Automatic determination of stream networks from DEMs by using road network data to locate culverts

Determining stream networks automatically from digital elevation models is an issue that is actively being studied. The quality of elevation models has increased over time, but many hydrologically critical features, such as culverts, are often missing from the elevation data. To analyze the surficial water flow, one must either prepare a special elevation model or post-process an already-existing model.

This study builds on the traditional, well-established method of determining the stream network from digital elevation models. We have extended the traditional method by locating culverts automatically, using road network data as an input. We show, by comparison to the reference data, that the culverts being most relevant for the stream network can be found with good accuracy. We demonstrate that by including the automatically located culverts in the automatic stream network determination, the quality of the generated network can be noticeably improved.     

Computation of the third‐order partial derivatives from a digital elevation model

Loci of extreme curvature of the topographic surface may be defined by the derivation function (T) depending on the first‐, second‐, and third‐order partial derivatives of elevation. The loci may partially describe ridge and thalweg lines. The first‐ and second‐order partial derivatives are commonly calculated from a digital elevation model (DEM) by fitting the second‐order polynomial to a 3×3 window. This approach cannot be used to compute the third‐order partial derivatives and T. We deduced formulae to estimate the first‐, second‐, and third‐order partial derivatives from a DEM fitting the third‐order polynomial to a 5×5 window. The polynomial is approximated to elevation values of the window. This leads to a local denoising that may enhance calculations. Under the same grid size of a DEM and root mean square error (RMSE) of elevation, calculation of the second‐order partial derivatives by the method developed results in significantly lower RMSE of the derivatives than that using the second‐order polynomial and the 3×3 window. An RMSE expression for the derivation function is deduced. The method proposed can be applied to derive any local topographic variable, such as slope gradient, aspect, curvatures, and T. Treatment of a DEM by the method developed demonstrated that T mapping may not substitute regional logistic algorithms to detect ridge/thalweg networks. However, the third‐order partial derivatives of elevation can be used in digital terrain analysis, particularly, in landform classifications.     

Dealing with double vagueness in DEM morphometric analysis

A method is presented to explicitly incorporate spatial and scale vagueness – double vagueness – into geomorphometric analyses. Known limitations of usual practices include using a single fixed set of crisp thresholds for morphometric classification and the imposition of a single arbitrary number of scales of analysis to the entire digital elevation model (DEM). Among the advantages of the proposed method are: fuzzification of morphometric classification rules, scale-dependent adaptive fuzzy set parametrization and an objective definition of maximum scale of analysis on a cell-by-cell basis. The method was applied to several DEMs ranging from the ocean floor to surface landscapes of both Earth and Mars. The result was evaluated with respect to modal morphometric features and to characteristic scales, suggesting a more robust method for deriving both morphometric classifications and terrain attributes. We argue that the method would be preferable to any single-scale crisp approach, at least in the context of preliminary hands-off morphometric analyses of DEMs.     

Derivation of topographic variables from a digital elevation model given by a spheroidal trapezoidal grid

Digital elevation models (DEMs) given by spheroidal trapezoidal grids are more appropriate for large regional, sub-continental, continental and global geological and soil studies than square-spaced DEMs. Here we develop a method for derivation of topographic variables, specifically horizontal (k) and vertical h (k) landsurface curvatures, from spheroidal trapezoidal-spaced DEMs. First, we v derive equations for calculation of partial derivatives of elevation with DEMs of this sort. Second, we produce formulae for estimation of the method accuracy in terms of root mean square errors of partial derivatives of elevation, as well as k h and k (m and m respectively). We design the method for the case that the v kh k v Earth's shape can be ignored, that is, for DEM grid sizes of no more than 225 km. We test the method by the example of fault recognition using a DEM of a part of Central Eurasia. A comparative analysis of test results and factual geological data demonstrates that the method actually works in regions marked by complicated topographic and tectonic conditions. Upon increasing DEM grid size, one can produce generalised maps of k and k. Spatial distributions of m and m h v kh k v depend directly on the distribution of elevation RMSE. Areas with high values of m are marked by low values of m, and vice versa, areas with high values kh k v of m are marked by low values of m. Data on m and m should be utilised k v kh kh k v to control and improve applications of k and k to geological studies. The method h v developed opens up new avenues for carrying out some 'conventional' raster operations directly on geographical co-ordinates.     

Book reviews

The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand

A.P. Sturman & N.J. Tapper, 1996

Oxford University Press, Melbourne

18 × 24 cm, xi + 476pp., ISBN 0–19–553393–3, A$55.00 (soft)

Australians and the environment

W. McLennan, 1996

Australian Bureau of Statistics (Catalogue No. 4601.0), Melbourne

21 × 30 cm, viii + 415pp., ISBN 0–642–20690–2, A$44.00 (soft)

The information age: economy, society and culture. Vol.1—The rise of the network society

M. Castells, 1996

Blackwell, Cambridge MA/Oxford

15 × 23 cm, xvii + 556 pp., ISBN 1–155786–617–1, US$25.95/£15.99 (soft)

Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography

N. Wrigley & M. Lowe (eds), 1996

Longman, Harlow

16 × 23 cm, vi + 352 pp., ISBN 0–582–22824–7, £17.99 (soft)     

Book reviews

Kakadu: natural and cultural heritage and management

E.J. Press, D.A.M. Lea, A. Webb & A. Graham (eds), 1995

Australian Nature Conservation Agency & North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University, Darwin

17 × 25 cm, xviii + 318 pp., ISBN 0–7315–2171–4, A$29.95 (soft)

The landforms of England and Wales

A. Goudie, 1993 (first published in hardcover in 1990)

Blackwell, Oxford

23 × 15 cm, xi + 394 pp., ISBN 0–631–16367–0, A$45.00 (soft)

Technological change and the city

P.N. Troy (ed.), 1995

Federation Press, Sydney

14 × 21 cm, vi + 202 pp., ISBN 1–86287–184–1, A$35.00 (soft)

Oceanic islands

P.D. Nunn, 1994

Blackwell, Oxford

17 × 25 cm, xv + 413 pp., ISBN 0–631–17811–7, A$90.00 (soft)

Aotearoa and New Zealand: a historical geography

A. Grey, 1994

Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

14 × 21 cm, xix + 476 pp., ISBN 0–908812–34–5, NZ$29.95 (soft)     

Book reviews

Third World politics: a concise introduction

J. Haynes, 1996

Blackwell, Oxford

15 × 23 cm, viii + 227pp., ISBN 0–631–19778–8, £14.99/US$19.95 (soft)

Thirdspace: journeys to Los Angeles and other real‐and‐imagined places

E.W. Soja, 1996

Blackwell, Cambridge, MA

17 × 25 cm, xii + 334pp., ISBN 1–55786–675–9, £14.99/US$20.95 (soft)

Alpine Tasmania: an illustrated guide to the flora and vegetation

J. Kirkpatrick, 1997

Oxford University Press, Melbourne

14 × 22 cm, xii+ 196 pp., ISBN 0–19–553753‐X, A$24.95

Spatial behavior: a geographic perspective

R.G. Golledge. & R.J. Stimson, 1997

The Guilford Press, New York

16 × 24 cm, xx + 620 pp., ISBN 1–57230–050–7, A$39.95 (soft)

Pacific Rim development: integration and globalisation in the Asia‐Pacific economy,(Studies in World Affairs XIII)

P.J. Rimmer (ed.), 1997

Allen & Unwin, Sydney

14 × 22 cm, xiii + 294 pp., ISBN 1–86373–978–5, A$24.95 (soft)     

Book reviews

Communicating in geography and the environmental sciences

I. Hay, 1996

Oxford University Press, Melbourne

13.6 × 21 cm, xvi+ 184 pp., ISBN 0–19–553942–7, A$19.95 (soft)

El Niño Southern Oscillation and climatic variability

R. Allan, J. Lindesay & D. Parker, 1996

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne

21 × 27cm, ix + 405pp., ISBN 0643–05803–6, includes CD‐ROM, A$110.00/US$110.00 (hard)

Climate process and change

E. Bryant, 1997

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

21 × 28cm, xvi + 209pp., ISBN 0–521–48440–5, A$29.95 (soft), A$90.00 (hard)

Surface city: Sydney at the millennium

P. Murphy & S. Watson, 1997

Pluto Press, Sydney

13 × 22 cm, x + 181 pp., ISBN 1–86403–033‐X, A$24.95 (soft)     

Reviews

OFFICE DEVELOPMENT: A Geographical Analysis by M. Bateman. 14 × 22 cm, xvi and 175 pages. Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 0697 8) $A35.95 (cloth).

ATLAS OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT, 1981: The Geographic Distribution of Youth Unemployment in Australian Cities from the 1981 Census According to Birthplace and Gender by P. Matwijiw with E. Bamford and C. Maher. 21 × 29 cm, 127 pages. Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs: Melbourne 1985 (ISBN 949890 33 2) $A12.00 (limp).

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH by A. J. Rowland and P. Cooper. 23 × 16 cm, vi and 205 pages. Edward Arnold: London 1983 (ISBN 0 7131 2855 0) $A27.95 (limp).

FAMINE AS A GEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENON edited by B. Currey and G. Hugo. 17 × 24 cm, vi and 202 pages. Reidel: Dordrecht 1984 (ISBN 90 277 1762 1) Dfl 95.00, $US37.00 (cloth).

SOUTH AUSTRALIA'S CHANGING POPULATION (South Australian Geographical Papers No. 1) by G. J. Hugo. 25 × 18 cm, 71 pages. Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (SA Branch): Adelaide 1983 (ISBN 0 909112 05 03) $A4.00 (limp).

DEVELOPMENTS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY edited by M. A. Busteed. 23 × 15 cm, 340 pages. Academic Press: London 1983 (ISBN 0 12 148420 3) $US42.00 (cloth).

NEITHER JUSTICE NOR REASON: A Legal and Anthropological Analysis of Aboriginal Land Rights by M. Gumbert. 22 × 14 cm, xv and 215 pages. University of Queensland Press: St Lucia 1984 (ISBN 0 7022 1746 8) $A20.00 (cloth).

RURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT by P. J. Cloke and C. C. Park. 14 × 22 cm, xiii and 473 pages. Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 2037 7) $A44.95 (cloth).

FARM POLICY IN AUSTRALIA by R. K. Hefford. 14 × 22 cm, xviii and 415 pages. University of Queensland Press: St Lucia 1985 (ISBN 0 7022 1698 4) $A40.00 (cloth).

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS FOR PACIFIC MICROSTATES: Issues in Organisation and Management edited by C. C. Kissling. 14 × 21 cm, 192 pages. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific: Suva 1984. $A10.00 (cloth), $A8.00 (limp).

TIMES OF CRISIS: Epidemics in Sydney 1788–1900 by P. H. Curson. 15 × 25 cm, xii and 195 pages. Sydney University Press: Sydney 1985 (ISBN 0 424 00112 8). $A35.00 (cloth).

PEASANTS, SUBSISTENCE, ECOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE HIGHLANDS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA by L. S. Grossman. 24 × 16 cm, xxi and 302 pages. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ 1984 (ISBN 0 691 09406 3) $US45.50.

THE WORLD FOOD PROBLEM 1950–1980 by D. Grigg. 15 × 24 cm, 276 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1985 (ISBN 0 631 13481 6) $A58.50 (cloth).

POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH ASIA edited by L. A. Kosinski and K. M. Elahi. 17 × 24 cm, 243 pages. Reichel: Dordrecht 1985 (ISBN 90 277 1938 1) Dfl 120.00, $US44.00, £30.50 (cloth).

GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNIC PLURALISM edited by C. Clarke, D. Ley and C. Peach. 15 × 23 cm, xvii and 294 pages. Allen & Unwin: London 1984 (ISBN 0 04 309107 5) $A45.00 (cloth); (ISBN 0 04 309108 3) $A24.95 (limp).

SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE edited by J. Eyles. 14 × 22 cm, 295 pages. Croom Helm: London 1986 (ISBN 0 7099 0944 6) $A49.95 (cloth).

THE GENTRIFICATION OF INNER MELBOURNE: A Political Geography of Inner City Housing by W. S. Logan. 14 × 22 cm, xvi and 328 pages. University of Queensland Press: St. Lucia 1985 (ISBN 0 7022 1729 8) $A50.00 (cloth).

YELLOWCAKE AND CROCODILES: Town Planning, Government and Society in Northern Australia by J. Lea and R. Zehner. 14 × 22 cm, xxvi and 200 pages. Allen & Unwin: Sydney 1986 (ISBN 0 86861 875 6) $A24.95 (cloth); (ISBN 0 86861 843 8) $A 14.95 (limp).

THE BUNGALOW: The Production of a Global Culture by A. D. King. 20 × 25 cm, xii and 310 pages. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London 1984 (ISBN 0 7100 9538 4) $A62.50 (cloth).

THE WEST EUROPEAN CITY: A Social Geography by P. White. 15 × 23 cm, xviii and 269 pages. Longman: London 1984 (ISBN 0 582 30047 9) $A22.95 (limp).

THE SHAPING OF AMERICA: A Geographical Perspective on 500 years of History. Volume 1. Atlantic America, 1492–1800 by D. W. Meinig. 18 × 25 cm, xii and 500 pages. Yale University Press: New Haven 1986 (ISBN 0 300 03548 9) $US35.00 (cloth).

CANBERRA: MYTHS AND MODELS. Forces at Work in the Formation of the Australian Capital by K. F. Fischer. 21 × 30 cm, 166 pages. Institute of Asian Studies: Hamburg 1984 (ISBN 3 88910 009 0).

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE AND WAR edited by D. Pepper and A. Jenkins. 15 × 23 cm, vi and 222 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1985 (ISBN 0 631 13559 6) $A75.00 (cloth); (ISBN 0 631 14069 7) $A23.95 (limp).

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY: World‐economy, Nation‐state and Locality by P. J. Taylor. 15 × 23 cm, × and 238 pages. Longman: London 1985 (ISBN 0 582 30088 6) $A24.95 (limp).

THE INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA by A. Blackbourn and R. G. Putnam 14 × 22 cm, 201 pages. Croom Helm: London 1984 (ISBN 0 7099 0622 6) $A42.50 (cloth).

THE FOODMAKERS by S. Sargent. 13 × 20 cm, 296 pages. Penguin: Ringwood 1985 (ISBN 0 14 007359 0) $A8.95 (limp).

LIMITS TO PREDICTION edited by R. B. McKern and G. C. Lowenthal. 13 × 19 cm, xiii and 163 pages. Australian Professional Publications: Sydney 1985 (ISBN 0 949416 029) $A14.95 (limp).

THE KANGAROO KEEPERS edited by H. J. Lavery. 18 × 25 cm, xxvi and 211 pages. University of Queensland Press: St Lucia 1985 (ISBN 0 7022 1875 8).

PRACTICAL ECOLOGY by D. D. Gilbertson, M. Kent and F. B. Pyatt. 15 × 23 cm, 320 pages, Hutchinson: London 1985 (ISBN 0 09 162651 X) £8.95.

BASIC BIOGEOGRAPHY (Second edition) by N. Pears. 15 × 24 cm, × and 358 pages. Longman: London 1985 (ISBN 0 582 30120 3) $A24.95 (limp).

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE (Second edition) by A. Goudie. 23 × 15 cm, xi and 258 pages. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1983 (ISBN 0 19 874135 9) A16.00 (limp).

MEGA‐GEOMORPHOLOGY edited by R. Gardner and H. Scoging. 16 × 24 cm, xiii and 240 pages. Oxford University Press: Oxford (ISBN 0 19 823244 6) $A48.00.

GRANITE LANDFORMS by C. R. Twidale. 25 × 17 cm, xxiii and 372 pages. Elsevier: Amsterdam 1982 (ISBN 0 444 42116 5) $A148.25.     

Quantifying local flow direction uncertainty

Absolute elevation error in digital elevation models (DEMs) can be within acceptable National Map Accuracy standards, but still have dramatic impacts on field-level estimates of surface water flow direction, particularly in level regions. We introduce and evaluate a new method for quantifying uncertainty in flow direction rasters derived from DEMs. The method utilizes flow direction values derived from finer resolution digital elevation data to estimate uncertainty, on a cell-by-cell basis, in flow directions derived from coarser digital elevation data. The result is a quantification and spatial distribution of flow direction uncertainty at both local and regional scales. We present an implementation of the method using a 10-m DEM and a reference 1-m lidar DEM. The method contributes to scientific understanding of DEM uncertainty propagation and modeling and can inform hydrological analyses in engineering, agriculture, and other disciplines that rely on simulations of surface water flow.     

Reviews

CUL DE SAC: The Question of New Zealand's Future by H. Franklin. 13 x 19 cm, 184 pages. Allen & Unwin: Sydney 1985 (ISBN 0 86861 514 5) $A12.95 (soft).

SHOPPING CENTRE DEVELOPMENT: Policies and Prospects edited by J. A. Dawson and J. D. Lord. 14 x 22 cm, 269 pages. Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 0845 8) $A49.95 (hard).

GENTRIFICATION OF THE CITY edited by N. Smith and P. Williams. 13 x 22 cm, xiii and 257 pages. Allen & Unwin: Boston 1986 (ISBN 0 04 301201 9) $A59.00 (hard); (ISBN 0 04 301202 7) $A26.95 (soft).

EUROPE TODAY: Countries and Issues by D. J. Davis and D. C. Flint. 19 x 27 cm, 256 pages. Bell & Hyman: London 1986 (ISBN 0 7135 2518 5) £5.95 (soft).

THE WORLD NOW (Australian edition) by A. Reed and R. Pask. 21 x 30 cm, 96 pages. Edward Arnold: Melbourne 1986 (ISBN 0 7131 8225 3) $A12.95 (soft).

THE INDO‐PACIFIC LIBRARY: Set Two — Ten Titles (11 Australia, 12 Burma, 13 French Polynesia, 14 India, 15 Laos and Kampuchea, 16 North and South Korea, 17 Pakistan and Bangladesh, 18 Sri Lanka, 19 Thailand, 20 Vietnam) by G. Houghton and J. Wakefield. 19 x 25 cm, 32 pages each. Macmillan: Melbourne 1987 $A9.95 (hard) each title.

THE INDO‐PACIFIC LIBRARY: Set Two — Macmillan Black Line Masters by G. Houghton and J. Wakefield. Macmillan: Melbourne 1987 (ISBN 0 333 43059 X) $A19.95 (soft).

QUEENSLAND: A Geographical Interpretation (Queensland Geographical Journal, 4th Series, Volume 1) edited by J. H. Holmes. 18 x 24 cm, 343 pages. Boolarong Publications: Brisbane 1986 (ISBN 0817 489X) $A25.00 (soft).

THE ROAD TO BOTANY BAY: An Essay in Spatial History by P. Carter. 14 x 22 cm, xv and 384 pages. Faber and Faber: London 1987 (ISBN 0 571 14551 5) $A29.95 (hard).

AN EVALUATION OF LOCAL AREA ECONOMIC STRATEGY STUDIES (Australian Regional Developments, No. 6) edited by J. D. Conroy. 30 x 21 cm, vii and 102 pages. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra 1987 (ISBN 0 644 06161 8).

PRODUCTION, WORK, TERRITORY: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism edited by A. J. Scott and M. Storper. 15 x 23 cm, xix and 344 pages. Allen & Unwin Inc: Boston 1986 (ISBN 0 04 338126 X) $A90.00 (hard); (ISBN 0 04 338127 8) $A38.95 (soft).

ANALYTICAL BEHAVIOURAL GEOGRAPHY by R. G. Golledge and R. J. Stimson. 16 x 24 cm, 345 pages. Croom Helm: London 1987 (ISBN 0 7099 3844 6) $A122.95 (hard).

AMBIGUOUS ALTERNATIVE: Tourism in Small Developing Countries edited by S. Britton and W. C. Clarke. 20 x 21 cm, 194 pages. University of the South Pacific: Suva 1987 (ISBN 982 01 0009); available from Geography Department, University of the South Pacific, Box 1168, Suva, Fiji.

AN ATLAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND RUMINANT POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF JAVA: A Multivariate Analysis Approach by J. M. Perkins, Armiadi Semali, P. W. Orchard and Rach‐met Rachman. 46 x 31 cm, 71 pages. Forage Research Project, University of New England: Armidale 1986 (ISBN 0 85834 691 5) $A50.00 plus postage (developed countries); $A20.00 plus postage (developing countries).

ANTARCTICA: THE NEXT DECADE. Report of a Study Group (Studies in Polar Research) by A. Parsons et al. 15 x 23 cm, xii and 164 pages. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1987 (ISBN 0521 331811) $A65.00 (hard).

THE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT by A. Goudie, 25 x 17 cm, x and 338 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1986 (ISBN 0 631 13758 0) $A29.50 (soft).

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: Causes, Effects and Control Policies by D. Elsom. 15 x 23 cm, x and 319 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1987 (ISBN 0 631 13813 3) $A122.50 (hard); (ISBN 0 631 15674 7) $A43.95 (soft).

SEA SURFACE STUDIES: A Global View edited by R. J. N. Devoy. 16 x 24 cm, 649 pages. Croom Helm: London 1987 (ISBN 0 7099 0871 7) £55.00 (hard).     

Reviews of recent Australian publications

AUSTRALIA: A GEOGRAPHY. Volume 1: The Natural Environment edited by D. N. Jeans. 18 × 25 cm, viii and 347 pages. Sydney University Press: Sydney 1986 (ISBN 0 424 00114 4) $A55.00 (hard); (ISBN 0 424 00124 1) $A32.50 (soft).

Western Australia. Departments of Education and Lands and Survey (1979) Western Australia: an atlas of human endeavour, 1829–1979, Government Printer, Perth.

ATLAS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA edited by T. Griffin and M. McCaskill. 28 × 40 cm, xiv and 134 pages. South Australian Government Printing Division and Wakefield Press on behalf of the South Australian Jubilee 150 Board: Adelaide 1986 (ISBN 0 7243 46880) $A55.00 (hard).

URBAN AUSTRALIA: Planning Issues and Policies edited by S. Hamnett and R. Bunker. 16 × 24 cm, 192 pages. Nelson Wadsworth: Melbourne 1987 (ISBN 0 17 007166 9) $A29.95 (hard).

AUSTRALIAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CAPITAL (Working Paper No. 31) by M. T. Daly. 21 × 30 cm, viii and 39 pages. Transnational Corporations Research Project, University of Sydney 1985 (ISBN 0 908470 66 5) $A5.00 (soft).

TRANSNATIONAL CAPITAL AND URBANIZATION IN JAPAN (Research Monograph No. 25) by M. Douglass. 21 × 30 cm, viii and 42 pages. Transnational Corporations Research Project, University of Sydney 1987 (ISBN 0 908470 74 6) $A10.00 (soft).

MELBOURNE WESTERN REGION: Industrial Sites Atlas by Melbourne Western Region Joint Working Group. 45 × 32 cm, 40 pages. Melbourne Western Region Joint Working Group: Melbourne 1984 $A20.00 (soft).

MINE INFRASTRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA by C. O'Faircheallaigh. 18 × 25 cm, vi and 87 pages. North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University: Darwin 1987 (ISBN 0 7315 0043 1) $A10.00 (soft).

AUSTRALIA'S CHANGING POPULATION: Trends and Implications by G. Hugo. 16 × 24 cm, x and 354 pages. Oxford University Press: Melbourne 1986 (ISBN 0 19 554680 6) $A40.00 (hard).

WOMEN OVER SIXTY: A Study of the Housing, Economic and Social Circumstances of Older Women (Publication No. 130) by L. Coleman and S. Watson. 17 × 24 cm, v and 89 pages. Australian Institute of Urban Studies: Canberra 1987 (ISBN 0 86419 112 X).

THE MANNING VALLEY: Landscape and Settlement 1824–1900 by W. K. Birrell. 21 × 29 cm, xvi and 280 pages. Jacaranda: Milton, Qld, 1987 (ISBN 0 7016 2170 2) $A29.95 (hard).

ISSUES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF AUSTRALIA'S WATER RESOURCES by J. J. Pigram. 15 × 23 cm, xvi and 331 pages. Longman Cheshire: Melbourne 1986 (ISBN 0 582 71139 8) $A24.95 (soft).

PROSPECTS FOR HARDWOOD FORESTS (Monograph No. 19) edited by J. Dargavel and G. Sheldon. 16 × 23 cm, xv and 334 pages. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra 1987 (ISBN 0 86740 226 1) $A19.95 plus $A5.00 post and packing (soft).

FOREST SOILS AND NUTRIENT CYCLES by P. M. Attiwill and G. W. Leeper. 15 × 22 cm, x and 202 pages. Melbourne University Press: Melbourne 1987 (ISBN 0 522 84315 8) $A29.90 (hard).

AUSTRALIAN SOILS: The Human Impact edited by J. S. Russell and R. F. Isbell. 26 × 18 cm, xi and 522 pages. University of Queensland Press: St Lucia 1986 (ISBN 0 7022 1968 1) $A50.00 (hard).

THE AUSTRALIAN SUMMER MONSOON, TELECONNECTIONS, AND FLOODING IN THE LAKE EYRE BASIN (South Australian Geographical Papers No. 2) by R. J. Allen. 18 × 25 cm, 47 pages. Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch): Adelaide 1985 (ISBN 0 909112 09 6).     

Reviews

GEOMORPHOLOGY by R. J. Chorley, S. A. Schumm and D. E. Sugden.’ 19 × 25 cm, xxiii and 605 pages. Methuen: London 1984 (ISBN 0 416 32590 4) $A39.95 (cloth).

THEMES IN GEOMORPHOLOGY edited by A. F. Pitty. 13 × 21 cm, 280 pages. Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 2066 0) $A49.50 (cloth).

DESERTS AND ARID LANDS edited by F. El‐Baz. 16 × 25 cm, vi and 222 pages. Nijhoff: The Hague 1984 (ISBN 90 247 2850 9) $US46.00 (cloth).

COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY IN AUSTRALIA edited by B. G. Thorn. 16 × 24 cm, xv and 349 pages. Academic Press: Sydney 1984 (ISBN 0 12 687880 3) $A49.50 (cloth).

KWONGAN: Plant Life on the Sandplain edited by J. S. Pate and J. S. Beard. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands 1984 (ISBN 0 85564 230 0) $A25.00 (limp).

THEMES IN BIOGEOGRAPHY edited by J. A. Taylor. 22 × 14 cm, xxvii and 404 pages. Croom Helm: London 1984 (ISBN 0 7099 2428 3) $A25.95 (limp).

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A Practical Guide by C. F. Porter. 22 × 15 cm, xiii and 269 pages. University of Queensland Press: St Lucia 1985 (ISBN 0 7022 1699 2) $A35.00 (cloth).

THE CLIMATIC SCENE edited by M. J. Tooley and G. M. Sheail. 16 × 24 cm, xx and 306 pages. George Allen and Unwin: London 1985 (ISBN 0 04 551089 X) $A59.95 (cloth).

VOLCANIC HAZARDS: A Sourcebook on the Effects of Eruptions by R. J. Blong. 24 × 15 cm, xvi and 424 pages. Academic Press: Sydney 1984 (ISBN 0 12 107180 4) $A68.00 (cloth).

THE ECONOMICS OF BUSHFIRES: The South Australian Experience edited by D. T. Healey, F. G. Jarrett and J. M. McKay. 22 × 15 cm, x and 152 pages. Oxford University Press: Melbourne 1985 (ISBN 0 19 554669 5) $A19.99 (cloth).     

Reviews

THE DICTIONARY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY edited by R. J. Johnston. 20 x 13 cm, xix and 411 pages. Blackwell: Oxford 1983 (ISBN 0 631 13465 4) $A13.95 (limp).

THE GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN CORPORATE POWER edited by Michael Taylor. 22 x 14 cm, ix and 230 pages. Croom Helm Australia: Sydney 1984 (ISBN 0 949614 06 8) $A24.95 (cloth).

MULTINATIONALS AS MUTUAL INVADERS: Intra‐industry Direct Foreign Investment edited by A. Erdilek. 14 x 22 cm, xii and 217 pages. Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 0935 7) $A39.95 (cloth).

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space by N. Smith. 15 x 22 cm, xv and 198 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1984 (ISBN 0 631 13564 2) $A59.95 (cloth); (ISBN 0 631 13685 1) $A18.95 (limp).

SOCIAL THEORY AND THE AUSTRALIAN CITY (Studies in Society No. 26) by L. Kilmartin, D. Thorns and T. Burke. 14 x 21 cm, ix and 218 pages. George Allen and Unwin: Sydney 1985 (ISBN 0 86861 405) $A24.95 (cloth); (ISBN 0 86861 413 0) $A12.95 (limp).

THE FUTURE OF URBAN FORM: The Impact of New Technology edited by J. Brotchie, P. Newton, P. Hall and P. Nijkamp. 14 x 22 cm, xiii and 374 pages. Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 3255 3) $A44.95 (cloth).     

A new climatology of maximum and minimum temperature (1951–2010) in the Spanish mainland: a comparison between three different interpolation methods

This study presents a new climatology of monthly temperature for mainland Spain (1951–2010), performed with the highest quality and spatially dense, up-to-date monthly temperature dataset available in the study area (MOTEDAS).

Three different interpolation techniques were evaluated: the Local Weighted Linear Regression (LWLR), the Regression-Kriging (RK) and the Regression-Kriging with stepwise selection (RKS), a modification of RK. The performances of the different models were evaluated by the leave-one-out validation procedure, comparing the results from the models with the original data and calculating different error measurements.

The three techniques performed better for T_max than for T_min, and for the cold, rather than warmer months, also at lower altitude than highland areas. The best results were achieved with LWLR applied for the first time on temperatures in the Spanish mainland. This method improved the accuracy of the temperature reconstruction with respect to RK and RKS.

We present a collection of T_max and T_min monthly charts, using the same temperature legend to prevent any visual bias in the interpretation of the results. The dataset is available upon request.     

Book reviews

A WORLD IN CRISIS? Geographical Perspectives (second edition) edited by R. J. Johnston and P. J. Taylor. 15 x 23 cm, x and 371 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1989 (ISBN 0 631 16271 2) $A34.95 (soft).

INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA: External Aid and Provincial Planning (IASER Monograph No 28) by R. Crittenden and D. A. M. Lea, 17 x 24 cm, xv and 132 pages. Papua New Guinea Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research and Department of Geography and Planning, University of New England: Armidale 1989 (ISBN 9980 75 018 9).

ACCOMMODATING INEQUALITY: Gender and Housing by Sophie Watson. 14 x 21 cm, x and 157 pages. Allen & Unwin: Sydney 1988 (ISBN 0 04 320209 2) $A 14.95 (soft).

A SHORT HISTORY OF GEOMORPHOLOGY by K. J. Tinkler. 14 x 22 cm, xviii and 317 pages, Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 2441 0) $A49.95 (hard).

PATHWAYS IN GEOLOGY: Essays in Honour of

Edwin Sherbon Hills edited by R. W. Le Mai‐

tre. 25 x 19 cm, viii and 463 pages. Basil

Blackwell: Melbourne 1989 (ISBN

0731682416) $A110.00 (hard).

CHANGING THE FACE OF THE EARTH: Culture, Environment, History by I. G. Simmons. 17 x 24 cm, xiii and 487 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1989 (ISBN 0 631 16351 4) $A49.95 (soft).

PLANNED TO DEATH: The Annihilation of a Place Called Howdendyke by J. D. Porteous. 16 x 24 cm, xiii and 254 pages. Manchester University Press: Manchester 1989 (ISBN 0 7190 2831 0) £35.00 (hard).

A SOCIAL ATLAS OF DARWIN: 1986. Census of Population and Housing by J. Taylor and D.

Jaensch. 21 x 29 cm, and 66 pages. Australian Bureau of Statistics and North Australia Research Unit: Darwin 1989 (ISBN 0 642 143322 6).

ATLAS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN THE SOUTH EAST REGION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 1861–1991 by Terry G. Birtles and Jane E. Gordon. 21 x 29 cm, v and 141 pages. Canberra College of Advanced Education: Belconnen 1989 (ISBN 0 85889 355 5 $A40.00 (soft).

LABOUR ADJUSTMENT IN METROPOLITAN REGIONS by P. S. Morrison 15 x 21 cm, ix and 254 pages. Victoria University Press: Wellington 1989 (ISBN 0 86473 190 6) SA25.00 (soft).

AUSTRALIAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: Readings in Regional Experiences, Policies and Prospects (Australian Regional Developments No. 10) edited by B. Higgins and K. Zagorski. 17 x 25 cm. xi and 260 pages. AGPS Press: Canberra 1989 (ISBN 0 644 0935).

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MANUFACTURING IN TRANSITION edited by T. J. Mules. 15 x 21 cm, vii and 188 pages. Wakefield Press (for Centre of South Australian Economic Studies): Adelaide 1989 (ISBN 909591 74 1) $A24.95 (soft).

COUNTERURBANIZATION: The Changing Pace’ and Nature of Population Deconcentration edited by A. G. Champion. 16 x 24 cm, xxii and 266 pages. Edward Arnold: London 1989 (ISBN 0 7131 6614 2) £27.00 (hard).

THE HUMANE CITY: Cities as if People Matter by J. R. Short. 15 x 22 cm, 167 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1989 (ISBN 0 631 15824 3) $A27.95 (soft).

THE TORRES STRAIT: People and History (revised edition) by J. Singe. 13 x 19 cm, xviii and 261 pages. University of Queensland Press: St Lucia 1989 (first published in 1979) (ISBN 0 7022 2232 1) $A19.95 (soft).

HAWKE'S LAW: The Politics of Mining and Aboriginal Land Rights in Australia by R. T. Libby. xxvii and 175 pages. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands 1989 (ISBN 085564 301 1) $A25.00.

THE THIRD WORLD: States of Mind and Being edited by J. Norwine and A. Gonzales. 15 x 23 cm, xi and 275 pages. Unwin Hyman: Boston 1989 (ISBN 0 04 910121 8) $A39.95 (soft).

IRELAND: A Contemporary Geographical Perspective edited by R. W. G. Carter and A. J. Parker. 14 x 22 cm, xiv and 486 pages. Routledge: London 1989 (ISBN 0 415 00486 3) $A 120.00 (hard).     

Reviews

THE PERMAFROST ENVIRONMENT by S. A. Harris. 23 × 14 cm, viii and 275 pages. Croom Helm: London 1986 (ISBN 0 7099 3713 X) $A57.50 (hard).

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES: An International Review edited by C. C. Park. 14 × 22 cm, 315 pages. Croom Helm: London 1986 (ISBN 0 7099 2062 8) $A56.25 (hard).

A MODERN DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY by J. Small and M. Witherick. 15 × 23 cm, vi and 233 pages. Edward Arnold: London 1986 (ISBN 0 7131 6434 4) $A28.95 (soft).

PROGRESS IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY edited by M. Pacione. 14 × 22 cm, 275 pages. Croom Helm: London 1985 (ISBN 0 7099 2087 3) $A56.25 (hard).

THE PRICE OF WAR: Urbanization in Vietnam 1954–1985, by N. Thrift and D. Forbes. 14 × 22 cm, xiv and 188 pages. Allen & Unwin: London 1986 (ISBN 0 04 3012108) $A59.95 (hard).

INDUSTRIALISATION AND LABOUR FORCE PROCESSES: A Case Study of Peninsular Malaysia (Research Papers on Development in East Java and West Malaysia No. 1) by T. G. McGee and seven others. 17 × 24 cm, xviii and 244 pages. Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University: Canberra 1986 (ISBN 0 86784 991 6) $A15.00 plus postage and packing (soft).

CITIES OF THE WORLD: A Compilation of Current Information on Cultural, Geographical, and Political Conditions in the Countries and Cities of Six Continents. Based on the Department of State's ‘Post Reports’ (second edition) edited by M. W. Young and S. L. Stetler. 16 × 23 cm, 3,056 pages in 4 volumes. Gale Research Company: Detroit 1985 (ISBN 0 8103 2059 2) $US235.00 (hard). Supplement 758 pages. 1986 (ISBN 0 8103 1110 0) $US84.00 (hard).     

Book reviews

THE IMPACT OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS AT RABAUL, PAPUA NEW GUINEA (Discussion Paper No. 33) by R. J. Blong and C. Aislabie. 17 × 25 cm, xiv and 207 pages. Institute of National Affairs: Port Morseby 1988 (ISBN 9980 77 086 4).

A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO SEDIMENTOLOGY by R. C. Lindholm. 15 × 23 cm, xviii and 279 pages. Allen & Unwin: London 1987 (ISBN 0 04 551132 2) $A45.00 (soft).

THE ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER OF SOUTHERN AFRICA by R. A. Preston‐Whyte and P. D. Tyson. 18 × 24 cm, xiii and 375 pages. Oxford University Press: Cape Town 1988 (ISBN 0 19 570 514 9) R56.00 (hard); (ISBN 0 19 570 496 7) R39.14 (soft).

QUATERNARY PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: Methods of Paleoclimatic Reconstruction by R. S. Bradley. 15 × 23 cm, xvii and 472 pages. Allen & Unwin: Boston 1985 (ISBN 0 04 551067 9) $A69.95 (hard); (ISBN 0 04 551068 7) $A39.95 (soft).

PROCESSES IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY by R. D. Thompson, A. M. Mannion, C. W. Mitchell, M. Parry and J. R. Townsend. 24 × 19 cm, xii and 380 pages. Longman: London 1986 (ISBN 0 582 30136) $A44.95.

PERSPECTIVES ON A DYNAMIC EARTH by T. R. Paton. 16 × 24 cm, 142 pages. Allen & Unwin: London 1986 (ISBN 0 04 55 0043 6) $A23.95 (soft).

LAND DEGRADATION AND SOCIETY edited by P. Blaikie and H. Brookfield. 15 × 23 cm. xxiv and 296 pages. Methuen: London 1987 (ISBN 0 416 40150 3) $A32.95 (soft).

THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY by B. Goodall. 13 × 20 cm, 509 pages. Penguin: Harmondsworth 1987 (ISBN 0 14 051095 8) $A19.95 (soft).

MAKING SENSE OF DEVELOPMENT: An Introduction to Classical and Contemporary Theories of Development and Their Application to South‐east Asia by P. W. Preston. 14 × 22 cm, xxi and 318 pages. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London 1986 (ISBN 0 7102 0813 8) $A87.95 (hard).

THE DEMOGRAPHIC DIMENSION IN INDONESIAN DEVELOPMENT by G. J. Hugo, T. H. Hull, V. J. Hull and G. W. Jones. 16 × 25 cm, xxv and 417 pages. Oxford University Press: Singapore 1987 (ISBN 0 19 582699 X) $A49.95 (hard).

GLOBAL ISSUES AND OUTLOOK IN PULP AND PAPER edited by G. F. Schreuder, 18 × 26 cm, ix and 302 pages. University of Washington Press: Seattle 1988 (ISBN 0 295 96642 4) $US40.00 (hard).

AN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF MODERN AUSTRALIA: The Restive Fringe (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography No. 11) by J. M. Powell. 16 × 33 cm, xx and 400 pages. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1988 (ISBN 0 521 25619 4) $A39.95 (hard).

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY: Progress and Prospect edited by M. Pacione. 14 × 22 cm, 306 pages. Croom Helm: London 1987 (ISBN 0 7099 40467) $A27.50 (hard).

THE ROLE OF THEORY IN URBAN PLANNING: A Study of Metropolitan Planning in Perth, Western Australia (Geowest No. 24) by O. Yiftachel. 21 × 29 cm, 102 pages. Department of Geography, University of Western Australia: Nedlands 1987 (ISBN 0 86422 063 4).

SYDNEY INTO ITS THIRD CENTURY: Metropolitan Strategy for the Sydney Region by NSW Department of Environment and Planning. 21 × 29 cm, 72 pages. NSW department of Environment and Planning: Sydney 1988 (ISBN 0 7305 4312 9).

BUS SERVICES IN WESTERN SYDNEY: Private Bus Operators and Government Transport Departments (Monograph Series No. 3) by P. Tranter. 21 × 29 cm, v and 98 pages. Department of Geography and Oceanography, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy: Campbell, ACT 1988 (ISBN 0 7317 0036 8).

AGEING IN VICTORIA: An Electronic Social Atlas by A. L. Howe, P. Newton and P. Sharwood. 30 × 21 cm, 105 pages. National Research Institute for Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Mt. Royal Hospital and University of Melbourne: Melbourne 1987 (ISBN 0 958326 6 2) $A10.00 (soft).

READINGS IN AUSTRALIAN GEOGRAPHY: Proceedings of the 21st Institute of Australian Geographers’ Conference, Perth 10–18 May 1986, edited by A. Conacher. 21 × 29 cm, vi and 493 pages. Institute of Australian Geographers (WA Branch) and Department of Geography, University of Western Australia: Perth 1987 (ISBN 0 909678 30 B) $A25.00 (soft).

GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH PROJECTS: A Senior Student's Handbook by H. Binden and H. Williams. 18 × 26 cm, 149 pages. Edward Arnold Australia: Caulfield East 1988 (ISBN 0 7131 8311 X) $A 14.95 (soft).

OUR AMERICAN LAND: 1987 Yearbook of Agriculture, ix and 323 pages. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: 1987 $US9.50.

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY edited by A. Goudie et al. 17 × 24 cm, xvi and 528 pages. Basil Black‐well: Oxford 1988 (ISBN 0 631 15581 3) $A34.95 (soft).

THE CONSERVATION OF ECOSYSTEMS AND SPECIES by Gareth E. Jones, 14 × 22 cm, 277 pages. Croom Helm: London 1987 (ISBN 0 7099 1463 6) $A87.95 (hard).

SO CAME THEY SOUTH by R. Clancy and A. Richardson. 35 × 35 cm, 176 pages. Shakespeare Head: Sydney 1988 (ISBN 0 7302 0864 8) $A34.95.     

British fluvial geomorphology in the 1980s: a review of recent reviews

FLUVIAL FORMS AND PROCESSES by D. Knighton. 218pp. Edward Arnold: London 1984 (ISBN 0 7131 6405 0) $A32.50 (limp).

BRITISH RIVERS edited by J. Lewin. 216pp. George Allen and Unwin: London 1981 (ISBN 0 04 551079 2) $A29.95 (limp).

RIVERS, FORM AND PROCESS IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS by K. Richards. 358pp. Methuen: London 1982 (ISBN 0 416 74910 0) $A41.95 (limp).     

Book reviews

GRIFFITH TAYLOR: Antarctic scientist and pioneer geographer (Carleton Library Series No. 145) by M. Sanderson. 15 x 23 cm, xi and 218 pages. Carleton University Press: Ottawa 1988 (ISBN 0 88629 068 6) $C24.95 (hard); (ISBN 0 88629 068 X) $C14.95 (soft) plus postage.

LAND, WATER AND PEOPLE: Geographical essays in Australian resource management edited by R. L. Heathcote and J. A. Mabbutt. 14 x 21 cm, xiii and 266 pages. Allen & Unwin: Sydney 1988 (ISBN 0 04 303008 4) $A24.95 (soft).

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY: Book One by J. Paine, H. McLean and G. Mayhew. 19 x 25 cm, 389 pages. Macmillan: Melbourne 1988 (ISBN 0 333 43073 5) $A28.95 (soft).

Climate Impact Assessment Program (1975) Impacts of climate change on the biosphere, Monograph No. 5, US Department of Transportation, Washington DC.

SMALL‐SCALE AGRICULTURE edited by J. Hirst, J. Overton, B. Allen and Y. Byron. 18 x 25 cm, xii and 210 pages. Commonwealth Geographical Bureau and Department of Human Geography, Australian National University: Canberra 1988 (ISBN 0 7316 3609 0) $A 10.00 (soft).

THE BRITTLE RIM: Finance, Business and the Pacific Region by M. T. Daly and M. I. Logan. 15 × 23 cm, 263 pages, Penguin Books: Ring‐wood 1989 (ISBN 0 14 012095 5) $A24.99 (soft)

THE END OF ORGANISED CAPITALISM by S. Lash and J. Urry. 15 x 23cm, 383 pages. Polity Press: Cambridge 1987 (ISBN 07456 00697) $A34.95 (soft).

THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT: An Introduction to Global Issues by J. L. Seitz. 15 x 23 cm, xiii and 194 pages. Basil Blackwell: New York 1988 (ISBN 0 631 15801 4) $A27.95 (soft).

DEVELOPING WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT edited by V. Cable and B. Persaud. 16 x 24 cm, viii and 327 pages. Croom Helm: London 1987 (ISBN 0 7099 4825 5) $A87.95 (hard).

PLANNING SYDNEY'S FUTURE by P. Spearritt and C. DeMarco, 21 x 27 cm, and 150 pages. Allen & Unwin: Sydney 1988 (ISBN 0 04 324014 3) $A17.95 (soft).

THE RICHEST LODE: Broken Hill 1888–1988 by R. J. Solomon. 22 x 28 cm, 424 pages. Hale & Iremonger: Sydney 1988 (ISBN 0 86806 333 9).

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT (North Australia: Progress and Prospects, Volume 1) edited by D. Wade‐Marshall and P. Loveday. xiii and 310 pages. North Australia Research Unit, Australian National University: Darwin 1988 (ISBN 07315 0335 X).

NEW CALEDONIA OR KANAKY? The Political History of a French Colony (Pacific Research Monograph No. 16) by J. Connell. National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University: Canberra 1987 (ISBN 0 7315 05123).

DISEASE ECOLOGY by Andrew Learmonth. 15 x 23 cm, 456 pages. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1988 (ISBN 0 631 15799 9) $A46.00 (soft).

QUALITATIVE METHODS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY edited by J. Eyles and D. M. Smith. 15 x 23 cm, xiii and 272 pages. Polity Press: Cambridge 1988 (ISBN 0 7456 0371 8) $A34.95 (soft).

GEOGRAPHICAL SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS OF GEOGRAPHY: Essays in Honour of William Warntz edited by W. J. Coffey. 14 x 21 cm, 211 pages. Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario: London, Ontario 1988 (ISBN 0 7714 09747) $C30.00 (soft).