POVERTY SEGREGATION IN WEST GERMAN CITIES - THE "AMERICANIZATION" HYPOTHESIS AND ITS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

It is generally assumed that the segregation of the poor in German cities is increasing as a result of cumulative polarization processes in a capitalist economy. This has led to the assumption that German cities are increasingly becoming similar to American cities. The idea of an "Americanization" specifically includes the development of the inner-city "poverty ghettos" and their adverse implications for urban social development in general, which is the focus of this paper. Empirical findings based on analyses in five major German cities do not support these assumptions. In particular there is evidence that local businesses can function as a stabilizing factor in high-poverty neighborhoods, which counteracts developments that are associated with American "poverty ghettos." These findings indicate that the significance of poverty segregation is overestimated in the debate on urban social development in Germany. Rather, a conceptualization of urban social development needs to integrate the structure and development of both population and local business at the neighborhood level. [Key words: poverty, segregation, ghetto, local business, Germany.]     

宁杭城市多时空尺度居住空间分异与比较

城市居住分异具有社会群体与住宅空间的社会—空间双重属性,已有研究多关注社会经济属性,采用非空间分异指数开展单个城市和较大尺度的实证分析,较难有效反映中国当前城市内部日趋复杂多变、异质破碎的居住分异景观。基于住宅空间视角,采用多群体分异指数、空间分异曲线、指数分解模型与地理探测器等方法,以南京、杭州为案例城市,从街道、街区与网格3个尺度,分析宁杭2009—2018年居住空间分异及其影响因素。研究表明：空间分异指数因考虑到住宅空间位置和邻域环境,可作为对非空间分异指数的一种改进;南京不同住宅类型空间分异程度高于杭州,主要是由城市空间结构差异造成的;居住空间分异是城市社会空间资源非均衡配置的结果,其中“中心位势”和“教育配套”等因素对城市居住空间分异的影响最为显著;宁杭城市居住空间分异的共性与特性并存,揭示出城市比较研究的可行性与必要性。通过创新性探索,为中国城市居住分异研究提供新视角、新方法和新思维。     

Latent sprawl,divided Mediterranean landscapes: urban growth,swimming pools,and the socio-spatial structure of Athens,Greece

Although Mediterranean cities have inherent differences on a local scale, together they offer a kaleidoscopic overview of distinctive morphologies and patterns of socio-spatial segregation. In this study, we explore the distribution of residential swimming pools as indicators of the use of land and water at the metropolitan scale, in relation to recent changes in the socio-spatial structure of a large Mediterranean city (Athens, Greece). Our results indicate a polarized spatial distribution of swimming pools, still considered a luxury affordable only for a minor segment of the Greek population. The analysis highlights the spatial linkages between concentration of residential pools, class segregation and low-density settlements, indicating that the socio-spatial structure of Athens remains characterized by persistent disparities between rich and poor neighborhoods. Comparison with another Mediterranean city (Barcelona) demonstrates the peculiarity of Athens’ recent development as reflected in the fragmented and polarized urban structure. The study provides an alternative reading of recent Mediterranean urban growth by considering pools as a “landmark” for urban sprawl, producing contested landscapes of localized social segregation.     

资源型城市演化阶段识别及其发展特征

资源型城市作为一类特殊城市,发展过程具有明显的阶段性特征。本文以灯光影像等数据为基础,采用门槛面板模型、非参数估计等方法,从城市空间结构演化角度,对资源型城市发展阶段进行定量划分,并分析了不同发展阶段中心城区空间集聚对城市经济增长、城市转型的差异性特征,揭示了资源型产业对城市空间结构演变的作用以及资源型城市转型关键时间节点和政策着力点。结果表明：资源型城市空间相对分散,但不同资源类型城市之间存在较大差异;采掘业从业人员占比1.9%和31.0%可以作为资源型城市不同发展阶段的重要标志性指标;不同发展阶段中,社会经济要素在中心城区的集聚程度与城市经济增长的相关关系明显不同,成熟发展期成为资源型城市转型发展的重要转折期。     

Economic segregation in transition China: evidence from the 20 largest cities

Economic segregation in urban areas is important to scholars and policymakers because it is thought to exacerbate inequality in social outcomes such as education, social capital formation, and employment. A growing body of comparative work examines factors associated with higher levels of urban segregation within different countries. Increasingly, this work examines differences between levels of segregation across the income distribution rather than just one measure of segregation per city. China has high levels of income inequality and has undergone a dynamic process of urbanization in recent decades as it transitions from a centrally planned system to one in which markets allocate goods. Using census data from the 20 largest cities in China, we measure the level of economic segregation and examine its determinants. Chinese cities are highly segregated. Segregation levels tend to be higher in larger and richer cities and more pronounced among renters. There is a stronger link between segregation based on housing type and expenditure than between migrant status and expenditures, which leads us to speculate that the pace, timing, and scale of housing development are the dominant drivers of economic segregation.     

非户籍与户籍人口居住空间分异的多维度解析——以深圳为例

在居住空间相异指数基础上,构建了集聚—分散度、中心—边缘度和极化—均质度指数,进一步挖掘由于人口聚居形态、居住区位和居住质量等方面差异导致的居住空间分异的多维内涵,及其所揭示出的社会经济空间现象、成因及空间治理重点。利用全国第六次人口普查数据开展深圳实证研究,在计算全市及各区分维指数的基础上,分析深圳人口居住空间相异指数特征及空间尺度差异,多维居住空间分异格局特征及成因,并通过聚类分析将深圳非户籍与户籍人口居住空间分异类型划分为三类,分类提出空间治理政策建议。从而为深入理解中国大城市日益出现的居住分异现象及机制提供新鲜视角和多样化测度方法,为解决其带来的社会及空间治理问题提供更有针对性的政策建议。     

社会空间视角下成熟型煤炭资源城市地域功能结构研究——以安徽省淮南市为例

在生态文明建设与服务经济转型的背景下,作为中国工业化阶段能源基地的资源型城市,正面临着经济、社会与生态环境多位一体的全面转型。选取成熟型煤炭资源城市淮南为案例,基于社会空间视角划分城市地域功能结构,构建社会-经济-空间多维因素的互动框架推进资源型城市的科学转型。研究发现：淮南市社会空间包括6个主因子,各主因子的空间集聚和街区分布均具有显著的异质性。基于不同街区的功能属性划分出5个空间功能组团,包括：政府机关、企事业单位组团;居住、商业、生活服务组团; 煤炭开采与加工工业组团; 非矿点区域、乡村区域组团;经济新增长点培育、转型发展组团。城市地域功能结构特征表现为：① “城”、“矿”功能的隔离与排斥,② 连绵型低收入农业空间的嵌入,③ 城市服务功能空间的紧缩,④ 煤炭开采与初加工的空间共位,⑤城市转型尚未形成规模与联动效应。在此基础上,进一步剖析了地域结构的形成原因及优化路径。     

Modeling Spatial Processes of Urban Growth in African Cities: A Case Study of Nairobi City

Africa's urban population growth has been especially rapid, averaging about 5% per year over the past two decades. As a result, many urban areas have experienced dramatic growth that is seriously outstripping the capacity of most cities to provide adequate services for their residents. Although population growth and urbanization rates in Africa have slowed recently due to a number of factors including HIV/AIDS, urban growth is still expected to double by 2030, leading to dramatic sprawl with serious environmental and social consequences. Using Nairobi as an example of a rapidly urbanizing African city, we studied the dynamics of land use and land cover change using satellite data and addressed the need for models and urban management tools that can guide sustainable urban planning policies. Cellular Automata, which integrate biophysical factors with dynamic spatial modeling, are used in this study. The model was calibrated and tested using time series of urbanized areas derived from land use/cover maps, produced from remotely sensed imagery, with future urban growth projected to 2030. Model assessment results showed high levels of accuracy, indicating that simulation findings were realistic, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the model. Results further showed that the model is a useful and effective tool to foresee the spatial consequences of planning policies in the context of many African cities. The forecast for Nairobi showed unsustainable sprawl.     

北京城市社会区分析

自从1984年中国实施城市改革以来,城市土地市场和住房市场建立已经对城市的社会空间结构产生重要影响。作者利用1998年北京街道一级调查数据进行城市社会区分析。结果显示,经济社会和种族状况具有一定的影响,但并没有发挥重要的作用。土地利用强度在形成新的城市社会空间结构过程中发挥了关键的作用。与家庭状况相关的流动人口状况也表现为非常强劲的影响。北京的社会区表明：土地利用强度分布呈同心圆模型,家庭分布形态具有扇形结构的特征;社会经济状态因子分布形态既表现了同心圆的特征,也具有扇形结构的特点;种族因子的空间分布形成了一种多核空间结构。     

开发区发展与西安城市经济社会空间极化分异

从阐释开发区“特区”运作机制、“新经济”型产业结构、配套住宅开发策略等特有开发模式及内在结构特性入手,以西安市为实证案例,以翔实的调研数据为支撑,剖析了开发区建设发展与城市经济-社会空间极化分异之关联及其典型过程与效应;并通过开发区与非开发区、新城与老城、新经济区与旧产业区之间在投资强度、发展速度、软硬环境、形象面貌、经济活力与潜力、人口成分与素质等诸多方面分异对比日益鲜明的一系列事实,论证了开发区建设发展已成为强化凸显当代中国城市经济-社会空间极化演变的机制之一。研究结果有助于更深入全面地认识评估“开发区”--这一机制独特、存在广泛、极富改革开放新时期特色的城市发展模式之影响与绩效。     

北京住宅郊区化与就业空间错位

北京从20 世纪80 年代末开始出现郊区化,其住宅郊区化特点尤为突出。北京市住宅郊区化的驱动力与西方城市的郊区化相比既有相似之处又有明显差异,相似之处是：都是城市化水平不断提高与社会进步的必然结果,以及土地有偿使用制度的实施和城市规划的引导; 不同之处在于北京的住宅郊区化是一种被动的郊区化,居民本身并不想离开市区,但是旧城改造与市区内高昂的房价迫使居民不得不到郊区购房。随着住宅郊区化的大规模发展,北京也出现了居住与就业的空间错位问题,这种空间错位虽然与美国郊区化过程中空间错位有许多不同之处,但在本质上是一致的,都是出现居住与就业的空间分离,造成低收入阶层通勤的时间成本与经济成本增加,导致交通拥挤、社会隔离等社会问题。     

Unraveling the multi-scalar residential segregation and socio-spatial differentiation in China: A comparative study based on Nanjing and Hangzhou

Residential segregation is a dual process of socio-spatial differentiation in residents and spatio-temporal heterogeneity in dwelling.However,most of the existing studies are es-tablished from the single perspective of urban residents based on demographic data,which is difficult to reveal the dynamics and complex spatial reconstruction within and between cities.With the characteristics of both stability and timeliness,the rapidly changing housing market is one of the processes and results of socio-spatial reconfiguration,and it is undoubtedly a better lens to observe residential segregation.This paper adopts methods such as multi-group segregation index,multi-scalar segregation profiles,and decomposition of segregation index,with Nanjing and Hangzhou as case cities,and establishes multi-scalar segregation profiles and comparative models based on three geographical scales of census tract,block and grid,and different residential types.A quantitative study was conducted on the degree and pattern of multi-scalar residential segregation in Nanjing and Hangzhou from 2009 to 2018.The pa-per found that the spatial segregation index is an improvement of the non-spatial segregation index.There are differences between Nanjing and Hangzhou in the evolution process of residential segregation.Nanjing has a higher degree of spatial differentiation as a whole,among which spatial components have a more significant impact.     

基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究

运用第六次全国人口普查数据,分析当前广州新移民的居住空间分异问题,探讨中国大城市新移民居住空间的整体格局、分异程度及其分异机制,并以此实证中国城市社会空间理论。研究表明：广州新移民的空间分布总体上表现出近郊集中和远郊分散的特征,其中省内新移民较多集中在中心区外围,省外新移民集中分散在远郊。广州新移民与本地常住人口的差异指数为0.48,分异指数为0.46,隔离指数为0.56,超过美国亚裔移民分异的平均水平。此外,各区的分异度水平存在较大差异。机制分析表明,历经30多年的市场化进程,制度因素对新移民聚居区的影响减弱,单位因素对新移民聚居无明显影响,市场因素的作用增强。与西方情况类似,人口和家庭因素对新移民聚居有一定影响,其中年龄因素和婚姻状况是影响新移民聚居的重要因素。总体上,市场化下中国城市新移民的社会隔离正不断转化为明显的空间分异问题。为推进社会融合,应尽快采取社会空间重构措施(如社会规划和社区规划)予以应对。     

Modeling urban land-use dynamics in a fast developing city using the modified logistic cellular automaton with a patch-based simulation strategy

Cellular automata (CA) have been used to understand the complexity and dynamics of cities. The logistic cellular automaton (Logistic-CA) is a popular urban CA model for simulating urban growth based on logistic regression. However, this model usually employs a cell-based simulation strategy without considering the spatial evolution of land-use patches. This drawback largely constrains the Logistic-CA for simulating realistic urban development. We proposed a Patch-Logistic-CA to deal with this problem by incorporating a patch-based simulation strategy into the conventional cell-based Logistic-CA. The Patch-Logistic-CA differentiates new developments into spontaneous growth and organic growth, and uses a moving-window approach to simulate the evolution of urban patches. The Patch-Logistic-CA is tested through the simulation of urban growth in Guangzhou, China, during 2005–2012. The cell-based Logistic-CA was also implemented using the same set of data to make a comparison. The simulation results reflect that the Patch-Logistic-CA has slightly lower cell-level agreement than the cell-based Logistic-CA. However, visual inspection of the results reveals that the cell-based Logistic-CA fails to reflect the actual patterns of urban growth, because this model can only simulate urbanized cells around the edges of initial urban patches. Actually, the pattern-level similarities of the Patch-Logistic-CA are over 18% higher than those of the cell-based Logistic-CA. This indicates that the Patch-Logistic-CA has much better performance of simulating actual development patterns than the cell-based Logistic-CA. In addition, the Patch-Logistic-CA can correctly simulate the fractal structure of actual urban development patterns. By varying the control parameters, the Patch-Logistic-CA can also be used to assist urban planning through the exploration of different development alternatives.     

非洲城市二元社会空间结构模式

以城市中心变迁和阶层居住分化为研究视角,探究了非洲近代、现代2个时期的城市二元社会空间结构特征与模式。结果表明：不同时期,非洲城市内部的二元社会空间结构存在显著差异。随着欧洲殖民进程的结束,社会空间结构从旧二元向新二元转变。近代时期,非洲城市空间形态表现出典型的双城模式,殖民者与本地人的居住空间被严格区分;现代时期,非洲城市表现出新旧中心并存模式,中上阶层与贫民居住空间存在明显分异。政治、经济、人口与社会等因素是城市二元社会空间结构形成的重要驱动力。最后,为促进非洲城市社会空间的可持续发展提出了建议。     

中国城市舒适物评价指标体系构建与实证

随着城市经济向新知识经济转型,舒适物被认为是影响高端人才移入和城市经济增长的最重要因素。在西方研究基础上,基于中国国情,探索性地构建了中国舒适物系统的综合指标体系,其中包括自然、文化、商业、交通、卫生和社会等6个一级指标以及34个二级指标。结合中国26个主要人口聚居城市的舒适物指标数据,对不同城市的舒适物综合指数水平进行测评;同时对测评结果的差异进行了解释分析。研究发现：① 城市舒适物综合水平呈现出比较大的差距,北上广深等大城市明显高于中西部城市;进一步聚类分析表明,中国大城市的舒适物水平既存在差异,也存在舒适物发展上的共同特征;② 与西方城市人口普遍重视自然舒适物相反,商业舒适物和交通便利程度是影响中国城市舒适物总体水平的最重要因素,卫生服务设施、文化舒适物、商业舒适物与城市吸引力和宜居程度总体评价的相关性最高,这说明中国目前的经济增长模式仍以物质消费为主,而人才流动主要看重舒适物中的文化和消费设施发达程度、卫生医疗水平和交通便利程度,对自然舒适物和社会舒适物等“软”环境的重视不如西方国家;③ 中国城市舒适物结构呈现出比较复杂的状态,表现为发展不均衡的结构类型。城市舒适物评价指标体系构建紧扣舒适物概念和内涵,具有操作性和延伸性,一方面根据评价结果可以判断中国大城市舒适物水平的优劣与结构特征,另一方面评价结果可用于进一步分析其与城市经济、人才、企业等变量的关系,从而完善中国转型期城市发展和增长理论。     

吉林省城市增长与收缩的分异特征、成因与对策

利用人口与经济变化组合关系和二分类Logistic回归模型,探索新时期吉林省城市发展的空间分异现象及成因。结果表明:(1)吉林省形成了绝对增长型、绝对收缩型、精明增长型和人口集聚中心4种城市发展类型。(2)绝对增长型城市产业结构不断多样化,科技发展对经济增长的贡献率日益提高;精明增长型城市先进制造业、生产性服务业迅速发展,但生活性服务业发展相对不足;绝对收缩型城市以传统制造业为主导产业,城市竞争力不断丧失,存在持续收缩的发展趋势;人口集聚中心凭借发达的公共服务业抑制了主导产业衰退背景下的人口流失现象。(3)产业结构、企业组织、政府调控以及集聚-扩散效应是新时期吉林省城市增长与收缩分化的成因。顺应区域城市发展趋势,编制存量和减量规划,分类引导城市的精明增长与收缩,是未来吉林省空间重构的主要发展路径。     

基于融入-隔离双向对比的流动人口主观社会融合及其影响因素研究——以福厦泉城市群为例

基于2017年流动人口动态监测数据,选取福厦泉城市群,构建融入-隔离对比的指标体系,探讨了流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合及其影响因素。研究发现：① 流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合程度较高,但融入与隔离并存,且以融入为主。② 流动人口主观社会融合受流迁模式、社会网络、生计资本、制度政策和人口特征等因素综合影响：宏观上基本公共服务均等化能显著地增强融入、削弱隔离,淡化了户籍制度造成的融入障碍;中观上在流入地加强社会交往和积极参加组织活动、改善住房和提高收入确实有助于流动人口在流入地增强融入、减弱隔离,但基于流出地方向的土地预期收益、家庭困难及乡土依恋等主客观因素则增强了流动人口在流入地的主观隔离、削弱了主观融入;微观上近距离、长时段和家庭化迁移的流动人口主观融入程度较高,受教育程度的提高有助于流动人口削弱主观隔离,更好地融入流入地。研究认为应促进流动人口客观融合并使其与主观融合相匹配,改变以流动人口融入当前流入地实现市民化的单向思维,统筹考虑流入地与流出地的双向影响,将流动人口市民化工作重心由落户转向基本公共服务的无差别覆盖,实现流动人口从主观“愿意”到客观“能够”的社会融合。     

中国资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率的影响

在中国经济面临结构转型和空间重塑的关键时期,探究资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率的影响机理,对于破解资源型城市产业发展路径依赖与土地低效利用困境具有重要意义。基于中国115座地级资源型城市面板数据,运用产业结构层次指数与基于DEA的超效率SBM-Undesirable模型刻画资源型城市产业结构升级与土地利用效率的时空演化特征,通过面板Tobit模型探究资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率的异质性影响及作用渠道。结果表明：(1)中国资源型城市产业结构升级成效显著,再生型、煤炭型和钢铁型城市升级效果更为明显。土地利用效率呈波动上升趋势,高值城市数量显著增加,以经济基础较好的再生型和成长型城市为主。(2)资源型城市产业结构升级对土地利用效率提升尚未形成普遍的驱动效应,其影响机制在不同类型城市中具有显著的异质性,仅再生型城市呈现显著的正向影响。(3)资源型城市产业结构升级通过经济产出提升、要素配置优化与环境污染控制等渠道驱动土地利用效率的动态演化。现阶段,土地经济产出偏低、用地结构失调、环境污染负外部性过高是制约资源型城市土地利用效率提升的主要症结。资源型城市转型具有长期性、系统性特征,应...     

城市CO2排放结构与低碳水平测度——以京津沪渝为例

在科学设计城市CO₂排放、城市低碳水平数理模型基础上,结合BP神经网络法,综合考虑各种不确定因素的影响,通过1995~2008年京津沪渝4市CO₂排放结构和低碳水平测度以及BP神经网络模型预测,可以发现:4城市CO₂排放量逐年递增,但存在较大差异;城市CO₂排放量和发展态势取决于4城市CO₂排放结构及变化;低碳水平测度结果表明4城市的经济增长仍然依赖于碳基能源消耗,但产业结构的优化升级对提高低碳水平的作用是显著的;基于BP神经网络法的短期预测比传统预测法更为合理和精确。