四川乡城然乌温泉水化学与同位素特征

<正>1研究背景乡城然乌温泉位于川滇菱形块体西北边界附近。川滇菱形块体是川滇地区活动地块中受到关注的重要组成部分,是青藏高原物质东南流的重要通道(李其林等,2019)。该块体东边界(鲜水河—安宁河—则木河断裂带)出露的大量温泉,对周围强震,如汶川M_S8.0、芦山M_S7.0和康定M_S 6.3等地震的孕育起到了重要作用(Zhou et al,2017)。德钦—中甸—大具断裂与金沙江断裂共同构成了川滇菱形块体的西北边界,德钦—中甸—稻城一带地热横向梯度变化较大且历史强震稀少,需关注其未来地震危险性(李其林等,2019),乡城然乌温泉即位于该地热异常区域内。温泉化学成分的变化对川滇菱形块体构造活动具有较好的指示意义,对相关区域的地震活动具有前兆指示意义。     

平凉地区地震监测台站水化学特征

根据水化学组分及氢、氧同位素组成,分析平凉地区9口观测井(泉)水化学类型.采用离子色谱法分析水样中主要离子浓度,用液态水同位素分析仪分析样中氢、氧同位素组成.结果表明,水样的TDS范围为168.6—878.8 mg/L,δD和δ18O值分别为-61.4‰—-84.4‰和-7.8‰—-10.8‰.δD和δ18O指示该区地...     

女山湖水化学特征及水质现状评价

通过对女山湖水体化学成份的分析,确定其水化学类型及基本特征,并对水质进行综合评价。结果表明：湖水属低矿化软水,ｐＨ偏碱,溶解氧丰富,水化学类型为重碳酸钙组Ⅱ型水,且以Ⅳ类水质为主,基本符合生活饮用,渔业等多种用途的需要。     

极端降水条件下白洋淀主淀区水化学特征及水质变化

极端降水是影响水环境质量的重要气象因素之一,随着全球气候变暖,极端降水事件的频率和量级呈显著上升的趋势,对湖泊水化学和水环境产生了深刻的影响.白洋淀是华北地区重要的湖泊型湿地和生态功能区,为查明极端降水条件下白洋淀主淀区的水化学和水质特征,本研究利用Piper三线图、Gibbs图和多元统计方法阐明了白洋淀极端降雨后的水化学特征、氢氧稳定同位素特征和水质空间变化,揭示了极端降水条件对白洋淀主淀区水化学和水质的影响.结果表明：(1)在极端降水条件下,白洋淀主淀区湖水呈弱碱性,水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO₃·SO₄型,极端降水减弱了蒸发结晶作用和人类活动等因素对白洋淀主淀区湖水水化学组成的影响.极端降水是导致白洋淀主淀区pH、电导率和总溶解性固体发生大幅度变化的原因之一.(2)极端降水条件下白洋淀主淀区湖水的δ²H和δ¹⁸O值的范围分别为-60.86‰～-35.01‰和-8.84‰～-3.45‰,其值均与水深呈显著负相关.极端降水使得白洋淀主淀区湖水的氢、氧稳定同位素贫化,但对其空间分布的影响不大,湖水氢...     

苏锡常地区地下水同位素组成特征及其意义

通过对苏锡常地区地下水同位素（氘、氧、硫、氮、氚和碳-14）地球化学研究,发现苏锡常深层承压水总体上未受到污染,而浅层地下水则受到了不同程度污染;认为常州地区和苏州无锡地区深层地下水（主采层）可能属于2个不同的含水层系统,含水层系统互相不连通或连通不畅;苏锡常地区由于长期过量超采深层地下水,地下水侧向迳流显示出向开采中心流动的特征,但是地下水流动仍是极其缓慢;深层地下水总体处于半封闭一封闭状态,深层地下水年龄在10-38ka不等,其中,沿苏锡常三城市一线（即开采中心区域）地下水年龄最老,向两侧地下水年龄则逐渐变新．     

强震水化学前兆场特征

研究了唐山、松潘两次７级以上强震的水化学前兆场特征。结果表明，两次强震水化学前兆场有相似的特征。在震源区，水化趋势性异常和短临突变异常所占的比例大，远离震源区所占的比例小，且有逐渐减小的趋势；在震源区，水化趋势性异常起始的时间早，远离震源区异常起始的时间晚，趋势异常的形态均为逐渐升高。水化学前兆场的形成与区域应力场有关，但与震源应力场关系密切，可能起主导作用的是震源应力场。     

基于水化学的永清井水温异常分析

在地下流体研究中,判定地下水异常的首要任务是区别地下水是受浅层物质补给的影响还是受深层介质活动的影响。本文通过对永清井及周边多次样品采集与测试,获得水化学组分和氢氧稳定同位素观测数据;通过对地下水样品数据对比分析、水化学组分及氢氧稳定同位素与大气降水线、水温数据分析,认为永清井水温的多次异常变化不是受干扰影响;通过对水温的异常变化与地震的对应关系的分析,认为永清井水温异常可能与3次地震有关。      

淮南采煤沉陷区积水水文地球化学及氢氧稳定同位素特征

以安徽淮南采煤沉陷积水为研究对象,通过样品采集与测试,研究不同沉陷年限及类型积水水文地球化学和氢氧稳定同位素组成特征及影响因素.结果表明：（1）研究区水化学类型主要为Cl-Na、HCO₃·Cl-Na型,沉陷积水中常量离子主要来源于蒸发岩溶解和硅酸盐风化,受蒸发作用和人为活动的影响明显,水化学组成随沉陷时间和类型变化不大.（2）淮南大气降水线方程为：δD=8.85δ¹⁸O+18.73,沉陷区积水氢氧稳定同位素值在淮南大气降水线右下方依次分布并接近降水线,表明沉陷积水主要来源于大气降水.（3）在降水稀释、水体蒸发及地下水补给的作用下,随着沉陷年限的增加,积水中重同位素越来越贫化,同一年限不同类型的积水同位素值变化较小.     

滇西大理地区部分温泉溶解CO2及碳同位素组成特征研究

温泉溶解CO_2的来源成因研究,有利于判断与甄别研究区温泉溶解CO_2异常信息。对2016年10月至2017年7月大理地区3个温泉的水化学常量离子和δ~(13)C_(HCO_3~-)进行了10次重复取样观测,对3个温泉的水文地球化学及CO_2来源进行分析。结果表明:3个温泉均属于HCO_3·SO_4-Na型水,地下水补给都来自于大气降水,CO_2主要来自于深部的地幔成因和变质成因的CO_2;2017年漾濞M_S5.1地震发生前,3个温泉的δ~(13)C_(HCO_3~-)值与HCO_3~-正相关关系发生改变,表明温泉δ~(13)C_(HCO_3~-)值与地震有一定的相关性。     

洱源温泉水氡预测效能检验及其水化学特征

利用Molchan图表法对洱源温泉水氡观测资料进行预测效能检验,并开展了温泉水化学组分、氢氧同位素和水循环特征研究。结果表明:(1)Molchan图表法检验结果显示,洱源水氡出现高值时,对观测点附近中强以上地震反应较灵敏,优势对应地震时间段为90 d以内;(2)洱源温泉井的水化学类型为HCO_3·SO_4-Na,与周边地表水体及浅层地下水无直接水力联系;(3)洱源温泉井水属于"部分平衡水",具有深部来源特征。     

A study of interaction between surface water and groundwater using environmental isotope in Huaisha River basin

The surface water and groundwater are important components of water cycle, and the interaction between surface water and groundwater is the important part in water cycle research. As the effective tracers in water cycle research, environmental isotope and hydrochemistry can reveal the interrelationships between surface water and groundwater effectively. The study area is the Huaisha River basin, which is located in Huairou district, Beijing. The field surveying and sampling for spring, river and well water were finished in 2002 and 2003. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and water quality were measured at the laboratory. The spatial characteristics in isotope and evolution of water quality along river lines at the different area were analyzed. The altitude effect of oxygen isotope in springs was revealed, and then using this equation, theory foundation for deducing recharge source of spring was estimated. By applying the mass balance method, the annual mean groundwater recharge rate at the catchment was estimated. Based on the groundwater recharge analysis, combining the hydrogeological condition analysis, and comparing the rainfall-runoff coefficients from the 1960s to 1990s in the Huaisha River basin and those in the Chaobai River basin, part of the runoff in the Huaisha River basin is recharged outside of this basin, in other words, this basin is an un-enclosed basin. On the basis of synthetically analyses, combining the compositions of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and hydrochemistry, geomorphology, geology, and watershed systems characteristics, the relative contributions between surface water and groundwater flow at the different areas at the catchments were evaluated, and the interaction between surface water and groundwater was re- vealed lastly.     

Chloride,hydrochemical and isotope methods of groundwater recharge estimation in eastern Mediterranean areas: a case study in Jordan

Jordan is classified as an arid to semi‐arid country with a population according to 1999 estimates of 4·8 millions inhabitants and a growth rate of 3·4%. Efficient use of Jordan's scarce water is becoming increasingly important as the urban population grows. This study was carried out within the framework of the joint European Research project ‘Groundwater recharge in the eastern Mediterranean’ and describes a combined methodology for groundwater recharge estimation in Jordan, the chloride method, as well as isotopic and hydrochemical approaches. Recharge estimations using the chloride method range from 14 mm year^?1 (mean annual precipitation of 500 mm) for a shallow and stony soil to values of 3·7 mm year^?1 for a thick desert soil (mean annual precipitation of 100 mm) and values of well below 1 mm year^?1 for thick alluvial deposits (mean annual rainfall of 250 mm). Isotopically, most of the groundwater in the Hammad basin, east Jordan, falls below the global meteoric water line and far away from the Mediterranean meteoric water line, suggesting that the waters are ancient and were recharged in a climate different than Mediterranean. Tritium levels in the groundwater of the Hammad basin are less than the detection limit (<1·3 TU). However, three samples in east Hammad, where the aquifer is unconfined, present tritium values between 1 and 4 TU. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrical resistivity imaging and hydrochemical analysis for groundwater investigation in Kuala Langat,Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Integrated two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and hydrochemical surveys were used to investigate the groundwater alluvial aquifer in Kuala Langat, Malaysia. The study in the Langat basin considered the thickness of the aquifer, the depth of the bedrock, the regions influenced by seawater intrusion, and the monitoring of water levels. The resistivity imaging results show that the upper layer consists of clay, while the second layer is an aquifer whose thickness varies mostly in the range of 10–30 m, and in some cases extends to 40 m. The bedrock depth varies from 30 to 65 m. The chemical analyses were carried out on groundwater samples from nine boreholes collected between 2008 and 2012. The analyses indicate that the total dissolved solids (TDS) exceed 1000 mg L^-1 near the coastal area and are often less than 500 mg L^-1 further inland. The ERI and hydrochemical analyses reveal that groundwater in the study area, especially towards the coast, is a mixture of brackish and fresh waters.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR M.D. Fidelibus     

Environmental isotopes and hydrochemical study applied to surface water and groundwater interaction in the Awash River basin

An environmental isotope and hydrochemical study was carried out to conceptualize the surface water and groundwater interaction and to explore the groundwater flow pattern in relation to the geological setting. More emphasis is given to the Afar Depression where groundwater is a vital source of water supply. Conventional field hydrogeological study and river discharge records support the isotope and hydrochemical analysis. The region is tectonically active, comprising rift volcanic terrain bordered by highlands. The result revealed that recent meteoric water is the major source of recharge. Three distinct groundwater zones were identified associated with the highlands, transitional escarpment and the rift. Towards the rift, the ionic concentration and isotopic enrichment (δ²H and δ^18degO) increases following the groundwater flow paths, which is strongly controlled by axial rift faults. The groundwater flow converges to the seismically active volcano–tectonic depressions with internal drainage and to the Awash River. Within the Afar Depression, at least four groundwater regimen are identified: (1) fresh and shallow groundwater associated with alluvial deposits ultimately recharged by isotopically depleted recent highland rainfall and the evaporated Awash River; (2) cold and relatively younger groundwater within localized fractured volcanics showing mixed origin in axial fault zones; (3) old groundwater with very high ionic concentration and low isotopic signature localized in deep volcanic aquifers; and (4) old and hot saline groundwaters connected to geothermal systems. The study demonstrated that dependable groundwater can only be obtained from the first two aquifer types in aerially restricted zones in flat plains following river courses, local wadis and volcano–tectonic depressions. The conventional hydrogeological survey and discharge records indicate substantial channel losses from the Awash River, which becomes a more dominant source of recharge in central and lower Awash valleys. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater systems in Daying and Qicun geothermal fields,Xinzhou Basin,Shanxi, China

The conceptual hydrogeological model of the low to medium temperature Daying and Qicun geothermal fields has been proposed, based on hydrochemical characteristics and isotopic compositions. The two geothermal fields are located in the Xinzhou basin of Shanxi, China and exhibit similarities in their broad‐scale flow patterns. Geothermal water is derived from the regional groundwater flow system of the basin and is characterized by Cl·SO₄‐Na type. Thermal water is hydrochemically distinct from cold groundwater having higher total dissolved solids (TDS) (>0·8 g/l) and Sr contents, but relatively low Ca, Mg and HCO₃ contents. Most shallow groundwater belongs to local flow systems which are subject to evaporation and mixing with irrigation returns. The groundwater residence times estimated by tritium and ¹⁴C activities indicate that deep non‐thermal groundwater (130–160 m) in the Daying region range from modern (post‐1950s) in the piedmont area to more than 9·4 ka BP (Before Present) in the downriver area and imply that this water belong to an intermediate flow system. Thermal water in the two geothermal fields contains no detectable active ¹⁴C, indicating long residence times (>50 ka), consistent with this water being part of a large regional flow system. The mean recharge elevation estimated by using the obtained relationship Altitude (m) = ? 23·8 × δ²H (‰ ) ? 121·3, is 1980 and 1880 m for the Daying and Qicun geothermal fields, respectively. The annual infiltration rates in the Daying and Qicun geothermal fields can be estimated to be 9029 × 10³ and 4107 × 10³ m³/a, respectively. The variable ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr values in the thermal and non‐thermal groundwater in the two fields reflect different lithologies encountered along the flow path(s) and possibly different extents of water‐rock interaction. Based on the analysis of groundwater flow systems in the two geothermal fields, hydrogeochemical inverse modelling was performed to indicate the possible water‐rock interaction processes that occur under different scenarios. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isotopic and hydrochemical insights into the groundwater characteristics along an arid to semi-humid climate gradient in China

In arid to semi-arid regions, groundwater is a critical water resource heavily relied upon, with the recharge sources and patterns being predominantly shaped by climate change and regional disparities. To compare the characteristics of groundwater in the endorheic and exorheic river basins with the climate transition zone of Gansu Province, this study uses isotopic hydrochemical analyses. This study summarizes the differences in regional groundwater recharge and evolutionary patterns. The results shows that the distribution patterns of precipitation isotopes in endorheic and exorheic river basins are opposite to those of groundwater isotopes. Specifically, the precipitation in the endorheic areas is more depleted in heavy isotopes, whereas the groundwater is more enriched. Both endorheic areas and exorheic areas exhibit similar characteristics of groundwater hydrochemical evolution, evolving from low-mineralization Mg²⁺ HC ${\mathrm{O}}_3^{-}$ recharge water to Na⁺ Cl⁻ type water with saline characteristics. The former is primarily replenished by surface water, whereas the latter is primarily replenished by precipitation. Variations in recharge patterns along with the differences in climatic conditions lead to distinct groundwater conditions in the two regions.     

Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin

Abstract

Precipitation and streamwater were analysed weekly for δ¹⁸O in seven tributaries and five main stem sites of a 2100 km² catchment; >60% of it is upland in character. Precipitation δ¹⁸O followed seasonal patterns ranging from –20‰ in winter to –4‰ in summer. Seasonality was also evident in stream waters, though much more damped. Mean transit times (MTTs) were estimated using δ¹⁸O input–output relationships in a convolution integral with a gamma distribution. The MTTs were relatively similar (528–830 days): tributaries exhibited a greater range, being shorter in catchments with montane topography and hydrologically responsive soils, and longer where catchments have significant water storage. Along the main stem, MTTs increased modestly from 621 to 741 days. This indicates that montane headwaters are the dominant sources of runoff along the main stem of the river system. Models suggest that around 10% of runoff has transit times of less than two weeks during higher flows whilst older (>10-year old) water sustains low flows contributing around 5% of runoff.

Citation Speed, M., Tetzlaff, D., Hrachowitz, M. & Soulsby, C. (2011) Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(3), 426–442     

Isotopic characteristics of groundwater in Changzhou,Wuxi and Suzhou area and their implications

Based on the study of groundwater isotope(2H and 18O, 34S, 15N, 3H, 14C) in Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou area, it is found that the deep confined groundwater has no pollution on the whole, whereas the shallow groundwater is polluted to a different degree in the area. The deep confined aquifers (main exploitation aquifers) in Changzhou area and in Wuxi and Suzhou area likely belong to two different aquifers. The main exploitation aquifers in Changzhou area are not connected with those in Wuxi and Suzhou area, or they are connected but not expedited. The lateral run-off of groundwater is at present directed to the exploitation center because of overexploitation of the deep groundwater for a long time, but the flowing speed of groundwater is still extremely slow. The deep confined groundwater is in a close to half close state. The 14C age of groundwater varies from 10000 a BP to 38000 a BP, with the oldest groundwater found at the nearest exploitation center (along the line of three cities of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou) and the youngest at the furthest exploitation center.     

Evolution study of a regional groundwater system using hydrochemistry and stable isotopes in Songnen Plain,northeast China

Groundwater is often a critical source of water for municipal, industrial and agricultural uses, especially in arid and semi‐arid environments. Songnen Plain, located in the central part of northeast China, is such a region, it being an important productive base of commodity grain in this country. In the past two decades, groundwater quality in the region, especially salinization, has deteriorated under natural changes and human activities, and has become a crucial factor restricting sustainable eco‐environmental and socio‐economic development. In this paper, The Taoer River catchment, situated in the middle of the region, was selected as the study area for the groundwater quality evolution study using hydrochemistry and stable isotopes to obtain a better understanding of the system. Fifty‐two groundwater samples were collected with systematic design during the low‐water and high‐water periods in 2003. A series of comprehensive quality data interpretations, e.g. statistics, ratios of ions and Piper diagrams, together with stable isotope data, have been used to gain an insight into the spatial and temporal variations and evolution laws of groundwater hydrochemistry. The following main hydrochemical processes were identified as controlling the water quality of the groundwater system: weathering–dissolution, evaporation–condensation, ion‐exchange reactions and groundwater salinization. This latter process, salinization, is the most important process and is caused by the leaching of superficial or near‐surface salts from the saline–alkaline soil into shallow groundwater. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于氢氧同位素分析南昌地震台流体观测井水补给来源

在地震地下流体研究中,地下水补给及循环过程是重要的研究内容之一,氢氧同位素示踪技术是目前研究该过程的常用手段。南昌地震台流体观测井自2013年8月22日投入观测以来,其基础数据未进行有效分析,通过对南昌井水样数据进行氢氧同位素及水化学实验分析,结果表明：井水主要补给源为直接大气降雨,补给前经历了一定蒸发作用;水—岩反应不充分,属于未成熟水;水样中无明显优势阳离子,Ca²⁺、Na⁺占主体,优势阴离子为HCO₃^－,表明井水属重碳酸型水;水源补给高程约582 m。南昌地震台流体观测井总体受大气降水影响较大。