧能够实现物质的空间转化、数量转化与能量转化,是日本垃圾处理的主要趋势。但焚烧过程也会产生二恶英、灰渣等废弃物,引起民众的不安。如何在垃圾焚烧场所区位选择中兼顾政府与民众利益是一项涉及到政府公共选择的重要事务。在具体区位选择中,日本政府制定选址原则及标准,加强规划研究,推进民主决策,探索出一条垃圾焚烧场所区位选择的成功道路,其经验值得我国借鉴。     

Implementing the Landfill Directive in Greece: problems, perspectives and lessons to be learned

Due to the increasing pressure from the European Union, in the last decade the waste management landscape in Greece has been going through drastic changes, especially regarding policies and legislation. Shifts in management practices, however, have been considerably slower. A major component of this shift is the requirement by the Landfill Directive (LD) to divert increasing quantities of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfilling. Making use of the four-year extension allowed to countries heavily reliant on landfills, Greece will have to achieve the LD diversion targets in the period 2010–2020. In this paper the main aspects of the LD are outlined and critically placed in the context of the EU waste policy and the priorities of the new Waste Directive. The current state of waste management in Greece is presented with the main planning for new BMW treatment infrastructure. The complex and multifaceted barriers to successful implementation of waste policies in Greece are discussed using the case study of the LD, in an effort to draw lessons for the New Member States.     

旅游废弃物研究进展与启示

通过综述国内外有关研究文献,结果表明,旅游废弃物问题已经得到广泛关注,研究内容涉及到旅游开发、旅游活动和旅游产业的各个组成部门,研究范围遍及人类旅游和游憩活动的所有空间。目前国内研究正处于起步阶段,研究内容主要以描述性为主,研究方法和措施大多还处于理论探讨之中,对实践指导性不强。真正适合于我国旅游景区、景点废弃物处理的方法体系还没有建立。因此,重视生态脆弱旅游景区的废弃物研究,完善研究方法,提高废弃物处理的技术水平,加强废弃物管理,是我国旅游业可持续发展的重要基础。     

Assessing hazardous waste transport risks using a GIS

Abstract

The transport phase is an often neglected element in the risk assessment of non-nuclear hazardous waste life cycles. Data on special and hazardous waste movements are difficult to acquire, but information collected by the London Waste Regulation Authority during the 1980s gives details of waste consignments from cradle to grave, including U.K. grid references for waste producer and disposal sites. A GIS was used to model the routing of aqueous waste cargoes and assess the potential impacts of such movements. Deficiencies in the consignment records required many assumptions to be made and various scenarios were explored. Roads predicted to see passage of these wastes, together with the estimated levels of tanker traffic, were integrated with the distribution of population, groundwater vulnerability and accident probabilities to evaluate the transportation risks for different localities. Comparisons and evaluations of the implications of different routing scenarios across the study region were made.     

The fate of waste in Hawaii: Technology assessment and solid waste planning in Hawaii, 1968–78

In this article I consider the initial period of solid waste management planning in the US state of Hawaii. The State encountered a number of economic and ecological controversies during its solid waste management planning, a process that was prompted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some issues, like project financing, were common across the US, while others, such as the potential of waste materials to reduce reliance on imported food and materials, were more unique to Hawaii. The controversies from this initial planning period were never quite fully resolved; as they lingered, they were interpreted differently across the Islands. Based on a close reading of government, advocacy group, waste industry and news media documents, I examine the controversies over solid waste management of the time and consider how the ‘dual nature’ of waste in Hawaii—simultaneously an ecological threat and (potential) economic input—shaped the adoption of solid waste management systems there. This article adds to an expanding literature examining infrastructure in environmental and technology histories.     

Solid Waste Management in Ohio*

State environmental protection agencies are being forced to assume more responsibility for solid waste management. Ohio took the lead in mandating the state control of waste by implementing a statewide, integrated solid waste management plan. This paper discusses the shift in management responsibility and key factors affecting variations in the amounts of waste managed by Ohio's 48 solid waste management districts. Accessibility, population characteristics, location, and open landfill availability are factors that influence managed volumes of solid waste.     

浙江省经济增长与环境质量演进关系的实证研究

基于浙江省1981-2006年的环境与经济数据,运用三次环境库兹涅茨模型对工业"三废"排放量与经济发展的关系进行模拟,研究发现浙江省工业"三废"排放与经济发展之间的关系不完全符合典型的"倒U"型的库兹涅茨特征,而是呈N型波动或同步关系。其中,工业废水排放量的EKC呈"U+倒U"型曲线组合得到的"倒N"型,工业固体废弃物产生量的EKC呈"倒U+U"型曲线组合得到的N型,工业废气排放量的EKC与经济发展关系呈同步关系,目前这些曲线尚未达到转折点,仍处于上升期,表明浙江省目前还未进入工业化后期,仍处于由中期向后期转变的过程中,并据此提出了浙江省实现经济发展与环境保护双赢目标的政策建议。     

经济增长与环境污染的库兹涅茨曲线分析与预测——以宁夏为例

根据环境库兹涅茨曲线假说,选取1991—2007年宁夏经济与环境数据,建立经济发展与工业"三废"排放量以及生活污水排放量的计量模型,分析它们的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征及其成因。研究发现,宁夏工业废水排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈"U"形曲线,工业废气和固体废弃物排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线均呈倒"N"形曲线,第一次下降的拐点分别出现在2015年和2007年,生活污水排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈正"N"型。结果表明,宁夏工业废水、废气以及生活污水排放量随着经济的发展仍处于上升期,环境污染物排放量EKC的转折点尚未达到。参照发达国家经验,同时结合宁夏"十二五"规划,预计到2020年宁夏人均GDP达到10 000美元时,工业废气和固体废弃物将出现EKC的拐点,工业废水排放量和生活废水排放量不能出现拐点。同时,根据污染物和经济发展的分析结果,提出了不同污染物的防治措施及建议。     

Efficient use of resources: urban waste ash and soil fertility on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Waste disposal constitutes an acute problem in numerous African cities. One solution could lie in the recycling of the nutrient-rich waste into agriculture taking place in and around cities. Farmers involved in vegetable production around Jos, Nigeria, have developed a sophisticated soil fertility management strategy combining inorganic fertilizers, manure and urban waste ash. This paper: (1) investigates the socio-economic constraints linked to obtaining scarce organic inputs, particularly urban waste ash and the health hazards (particularly heavy metal contamination of soil and crops) caused by using this ash and (2) suggests ways to improve use of this important resource.     

Aerobic landfill test cells and their implications for sustainable waste disposal

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills world-wide are experiencing the consequences of conventional landfilling techniques, whereby anaerobic conditions are created within the landfill waste. Under anaerobic conditions, slow stabilization of the waste mass occurs, producing methane, (an explosive, 'greenhouse' gas) and toxic leachate over long periods of time. As a potential solution, it was demonstrated that the aerobic degradation of MSW within a landfill can significantly increase the rate of waste decomposition and settlement, decrease the production of methane gas, reduce the level of toxic organics in the leachate and decrease quantities of landfill leachate that need treatment. This paper summarizes the successful results of two separate aerobic landfill projects located in Georgia (USA) and discusses the potential economic and environmental impacts to world-wide solid waste management.     

旅游废弃物的环境库兹涅茨效应分析——以黄山风景区为例

旅游废弃物的资源消耗性与环境吸纳性, 是其产生环境与生态影响的根本原因。文章以黄山风景区为例, 利用1979-2010 年的固态、液态、气态3 类6 种旅游废弃物的排放量指标的时间序列数据, 进行旅游废弃物的环境库兹涅茨曲线拟合检验及其效应分析。结果表明:(1) 固态与液态旅游废弃物的排放量与旅游发展之间具有环境库兹涅茨倒U型曲线关系, 而气态废弃物则不具有。(2) 固体废弃物排放量的倒U型曲线的转折点为4596.01 t, 液态的污水与粪便的转折点分别为731491.46 t, 15866.43 t, 转折点时间在2015 年。(3) 科技应用对改善景区空气质量的作用较大, 万元旅游收入的能耗每下降1%, SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀ 值分别下降3.38%、4.25%、0.78%;环保规制对景区水体的质量控制作用明显, 污水达标排放率每提高1%, 地表水的COD值下降3.41%。(4) 旅游废弃物的排放不一定必然造成风景区环境质量的下降, 调整产业结构、加大科技应用与强化环保规制, 是控制旅游废弃物环境污染与生态影响的关键手段。     

中国城市生活垃圾处理能力的时空格局及影响因素

基于2003—2017年中国30个省份的数据,探究城市生活垃圾处理能力的时空格局,并构建动态面板数据模型实证检验中国城市生活垃圾处理能力的影响因素。研究结果表明,考察期内城市生活垃圾处理能力存在空间发展不平衡问题;进一步利用Dagum基尼系数测算城市生活垃圾处理能力的空间差距并将其进行分解,其中,东部地区的地区内差距最大,地区间差距则以东部地区和西部地区之间最大,而超变密度则是空间差距的主要来源;此外,通过回归模型发现人均GDP、专利授权数、城镇化水平以及无害化处理厂数目的提升将促进城市生活垃圾处理能力的提高。     

资源型城市的生态环境问题与综合整治--以济宁市为例

在对资源型城市可持续发展中面临的普遍性生态环境问题进行分析的基础上,结合济宁市的实例,对济宁市生态环境现状进行评估,并采用库茨涅茨曲线拟合分析,进而对济宁市生态环境进行预测。根据预测结果,提出了生态环境综合整治的重点。结果认为,济宁市生态环境问题比较严重,体现在煤烟型空气污染突出、水污染严重、采煤塌陷地日趋扩大、整体生态环境脆弱等,这些问题将直接影响其经济发展的可持续性。济宁市应以采煤塌陷地的综合整治为突破口,加大生态环境治理力度,科学划分生态功能区,因区进行生态保护与管制,做好资源型城市生态环境建设的试验与示范,构建生态型产业体系,使其自然生态系统更有效地支撑经济、社会的可持续发展。     

Spatial Patterns of Hazardous Waste Generation and Management in the United States

Hazardous waste is generated in the production of almost all consumer goods, especially those that contain plastic. The United States is the world leader in generating hazardous waste with 214 million tons produced in 1995. The majority of this waste was wastewater generated by the fifty largest generating facilities, disproportionately concentrated along the western Gulf Coast. The largest facilities also treat most of their waste on site, particularly wastewater. Most smaller generators send waste an average of 200 miles for treatment or disposal. Among both citizens and state governments there is resistance to local siting of waste facilties. Local resistance has convinced businesses or government agencies to look elsewhere to site a proposed facility. State efforts to directly control the flow of hazardous waste have not been successful due to court challenges from industry and subsequent decisions that state restrictions violate the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Taxes on both in‐state and out‐of‐state waste have proven effective at reducing in‐state waste disposal.     

英国废弃物管理的战略框架—目标、措施与启示

对英国废弃物管理战略形成过程的系统分析表明，充分的公众参与、一体化的链式管理体系以及市场激励手段的运用是英国废弃物管理战略的显著特点；同时英国废弃物管理的实践经验，如政府对废弃物管理的职能公共化、废弃物产生者的责任主体化以及废弃物收集处置服务市场化等，对我国废弃物管理具有重要的启示和借鉴。     

上海城市废弃物增长的环境库兹涅茨特征研究

对上海1978～2000年人均GDP与城市废弃物增长数据的拟合计算表明,上海城区废弃物增长与人均GDP之间存在比较明显的环境库兹涅茨二次曲线特征。理论计算显示:上海城市废弃物环境库兹涅茨曲线的转折点为人均GDP约33441元,对应的城市废弃物达到相应的理论计算峰值约779万吨。上海的人均GDP在2000年已经达到34547元,相应的城市废弃物清运量为741万吨,略为低于理论拟合计算峰值;说明上海城市废弃物增长的演变在2000年前后的一段时期,总体已经处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的理论峰值转折点附近。可以认为,随着上海人均GDP的持续增长,今后一段时期内上海城市废弃物的总量增长会逐步减缓,而建立体现生产者责任的市场调控废弃物管理公共政策,将有利于加快这一趋势。     

Central Government Limitations on Local Policy Options for Environmental Protection*

The advantages of centralized environmental policy-making are widely assumed, but a corrective may be overdue. Central government environmental policy limits local policy options in at least three ways: (1) through federal pre-emption imposing solutions on local government; (2) through federal mandating of policy for implementation by subnational government; or (3) through federal disincentives to local adoption of innovative solutions. These constraints are illustrated by policy controlling the disposal of high-level radioactive waste, hazardous waste, and solid waste, respectively. The constraining effect of central environmental policy is felt regardless of whether the formal structure of environmental rule-making and implementation is centralized or decentralized. The analysis suggests the need for greater flexibility and coordination in the geographic structuring of environmental policy-making.     

LANDSCAPE PERMANENCE AND NUCLEAR WARNINGS

ABSTRACT. From the perspective of a human lifetime, the hazards of some nuclear wastes are permanent, so the warnings we place at contaminated nuclear sites must be permanent too. I address questions of how best to provide one hundred centuries of public warning at the first facility for permanent disposal, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico. Scenarios of intrusion developed to guide the design of warning markers predicted that most of the changes in the area will be social and cultural. Because blatant and permanent markers will increase, not reduce, the probability of inadvertent intrusion, the most appropriate warning is a “landscape of illusion.” Such a landscape needs not permanent surface markers but underground warning devices beneath a soft surface marker. No warning can guarantee deterrence for 10,000 years, however.     

山东省经济增长与环境污染水平关系的计量研究

以经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型——环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)为理论基础,选取山东省1981年以来经济与环境数据,建立经济增长与环境污染水平的计量模型,通过分析经济因子与环境因子的相互关系,探究山东省经济增长与环境质量的演替轨迹。结果表明:山东省工业废水与工业固体废弃物的EKC呈"倒U形右侧"曲线特征,SO2与烟尘的EKC呈"N形"曲线特征;研究时段内,污染物排放量均已渡过峰值,其后随人均GDP的增长呈下降趋势,但是2002年以来,下降趋势停止并产生波动。分析表明,山东省EKC特征与工业结构变化、环境保护投资、环境政策取向有显著关系。     

Traits of Volunteer Water Monitoring Programs that Influence Natural Resource Management and Policy Impacts

As citizens take on expanded roles in gathering and reporting environmental data, their potential impact may relate to organizational traits. This study sought to understand the relationship through a survey that identified traits and impacts of U.S. volunteer water monitoring programs on natural resource policy and management. A multiple regression model tested the influence of nine traits on an index of impact, addressing eight a priori hypotheses related to natural resource management outcomes. Seven traits were significantly related to impacts. Significant positive relationships included: the objective to address an environmental crisis; an EPA and/or state-approved quality assurance plan; support of external decision makers who may use or benefit from data; larger budget; volunteers playing more roles in the research process. Fewer impacts were expected from programs operating within schools. Understanding these relationships can help guide citizen science programs or other types of citizen engagement efforts.