长白山火山的历史与演化

长白山火山跨越中朝两国,在我国境内包括天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,火山活动从上新世持续到近代,是我国最大的第四纪火山分布区。长白山火山的母岩浆是钾质粗面玄武岩,将长白山火山岩区称钾质粗面玄武岩省,岩浆结晶分异作用和混合作用主导了岩浆演化过程。天池火山之下地壳岩浆房和地幔岩浆房具双动式喷发特点,一方面来自地幔的钾质粗厨玄武岩浆直接喷出地表;另一方面钾质粗面玄武岩浆持续补给地壳岩浆房,发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,导致双峰式火山岩分布特征和触发千年大喷发。西太平洋板块俯冲-东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山火山活动的动力学机制。     

腾冲火山起源的地球物理和地球化学研究进展

腾冲新生代火山位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界上.该区域构造活动强烈,火山具有潜在的喷发性,研究腾冲火山起源对于认识板块俯冲过程、火山活动规律具有重要意义.本文总结了近年来腾冲火山起源的最新进展,包括地球物理和地球化学的新成果,探讨了火山岩浆来源和火山形成的深部动力学机制.这些研究发现腾冲火山的形成主要与板块俯冲有关,早期俯冲形成的残余大洋板片和现今俯冲的印度板块都可能是交代物质的来源,大洋板片在深部释放融流体形成富集软流圈地幔和岩石圈地幔.后期岩石圈的伸展作用可能诱导了富集软流圈地幔的部分熔融,导致岩浆物质喷出地表.根据⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr与SiO₂的相关性,得到腾冲玄武岩遭受到地壳混染作用不明显,而安山岩和英安岩遭受地壳混染作用明显.地球物理成像显示腾冲火山下方地壳中有不同尺度的岩浆囊,其中上地壳有若干小岩浆囊,在中下地壳有大岩浆囊.地震成像显示地壳中的低速体向下延伸至上地幔,很可能反映地壳中的岩浆囊有地幔热物质的持续供给.     

腾冲、长白山、五大连池新生代火山岩Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学特征

概括了腾冲、长白山、五大连池新生代火山岩岩石学、岩石化学基本特征,探讨了Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素地球化学特征和岩浆源区性质。腾冲火山岩为高钾钙碱性岩系,高８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ、高２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ、２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ、低１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ,岩浆源区为俯冲带再循环富集地幔。长白山火山岩为超钾钙碱性岩系,低Ｓｒ高８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ,εＮｄ为－２３—＋２９,Ｐｂ同位素组成变化不大,岩浆源区为俯冲带再循环地幔。五大连池火山岩为超钾碱性岩系,高８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ、低１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ和２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ、２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ,岩浆源区为地幔内部交代作用所产生的富集地幔。     

藏北羌塘地区新生代火山作用与岩石圈构造演化

自印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞以来, 藏北羌塘地块依次发育有碱性玄武岩系列、高钾钙碱性系列、钾玄岩系列和过碱性钾质-超钾质系列火山活动. 研究表明岩浆源区经历了由早期尖晶 石橄榄岩地幔向晚期石榴石橄榄岩富集地幔(EM2)的转变. 高钾钙碱性系列和钾玄岩系列安粗质岩石具有高Mg#值和极高的Cr, Ni, Co丰度, 指示岩浆可能来自于拉萨地块大陆岩石圈的俯冲作用. 藏北过碱性超钾质系列的La/Rb, Zr/Rb, K/La, K/Nb, Rb/Nb和Pb/La值小于岛弧火山岩, 大于和类似于洋岛玄武岩, 指示岩浆源区具有软流圈流体交代古俯冲地幔楔的属性. 而藏南超钾质火山岩和藏东超钾质煌斑岩的上述元素比值类似于和大于岛弧火山岩, 暗示源区地幔存在俯冲陆壳释放的流(熔)体的交代作用. 上述成因标志支持印度大陆岩石圈俯冲到高原中部, 欧亚岩石圈地幔向南俯冲到羌塘之下的结论. 文中进一步提出陆内俯冲与藏北、藏东区域大型走滑构造的脉动滑移效应导致高原腹地软流圈脉动上涌, 岩石圈脉动减薄产生钾质-超钾质岩浆脉动旋回的成因机制.     

新疆三塘湖地区石炭纪火山岩年代学、地球化学及其大地构造意义

三塘湖地区石炭纪火山岩出露于新疆准噶尔盆地东北缘考克赛尔盖山、三塘湖乡、大黑山及淖毛湖一带,位于克拉美丽断裂带北侧.主要岩石组合为基性、中酸性熔岩及火山碎屑岩.岩石地球化学研究显示基性-中酸性火山岩为同源岩浆产物,其中的玄武岩样品富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),相对亏损高场强元素(HFSE),具有明显的Nb-Ta-Ti负异常.石炭系火山岩源于亏损地幔,岩浆在上升过程中未曾受到地壳物质的混染,并经历了岩浆结晶分异作用过程.综合地层岩石组合、岩石地球化学研究,认为三塘湖石炭系火山岩应形成于与俯冲作用有关的构造环境.利用锆石U-PbLA-ICPMS获得安山岩的锆石U-Pb同位素年龄(328.9±1.9)～(331.3±2.3)Ma,该年龄代表了安山岩的成岩年龄.结合区域内的地质记录、同位素年代学资料的综合分析研究,表明准噶尔洋北缘的俯冲消减作用在早石炭世已经存在,三塘湖火山岩形成于准噶尔洋早石炭世俯冲作用诱发的岛弧岩浆作用.     

滇西地区壳幔解耦与腾冲火山区岩浆活动的深部构造研究

根据青藏东部边缘的深部地球物理资料,分析了滇西地区壳幔耦合和腾冲火山区岩浆活动的深部构造特征,确认了地幔各向异性与上地幔速度结构(包括P波速度和S波速度)的内在联系,指出产生这一结果的原因与以腾冲火山区为中心的地幔热物质上涌有关:上地幔顶部平均温度升高导致介质强度降低,在印支块体的侧向挤压或印缅块体的向东俯冲作用下发生韧性变形,造成滇西地区地幔各向异性的快波方向与青藏东部地壳块体的旋转方向不一致.此外,鉴于中下地壳低速层的横向非均匀性,估计韧性流动并非贯通青藏高原的东部边缘,而是被不同的构造块体和边界断裂限定在局部地区.总体而言,滇西地区下地壳的地震波速度和电阻率偏低,具备发生韧性变形的构造条件.作为地壳和上地幔之间的解耦层,它使得青藏东部地壳块体旋转产生的构造应力未能传输至上地幔.腾冲火山区的地壳结构与不同时期的岩浆活动有关,火山区东侧的高速结构代表了上新世时期火山通道内冷凝固结的岩浆侵入体或难以挥发的高密度残留物质,火山区西侧的低速结构反映了更新世以来持续至今的岩浆活动,壳内岩浆源主要分布在10～20km的深度范围内,横向尺度约为15～20km,有可能通过地壳深部的断裂与上地幔岩浆源区相连,估计腾冲火山区下方的岩浆活动将持续进行.     

腾冲地区地壳速度结构的有限差分成像

利用流动台网和固定台站的地震观测数据,采用有限差分层析成像方法反演了腾冲及邻近地区的地壳P波速度结构,分析了腾冲火山区的岩浆活动和龙陵七级地震的深部构造成因.研究结果表明,腾冲火山区的地壳结构具有明显的非均匀性,浅表层偏低的速度主要为盆地内部的松散沉积层、新生代火山堆积及断裂附近的流体裂隙和热泉活动所致;5～15 km之间的高速体可能代表了早期火山通道内冷却固结的岩浆侵入体或难挥发的超铁镁质残留体;地壳深部的低速体则反映了熔融或半熔融的岩浆体,推断火山区下方的岩浆活动与龙陵七级地震震源区地壳深部的岩浆侵入来自同一源区--现今壳内岩浆活动的主要区域.龙陵震源区的地壳速度结构横向变化较大,怒江断裂东侧和龙陵断裂西侧为高速特征,介质应变强度较大,为应力积累的主要载体;两断裂之间的低速区向下延伸至下地壳,可能与地壳深部的岩浆侵入有关;龙陵断裂和怒江断裂明显控制了这一区域的岩浆活动,七级地震正是发生在断裂下方的速度边界附近.地壳介质强度的横向变化导致了震源区应力积累的不均一性,深部岩浆的聚集和动力作用是龙陵地区发生强震的主要原因.     

西藏中部乌郁盆地碰撞后岩浆作用——特提斯洋壳俯冲再循环的证据

西藏中部南木林县乌郁盆地的乌郁群嘎扎村组新第三纪高钾钙碱性系列粗面岩和粗安岩及侵入其中的花岗斑岩富集轻稀土元素,具弱的到明显的Eu负异常,富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Th,U和K,亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta和Ti.同位素示踪显示乌郁群火山岩是雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩洋壳参与的冈底斯带地壳基底岩石部分熔融的结果,表明新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲到冈底斯带下部,并通过新第三纪岩浆作用发生再循环     

藏中部乌郁盆地碰撞后岩浆作用——特提斯洋壳俯冲再循环的证据

西藏中部南木林县乌郁盆地的乌郁群嘎扎村组新第三纪高钾钙碱性系列粗面岩和粗安岩及侵入其中的花岗斑岩富集轻稀土元素, 具弱的到明显的Eu负异常, 富集大离子亲石元素Rb, Th, U和K, 亏损高场强元素Nb, Ta和Ti. 同位素示踪显示乌郁群火山岩是雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩洋壳参与的冈底斯带地壳基底岩石部分熔融的结果, 表明新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲到冈底斯带下部, 并通过新第三纪岩浆作用发生再循环.     

青海省查查香卡地区晚三叠世火山岩岩石学及其构造环境

通过对查查香卡地区晚三叠世火山岩岩石学特征、空间分布、形态、火山机构、火山岩与构造关系的研究,确定该套火山岩时代为晚三叠世。岩石地层单位为鄂拉山组,为一套陆相喷发火山岩,呈NW向展布于大海滩-都库隆瓦地区。以中-高钾、高钙、低钛为特征,属钙碱性系列。火山喷发活动由强到弱,岩性由中性向中酸性渐变,岩浆活动由喷发型向侵入型递进。表明岩石构造环境为陆内消减带火山岩中的造山区。是来自地壳下部的火山岩浆经分异结晶并在上涌过程中混入有上地壳物质而喷发形成。喷出时的大地构造环境为陆内造山环境,该火山岩最初可能形成于大陆边缘环境,由于A型俯冲构造活动,测区乃至鄂拉山地区产生一系列右旋走滑断裂带,受NW向右旋走滑断裂的影响,岩石孔隙加大,并出现强烈的热流活动,导致岩浆沿这些断裂带喷出地表。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.