Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping in Northern Khur, Iran, Using ASTER Image Processing: a New Insight to the Type of Copper Mineralization

Eastern Iran has great potential for the discovery of different types of mineralization. The study area encompasses Tertiary magmatism in the northern Lut block located in northern Khur, South Khorasan, eastern Iran and is mostly covered by volcanic rocks, which are intruded by porphyritic subvolcanic intrusions in some places. Application of the spectral angle mapper (SAM) technique to Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images detected sericitic, argillic, and propylitic alterations, silicification, and secondary iron oxides. The alteration is linear and associated within vein-type mineralization. Twelve prospective areas are selected for detailed exploration and based on our processing results, in addition to NW-SE faults, which are associated with Cu mineralization indications, NE-SW faults are also shown to be important. Based on the presence of subvolcanic rocks and numerous Cu ± Pb-Zn vein-type mineralizations, extensive alteration, high anomaly of Cu and Zn (up to 100 ppm), the age (43.6 to 31.4 Ma) and the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7047 to 0.7065) of the igneous rocks, and the metallogenic epoch of the Lut block (middle Eocene-lower Oligocene) for the formation of porphyry Cu and epithermal deposits, the studied area shows great potential for porphyry copper deposits.     

中蒙边境及邻区典型斑岩型铜矿地球化学特征概述

依据前人对中蒙边境各典型斑岩型铜矿床的研究成果,对中蒙边境古亚洲洋成矿域内典型斑岩型铜矿床的含矿岩体进行了地球化学探讨,结果表明:1)区内岩石属于钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列、低铝质岩石;2)岩石均呈现出轻稀土富集的右倾型模式,重稀土分布平坦,岩石矿化蚀变后出现明显的负Eu异常,同位素结果表明均来自地幔的部分熔融;3)区内矿床均形成于岛弧环境,矿床的形成具有多期、多源、多构造变化特征,是特定时期地壳演化阶段构造-岩浆-热液活动的产物.通过对中蒙边境典型斑岩铜矿床地球化学的探讨,以期为区内斑岩型铜矿床的找寻和评价提供参考.     

冈底斯驱龙斑岩铜-钼矿区外围矽卡岩型铜矿的分布、特征及深部找矿意义

世界范围内,巨型斑岩型矿床外围通常发育有同时代且具有成因联系的矽卡岩-脉状金属矿床;二者往往互为找矿标志,共同组成斑岩成矿系统.形成于印度-欧亚大陆后碰撞背景,与中新世adakitic质侵入岩有关的冈底斯斑岩Cu-Mo矿床成矿带已成我国重要的矿产基地.位于冈底斯中段的驱龙巨型斑岩Cu-Mo矿床(>1000Mt Cu)是...     

斑岩铜矿床在东特提斯成矿域中的时空分布特征

已有的斑岩铜矿床成矿模型多是建立在环太平洋地区矿床资料的基础上,相对而言,特提斯成矿域中的斑岩铜矿床还有待梳理和总结.本文以特提斯构造演化与成矿为主线,将东特提斯成矿域中的斑岩铜矿床空间上划分为土耳其Pontides、伊朗中部Sahand-Bazman、巴基斯坦Chagai、中国玉龙、中甸、班公湖、冈底斯7条成矿带和中南半岛、土耳其Anatolides地块2个成矿区;时间上分别对应于早三叠世、晚三叠世、白垩纪中期、白垩纪末-古新世初、中始新世、中中新世等6个时段;构造背景分别为古、新特提斯洋盆俯冲或俯冲后的碰撞;讨论认为Sahand-Bazman铜矿带的形成背景与玉龙成矿带可对比.     

Occurrences of Ore Minerals and Fluid Inclusion Study on the Kingking Porphyry Copper–Gold Deposit, Eastern Mindanao, Philippines

The Kingking deposit is a gold‐rich porphyry copper deposit and the southernmost deposit at the eastern Mindanao mineralized belt, Philippines. It is underlain by Cretaceous–Paleogene sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are intruded by mineralized Miocene diorite porphyries and by barren Miocene–Pliocene dacite and diorite porphyries. The main alteration zones in the deposit are the inner potassic zone and the outer propylitic zone. The biotite‐bearing diorite and hornblende diorite porphyries are the primary host rocks of mineralization. Two dominant copper minerals, bornite and chalcopyrite, which usually occur as fracture fillings, are associated with fine crystalline quartz veinlet stockworks in the mineralized diorites. Minor secondary covellite, chalcocite and digenite are also observed. The primary Cu‐Fe sulfide phases initially deposited from ore fluids consisted of bornite solid solution (bnss) and intermediate solid solution (iss), which decomposed to form the bornite and chalcopyrite. Peculiar bornite pods that are different from dissemination and are associated with volcanic rock xenoliths in biotite‐bearing diorite porphyry are noted in a drill hole. These pods of bornite are not associated with quartz veinlet stockworks. Fluid inclusion analyses show three types of inclusions contained in Kingking samples: two‐phase fluid‐rich and vapor‐rich inclusions and polyphase hypersaline inclusions from porphyry‐type quartz veinlet stockworks. The liquid–vapor homogenization temperatures (T_H) and the dissolution temperature of halite daughter crystals (T_M) from the polyphase hypersaline inclusions predominantly range from 400°C up to >500°C. The wide range of T_H and T_M may be due to heterogeneous trapping of variable ratios of vapor and brine. For some inclusions, T_H > T_M and in some cases, T_H < T_M, indicating that some of the brine was supersaturated or saturated with NaCl at the time of entrapment. Calculated salinity of the polyphase hypersaline inclusions ranges from 40 to 60% NaCl equivalent. Temperature and vapor pressure of mineralized fluid were estimated to be 400°C and 16 MPa.     

东天山土屋和延东斑岩铜矿床时代讨论

关于东天山土屋和延东斑岩铜矿的时代问题 ,前人是根据距矿区 1km左右的沉积岩夹层中生物化石和矿区附近的花岗质岩体的同位素年龄确定为早石炭世_二叠纪的 ,并推测其成矿的构造环境属于哈萨克斯坦板块的活动陆缘———石炭纪火山岛弧。文章通过对矿区各类地质体的同位素年代学研究 ,获得了许多新认识 ,归纳为 :①含矿斑岩 (斜长花岗斑岩 )的同位素年龄为 36 9～ 35 6Ma(Rb_Sr等时线法和单颗粒锆石U_Pb法 ) ,属于泥盆纪末期产物 ;②辉钼矿的同位素年龄为 (32 3± 2 )Ma(Re_Os等时线法 ) ,属于早石炭世产物 ;③含矿火山岩 (原定名为闪长玢岩 )的同位素年龄变化于 416～ 36 0Ma(Sm_Nd等时线法和单颗粒锆石U_Pb法 ) ,可归为泥盆纪 ;④东天山斑岩铜矿的成矿构造环境应属于塔里木板块的活动陆缘 ,是泥盆纪岛弧火山_深成作用的产物     

Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Investigations of Epithermal Cu ± Ag Veins of the Khur Area, Lut Block, Eastern Iran

The Khur metallogenic district is located in a volcanic-plutonic belt in the central Lut Block(central eastern Iran). Mineralization occurs in Middle Eocene andesitic tuff and along four main vein systems trending northwest-southeast(Shurk, Mir-e-Khash, Shikasteh Sabz and Ghar-e-Kaftar veins).Microscopic studies reveal that the veins contain bornite, chalcocite, pyrite, tennantite together with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite as hypogene minerals and chalcocite, digenite, covellite, valleriite,malachite, azurite, atacamite, hematite, and goethite as supergene minerals. The ore bodies are accompanied by narrow but intensely developed wall rock alterations of argillization, carbonatization and silicification. Copper content reaches 6.5, 2.4, 4.2 and 5% in Mir-e-Khash, Shikasteh Sabz, Ghar-eKaftar and Shurk, respectively. Microthermometric measurements of quartz-and calcite-hosted fluid inclusions indicate that the mineralization might be derived from a moderately saline hydrothermal fluid at temperatures between 175-316℃. Calculated δ~(18)O values of water in equilibrium with quartz and calcite for Khur veins suggest that the fluid might have had a magmatic source, but the ~(18)O-depletion was developed through mixing with meteoric water. Copper deposition in Khur veins is believed to have been largely caused by mixing, although wall rock reactions may also have occurred. The Khur veins are classified as volcanic-subvolcanic hydrothermal-related vein deposits.     

埃达克岩：斑岩铜矿的一种可能的重要含矿母岩——以西藏和智利斑岩铜矿为例

作者通过对 3个重要的斑岩铜矿带的综合研究和对比分析发现 ,最具成矿潜力的含矿斑岩不是典型的岛弧岩浆岩 ,而是一种高SiO2 〔w(SiO2 ) >5 6 %〕、高Al2 O3〔w(Al2 O3) >15 %〕、富Sr(多数wSr>40 0× 10 -6)、低Y(多数wY<16× 10 -6)的岩石 ,具有埃达克岩地球化学特征 ,显示埃达克岩岩浆亲合性。含矿的长英质岩浆并非来自地幔楔形区或壳幔过渡带 ,而是来自俯冲的洋壳板片的直接熔融。该俯冲板片熔融前通常变质为含水的榴辉岩。在安第斯弧造山带 ,大洋板块低缓、快速、斜向俯冲 ,诱发洋壳板片直接熔融 ,形成埃达克质熔体 ,后者通过分凝和封闭性演化 ,形成安第斯中新世_上新世巨型斑岩铜矿系统 ;在青藏高原碰撞造山带 ,俯冲并堆积于地幔岩石圈的古老洋壳物质的变质和拆沉 ,诱发榴辉岩部分熔融 ,产生埃达克质熔体 ,并与幔源熔体混合 ,形成西藏冈底斯和玉龙斑岩铜矿系统。     

Re–Os and U–Pb Geochronology of Porphyry and Skarn Types Copper Deposits in Jilin Province,NE China

Jilin Province in NE China lies on the eastern edge of the Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt. Mineral exploration in this area has resulted in the discovery of numerous large, medium, and small sized Cu, Mo, Au, and Co deposits. To better understand the formation and distribution of both the porphyry and skarn types Cu deposits of the region, we examined the geological characteristics of the deposits and applied zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotope dating to constrain the age of the mineralization. The Binghugou Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for quartz diorite of 128.1 ± 1.6 Ma; the Chang'anpu Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granite porphyry of 117.0 ± 1.4 Ma; the Ermi Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granite porphyry of 96.8 ± 1.1 Ma; the Tongshan Cu deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 128.7 to 130.2 Ma, an isochron age of 129.0 ± 1.6 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 129.2 ± 0.7 Ma; and the Tianhexing Cu deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 113.9 to 115.2 Ma, an isochron age of 114.7 ± 1.2 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 114.7 ± 0.7 Ma. The new ages, combined with existing geochronology data, show that intense porphyry and skarn types Cu mineralization was coeval with Cretaceous magmatism. The geotectonic processes responsible for the genesis of the Cu mineralization were probably related to lithospheric thinning. By analyzing the accumulated molybdenite Re–Os, zircon U–Pb, and Ar–Ar ages for NE China, it is concluded that the Cu deposits formed during multiple events coinciding with periods of magmatic activity. We have identified five phases of mineralization: early Paleozoic (~476 Ma), late Paleozoic (286.5–273.6 Ma), early Mesozoic (~228.7 Ma), Jurassic (194.8–137.1 Ma), and Cretaceous (131.2–96.8 Ma). Although Cu deposits formed during each phase, most of the Cu mineralization occurred during the Cretaceous.     

Porphyry copper potential mapping using the weights of evidence model in a GIS,northern Shahr e Babak,Iran

A variety of spatial geological data were compiled, evaluated and integrated to produce a potential map for porphyry copper deposits in the northern Shahr e Babak, Iran, within a total area of approximately 408 km². Remotely sensed data including LANDSAT Thematic Mapper were used to create the hydrothermal alteration haloes around intrusive bodies. Geological data, such as exposed granitic to intermediate intrusions, and part of the lineaments were extracted from available geological maps. Aeromagnetic data were also used to extract magnetic anomalies and extra lineaments. The Conditional Independence test was carried out on five binary maps representing diagnostic deposit recognition criteria, and four of them were then integrated using a weights of evidence model. The procedure generated a posterior probability map identifying favourable areas for porphyry copper deposits. The final map highlights the most important known copper deposits in high favourability domains. Some new target areas are also located in the favourability map and warrant further investigation.