广东省主要站点降雨侵蚀力时间分布规律研究

利用广东省6个站点47 a的日雨量资料,计算并分析了各站降雨侵蚀力的时间分布规律。结果表明,根据降雨侵蚀力峰值在年内出现的次数,可以分为单峰型和双峰型。降雨侵蚀力的年内分布非常集中,连续3个月的降雨侵蚀力平均占全年侵蚀力的一半以上,越靠近沿海的站点侵蚀力的集中度越高。降雨量与降雨侵蚀力集中度的分布规律一致,但与降雨量相比,降雨侵蚀力的分布更加集中。各站降雨量与降雨侵蚀力的倾向率均大于零,说明自1954年以来,雨量和降雨侵蚀力均有不同程度的增加趋势,降雨侵蚀力的增幅远远大于降雨量的增幅。但降雨侵蚀力倾向率的年内分布却是正负皆有。     

面向高分卫星遥感共性产品真实性检验的无人机空港布局

针对高分卫星遥感共性产品真实性检验对无人机数据的需求,本文以已有野外台站为依托,开展无人机空港布局研究。首先,综合考虑影响卫星产品空间变异的因素,构建了地理背景覆盖率的物理模型;其次,基于地理背景覆盖率改进覆盖模型提出最大地理背景覆盖模型,并利用简单随机抽样中的样本容量确定方法确定合理的空港数量,分别利用本文提出的最大地理背景覆盖模型和已有最大面积覆盖模型进行空港布局的研究;最后,对两种模型下的空港布局结果进行对比,并利用MODIS EVI数据产品对布局结果进行验证。结果表明,在空港数有限的条件下（n = 60）,最大面积覆盖模型选择的空港,其服务范围内的地理背景覆盖率为26.66%,能代表70.37%的中国陆地区域,而最大地理背景覆盖模型选择的空港,其服务范围内的地理背景覆盖率为38.32%,能代表73.36%的中国陆地区域。最大地理背景覆盖模型比最大面积覆盖模型能获得更优的空港布局结果,可用于支撑中国区域面向高分卫星遥感共性产品真实性检验的无人机观测网络建设。     

云南省雨量站网评价结果浅析

根据雨量站网评价结果，结合云南省的实际情况，从雨量站的高程控制情况、河流分布与雨量站网的匹配状况、区域代表站及小河站的配套雨量站需求、面雨量计算的需求、水情信息报汛配套站需求等方面，采用面平均相关法、经验公式法等分项评价方法，对现状雨量站网的密度和满足程度作客观评价，提出云南省雨量站网的设站目标为2690～3208站，为雨量站网规划和站点布设提供科学依据。     

一种改进的生成区域日降水场的方法及精度分析

利用全国687个气象站点11年的日降水数据,对基于地理特征和统计回归的函数拟合类模型DAYMET生成中国区域日降水场的能力进行了验证。交叉验证表明,DAYMET模型估计日降水累计得到的年降水量的绝对偏差11年平均为29.8%,年降水总量估计偏差低于20％的站点占48.3％。鉴于中国陆地区域降水深受季风的影响,不同方位气象站点对插值点的影响也有所不同,引入了站点不同方位对插值的影响权重,对DAYMET模型进行了改进,改进后年降水量的绝对偏差降为27%。与梯度距离平方反比法相比,该方法具有较高的区域降水插值精度。还以无定河流域降水插值为例,说明降水插值精度的高低与区域内雨量站点的多寡紧密相联。     

江淮平原水网区汛期雨量与洪涝水位关系——以江苏里下河腹部地区为例

利用江苏里下河腹部地区8个雨量站和5个水位站1957～2006年的50年气象水文资料,采用Mann-Kendall方法检验面雨量变化趋势,并应用Pearsorl和Spearman方法揭示雨量同水位的相关关系.结果表明:近50年来汛期面雨量、单站雨量和时段雨量的长期变化都呈减小趋势.最大15日和最大3日雨量是水位变化的敏...     

基于POI数据的巨型城市消防站空间优化——以北京市五环内区域为例

消防站的空间布局事关城市发展与城市安全。本文以北京市五环内中心城区为研究区,使用44.34万条POI数据和道路网等相关数据,考虑易燃易爆、人群脆弱等不同特征的火灾风险因子,采用核密度分析、SAVEE模型等方法,识别出研究区内的火灾风险空间分布,进一步借助“位置—分配”模型和网络分析,并结合优化目标对研究区内消防站进行空间优化。主要研究结论为：①按照火灾风险从高到低排序,前10%的火灾风险区域主要集中在CBD—三里屯、北京古玩城—双井、王府井、南锣鼓巷—雍和宫等区域。②现有消防站对全部44.34万个POI请求点5分钟响应时间内的覆盖率为96.46%,总体覆盖效果较好,但在研究区西北和西南部的世纪城—闵庄一带覆盖不足。③综合考虑高火灾风险区、重要火灾风险因子、POI总体覆盖率和个体消防站覆盖面积相关标准等因素,经多次迭加运算分析得到最终需新增15个消防站点。优化后的各指标均有较大提升,可满足研究区的消防需求。     

AFV refueling stations and the complexity of freeway intersections: the scale dependency of network representation

As interest for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) in urban areas continues to build, there has been a corresponding focus on the development of methods that can locate initial refueling stations on regional transportation networks in an optimal manner. Recent studies suggest that the behavior of early adopters of AFVs is consistent with the objectives of flow-capturing station location models. One outstanding issue with the further use of these models to locate AFV stations is the relationship between the relatively coarse geographic representation of regional transportation networks used in flow-capturing models and the complexity of the sites they recommend, which are often nodes that represent freeway intersections. Since AFV refueling stations cannot be built directly at freeway intersections, a network GIS method entitled the freeway traffic capture metric (FTCM) is developed to identify locations on proximate local street networks that can effectively capture all traffic passing through a freeway intersection. The FTCM considers deviation from a shortest travel path specifically through a freeway intersection as its metric of convenience for all possible travel routes that pass through it, computing a score for each candidate site on the nearby local street network. The FTCM is tested on nearly 45,000 candidate sites within one mile of 72 freeway intersections in greater Los Angeles, California. Locations that can capture all traffic passing through the nearby freeway intersection are shown to generally be near the intersection’s center, but not necessarily next to freeway entrances or exits. In total, 6.7% of possible station locations near these 72 freeway intersections are convenient for all traffic passing through them, and 22 out of the 72 freeway intersections lack such a site altogether. This indicates that there is high likelihood of inconsistency between regional modeling results and station location effectiveness if this scale dependency between coarse representations of transportation networks and the complexity of local street networks near freeway intersections is not considered when building initial AFV stations near these locations.     

纵向岭谷区北回归线一带年降水区域分异特征

利用纵向岭谷区北回归线沿线及南北两侧的24 个站点1961-2007 时段月降水资料,基于全部站点的年降水主要特征统计,以及北回归线沿线的9 个站点的年降水变化的趋势性和阶段性检验、9 个站点间的年降水和5-10 月各月降水序列的相关性检验,分析研究区的年降水及变化分异特征。结果表明：研究区年降水主要特征及其年际变化,呈现出西部、中部、东部的空间分异,即三个区域各自内部自相似度高,而三个区域之间分异明显。北回归线沿线9 个站点的年降水序列都未表现出明显的“突变趋势性-阶段性”变化。研究区中部“岭-谷”相间的地形格局,对中部区域降水空间分异产生一定的影响,但相邻站点间多年际降水序列呈高度相关,意味着控制中部区域降水的决定性因素并不存在明显分异,间隔分布的“岭-谷”地形会带来局地性降水量的分异。     

中国次雨量特征及其区域分异

基于统计方法的降雨随机模拟已成为目前许多地表过程模型的重要组成部分,但多以日降雨模拟为主.为了进行次降雨随机模拟.必须揭示次降雨的统计特征.本文利用中国62个气象站1954-2001年5-9月逐日小时降水资料,整理出能够刻画次降雨特性的基本指标,分析了我国次降雨的基本特征,并利用卡方检验方法,验证了我国次雨量主要服从两参数Γ分布,个别未通过检验的站点主要是由于对次雨量极值模拟效果不好所致.进一步选择Γ分布两参数和90%、95%、99%次雨量百分位共5个指标.采用K均值动态聚类法将我国次降雨特征划分为5个类型区域,由东南向西北呈带状分布,各区次雨量的偏态性、非均匀性和分散度依次减弱.利用5个区Γ分布两参数的区域化参数值,可生成任一站点次雨量随机模拟序列,对于地表过程定量研究具有重要意义.     

山区月降水量的短序列订正方法

山区降水量数据非常有限,而且它们的时间序列长短不一,需要将短时间序列的降水量数据延长到统一的长时间序列,才能进行相互比较,这是山区气候研究中的一项重要的基础工作。以浙江省仙居县为例,通过分析月降水量的时间分布类型,选择了县内10个降水量测站,分别以上张水文站和苗寮水文站为基本站,以其它7个水文站和括苍山气象站为订正站,对基本站和订正站的月降水量之间进行相关分析,并采用月降水量相对系数的稳定性特征对各订正站的月降水量进行了时间序列订正,然后,从订正误差的角度分别对订正结果进行了分析。结果表明：基本站与订正站月降水量之间的相关系数越大,则订正站月降水量的订正误差越小。此外,当基本站与订正站月降水量之间的相关系数相差不大时,则订正站月降水量的订正误差与月降水量的时间分布类型有关,月降水量属于同一类型的订正误差比不属于同一分布类型的订正误差小。     

Estimating spatial efficiency using cyber search,GIS, and spatial optimization: a case study of fire service deployment in Los Angeles County

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of public investments and services has been of interest to geographic researchers for several decades. While in the private sector inefficiency often leads to higher prices, loss of competitiveness, and loss of business, in the public sector inefficiency in service provision does not necessarily lead to immediate changes. In many cases, it is not an entirely easy task to analyze a particular service as appropriate data may be difficult to obtain and hidden in detailed budgets. In this paper, we develop an integrative approach that uses cyber search, Geographic Information System (GIS), and spatial optimization to estimate the spatial efficiency of fire protection services in Los Angeles (LA) County. We develop a cyber-search process to identify current deployment patterns of fire stations across the major urban region of LA County. We compare the results of our search to existing databases. Using spatial optimization, we estimate the level of deployment that is needed to meet desired coverage levels based upon the location of an ideal fire station pattern, and then compare this ideal level of deployment to the existing system as a means of estimating spatial efficiency. GIS is adopted throughout the paper to simulate the demand locations, to conduct location-based spatial analysis, to visualize fire station data, and to map model simulation results. Finally, we show that the existing system in LA County has considerable room for improvement. The methodology presented in this paper is both novel and groundbreaking, and the automated assessments are readily transferable to other counties and jurisdictions.     

中国暴雨区划初步研究

本文根据近三十年水文站和气象站实测和调查24h最大暴雨均值和极值,将中国暴雨进行了初步区划。分区原则是:综合考虑暴雨强度及其分布特点、发生季节、暴雨天气系统以及地理诸因素(包括地形、拔海高度和海陆性质)。首先采用天气气候学方法对全国暴雨进行初步划分;然后,根据全国气象站25年汛期(5—9月)雨量和年雨量资料,算出各区域面雨量指标,以某区面雨量指标为变量,分别对其周围各站雨量求相关,如果相关系数通过显著性水平α=0.05,即将该站划归为同一暴雨气候区,否则,划归另一气候区。 最后将全国分为十个暴雨气候区和四个副区,并简述了各区暴雨洪水成因及特征。     

新疆阿勒泰地区冬季大到暴雪气候变化特征

基于新疆阿勒泰地区7个观测站1961-2010年冬季逐日降水量资料,定义了大到暴雪特征量,并对其时间序列进行标准化,然后运用线性趋势、Cubic函数、M-K突变检验、Morlet小波变换、R/S分析等方法,研究了该区冬季大到暴雪的气候变化特征。结果表明：大到暴雪量对冬季降水总量的方差贡献较大。在气候分布上,大到暴雪特征量、冬季总降水量的大值区均位于北部东部,大值中心位于富蕴或阿勒泰站,方差贡献大值中心位于青河站;小值中心位于福海站。在年际尺度上,该区各特征量有7 a的显著周期变化特征;在年代际尺度上,有13～15 a、17～23 a、28～29 a的显著周期变化。在时间域上,大到暴雪量和频次在20世纪90年代之前以负距平为主,变化相对平稳,90年代之后以正距平为主,变化相对剧烈;大到暴雪强度60-70年代初、80年代中期到21世纪最初10 a波动幅度较大,70年代中期到80年代初变化相对平稳。Cubic函数拟合表明,大到暴雪特征量在80年代末90年代初发生了由少到多的转型,但没有突变点。在空间域上,各年代大到暴雪量大值区所在范围比较稳定,位于北部东部,小值区出现在河谷平原;值中心在60和90年代出现在富蕴站,其它年代出现在阿勒泰站;小值中心70年代出现在布尔津站,其它年代均出现在福海站;大到暴雪频次的变化与其不同的是大值中心90年代出现在青河站;大到暴雪强度在60和70年代大值中心位于阿勒泰站,80和90年代位于富蕴站,21世纪最初10 a位于哈巴河站,大值区分布也较复杂。大到暴雪特征量全区及各站均呈增多趋势;大到暴雪量是阿勒泰和福海站、大到暴雪频次和强度是阿勒泰、福海、富蕴站没有通过显著性检验,其它均通过了显著性检验。R/S分析表明,在未来该地区大到暴雪特征量将逐渐转为减少的趋势,尤其是吉木乃站。通过分析揭示了阿勒泰地区大到暴雪变化规律,对指导该地区经济生产布局、防灾减灾、暴雪灾害风险评估提供参考,同时也为短期气候预测提供依据。     

气候变化情景下青海湟水流域径流变化的HIMS模拟分析

基于国产HIMS(Hydro-Informatic Modeling System)模型,以青海湟水流域为研究区域,利用1986-2000年33个雨量站和8个气象站的逐日降水和气温数据,对其径流变化进行模拟;选取流域内6个水文站同期的实测径流数据,进行参数率定及验证。结果表明:HIMS模型日、月率定及验证结果良好,在湟水流域具有良好的适用性。在此基础之上,分析了湟水流域1961-2010年降水及气温的变化趋势,并对不同气候变化情景下的水文响应(径流量)进行模拟分析。结果显示气候变化对湟水流域径流量变化趋势影响显著,随气温升高和降水量的减少,径流量呈明显的减少趋势,反之,呈增加趋势。     

A Century of Climate Variability and Climate Gradients from Coast to Ice Sheet in West Greenland

This work describes the temperature trends of the Nuuk fjord area during the last century and analyses the spatial variability of temperature and precipitation along the coast‐inland gradient of the region. A better understanding of the climate of the coastal region of Greenland is important for ice sheet studies since significant thinning has recently been detected on local outlet glaciers with driving factors still to be identified. The glaciological reconstruction of the ice sheet mass balance has often made use of climate datasets from the coastal stations to substitute missing data from the inland areas. The information on the coast‐inland gradient of temperature and precipitation hereafter provided is of relevance in other areas around the ice sheet as it represents a mean for increasing the accuracy of historical glacier‐climate interactions. We therefore discuss climatological information from the automatic station that operated at the glacier throughout the 1980s as well as from other stations located along the fjord and with a longer coverage.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation based on corrected TRMM data around the Hexi Corridor, China

Accurate rainfall distribution is difficult to acquire based on limited meteorological stations, especially in remote areas like high mountains and deserts. The Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions （including the Qilian Mountains and the Alxa Plateau） are typical districts where there are only 30 available rain gauges. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） data provide a possible solution. After precision analysis of monthly 0.25 degree resolution TRMM 3B43 data from 1998 to 2012, we find that the correlations between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge precipitation are significant overall and in each station around the Hexi Corridor; however, the biases of annual precipitation differ in different stations and are seriously overestimated in most of the sites. Thus, Inverse Distance Weighting （IDW） interpolation method was used to rectify TRMM data based on the difference between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge observations. The results show that rectified TRMM data present more details than rain gauges in remote areas where there are few stations, alt- hough they show high coherence of distribution. Precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest on an annual and seasonal scale. There are three rainfall centers （〉500 mm） including Menyuan, Qilian and Toson Lake, and two low rain- fall centers （〈50 mm） including Dunhuang and Ejin Banner. Meanwhile, precipitation in most of the study area presents an increasing trend; especially in northern Qilian Mountains （〉5 mm/a）, Badain Jaran Desert （〉2 mm/a）, Toson Lake （〉20 mm/a） and Qingtu Lake （〉20 ram/a） which shows a significant increasing trend, while precipitation in Hala Lake （〈-2 mm/a） and Tengger Desert （〈-3 mm/a） demonstrates a decreasing trend.     

考虑时空间限制的电动汽车充电站布局模型

基于能源需求空间分布的既有新型燃料供应站布局模型解决了需求点与供应站之间的总距离最小、供应站服务客流最大、以及基于此两类目标的多目标优化问题。然而电动汽车充电时间较长的特性对充电站的空间布局问题提出了时间因素的限制。本文提出了充电站空间布局优化应该考虑充电的行为决策问题,即:何时需要充电,去何地充电,以及当因供电站的同时服务容量受到限制而产生排队时作何选择等。在研究充电行为和充电需求的基础上,建立了满足等待时间最短和服务最便利的时空间同时优化布局的动态模型,应用微观仿真方法进行了算例分析,并比较了该模型与传统截流选址模型在算例路网上的应用结果。结果证明时间限制下的行为决策对充电站布局存在较大影响,该动态模型对时间约束的考虑提高了优化结果的有效性。     

A parallel algorithm for coverage optimization on multi-core architectures

Location siting is an important part of service provision, with much potential to impact operational efficiency, safety, security, system reliability, etc. A class of location models seeks to optimize coverage of demand for service that is continuously distributed across space. Decision-making and planning contexts include police/fire resource allocation for a community, siting cellular towers to support cell phone signal transmission, locating emergency warning sirens to alert the public of severe weather and other related dangers, and many others as well. When facilities can be sited anywhere in continuous space to provide coverage to an entire region, this is a very computationally challenging problem to solve because potential demand for service is everywhere and there are an infinite number of potential facility sites to consider. This article develops a new parallel solution approach for this location coverage optimization problem through an iterative bounding scheme on multi-core architectures. The developed approach is applied to site emergency warning sirens in Dublin, Ohio, and fire stations in Elk Grove, California. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach, enabling real-time analysis and planning. This work illustrates that the integration of cyberinfrastructure can significantly improve computational efficiency in solving challenging spatial optimization problems, fitting the themes of this special issue: cyberinfrastructure, GIS, and spatial optimization.     

站点密度对泥石流当日雨量和前期有效雨量计算的影响

研究气象站点密度在当日雨量和前期有效雨量因子内插中的影响程度,对提高对这2个因子的内插精度有重要的意义。本文针对我国东南地区87个泥石流灾害点和207个站点的降水资料,建立站点密度在5%~100%间变化的空间采样方案,采用反距离加权法(IDW)计算不同站点密度下泥石流灾害点的当日雨量和前期有效雨量。利用分位数方法对站点密度与当日雨量和前期有效雨量的关系进行分析,结果表明:诱发泥石流灾害的当日雨量和前期有效雨量的内插值,均随着气象站点密度的降低呈减少趋势;前期有效雨量的内插值相对于当日雨量的内插要稳定一些。在站点密度大于5%的情况下内插的前期有效雨量可以保持60%以上的雨量值,而当日雨量只大于30%。     

SYNOPTIC-SCALE VARIABILITY IN THE PROBABILITY OF PRECIPITATION FROM THUNDERSTORMS IN THE UNITED STATES

A synoptic-scale climatology of precipitation amounts from thunderstorms was developed by analysis of amounts from individual storms for 220 stations in the conterminous United States for the period 1948-1977. The probability of having a thunderstorm without rainfall was assessed for each station. For storms which did produce precipitation, the probability distribution of amounts was found to be well summarized by the incomplete gamma distribution. Sets of seasonal maps of the probability of receiving any measurable amount, less than 4 mm, and more than 20 mm of precipitation are presented. Consistent spatial patterns are found. Thunder without precipitation is most likely in the west. The greatest probability of heavy precipitation occurs along the Gulf Coast, extending in the summer throughout the mid-section of the nation. Topographic effects are apparent, with mountainous areas generally having less intense precipitation than surrounding regions. [Key World: thunderstorms, precipitation probabilities, gamma distribution.]