南海北部陆架区两个台风过境时近惯性运动的若干特征

Features of near-inertial motions on the shelf(60 m deep) of the northern South China Sea were observed under the passage of two typhoons during the summer of 2009. There are two peaks in spectra at both sub-inertial and super-inertial frequencies. The super-inertial energy maximizes near the surface, while the sub-inertial energy maximizes at a deeper layer of 15 m. The sub-inertial shift of frequency is induced by the negative background vorticity. The super-inertial shift is probably attributed to the near-inertial wave propagating from higher latitudes. The near-inertial currents exhibit a two-layer pattern being separated at mid-depth(25–30 m), with the phase in the upper layer being nearly opposite to that in the lower layer. The vertical propagation of phase implies that the near-inertial energy is not dominantly downward. The upward flux of the near-inertial energy is more evident at the surface layer(17 m). There exist two boundaries at 17 and 40 m, where the near-inertial energy is reflected upward and downward. The near-inertial motion is intermittent and can reach a peak of as much as 30 cm/s. The passage of Typhoon Nangka generates an intensive near-inertial event, but Typhoon Linfa does not. This difference is attributed to the relative mooring locations, which is on the right hand side of Nangka's path(leading to a wind pattern rotating clockwise with time) and is on the left hand side of Linfa's path(leading to a wind pattern rotating anti-clockwise with time).     

南海北部新生代构造迁移特征

选择南海北部比较有代表性的珠江口、琼东南和中建南3个盆地作为研究区,对所获取的剖面进行了地震解释工作,运用地震地层学和构造地质学等方法对我国南海北部新生代演化史开展研究,探讨了南海北部陆缘各区域构造演化差异及规律。结果表明,南海北部陆缘构造活动在时序上存在着迁移的特征,体现出自北向南"珠江口盆地→琼东南盆地"、"珠江口盆地→中建南盆地"构造事件逐渐变晚的趋势。因此,南海北部陆缘破裂从北部开始,以"撕裂"的方式逐渐向南推进,同时排除了红河断裂的叠加影响,南海北部自北向南断陷活动强度逐渐减弱。在其后的演化中,构造沉降与物质充填中心的迁移以一种更加复杂的方式进行。     

南海北部底层沉积物捕获器中海雪和生物粪粒组成及来源探究

Sediment traps are an important tool for studying the source, composition and sedimentation processes of sinking particulate matter in the ocean. An in situ observational mooring(TJ-A-1) is located in the northern South China Sea(20.05°N, 117.42°E) at a water depth of 2 100 m and equipped with two sediment traps deployed at 500 m and 1 950 m. Samples were collected at 18-day intervals, and 20 samples were obtained at both depths from May 2014 to May 2015. Large amounts of fecal matter and marine snow were collected in the lower trap. The fluxes of marine snow and fecal pellets exhibited a fluctuating decrease between May 2014 and early August 2014 and then stabilized at a relatively low level. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the main components of the marine snow and fecal pellets were diatoms, coccolithophores, radiolarians, and other debris, all of which are planktons mostly produced in photic zone. Used in conjunction with the particle collection range estimates from the lower trap and data on ocean surface chlorophyll, these marine snow and fecal pellets were related to the lateral transport of deep water and not vertical migrations from overlying water column. Moreover, the source area might be southwest of Taiwan.     

南海冬季海浪的时空变率特征

The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the waves in the South China Sea(SCS) in the boreal winter during the period of 1979/1980–2011/2012 have been investigated based on the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts interim(ERA-Interim) reanalysis dataset. The results show that the leading mode of significant wave height anomalies(SWHA) in the SCS exhibits significant interannual variation and a decadal shift around the mid-1990 s, and features a basin-wide pattern in the entire SCS with a center located in the west of the Luzon Strait. The decadal change from a weak regime to a strong regime is mainly associated with the enhancement of winter monsoon modulated by the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO). The interannual variation of the SWHA has a significant negative correlation with the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) in the same season and the preceding autumn. For a better understanding of the physical mechanism between the SCS ocean waves and ENSO, further investigation is made by analyzing atmospheric circulation. The impact of the ENSO on the SWHA over the SCS is bridged by the East Asian winter monsoon and Pacific-East Asian teleconnection in the lower troposphere. During the El Ni?o(La Ni?a), the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone(cyclone) dominates over the Western North Pacific, helps to weaken(enhance) East Asian winter monsoon and then emerges the negative(positive) SWHA in the SCS.     

南海北部珠江口盆地油气运聚成藏机制与特征

以油气藏形成的源储控制因素为核心和切入点,总结出珠江口盆地3种主要的油气运聚成藏机制,即古近系半地堑洼陷自源型油气成藏机制、三角洲砂岩—生物礁外源型油气成藏机制、深水扇系统外源型油气成藏机制。古近系半地堑洼陷自源型油气运聚成藏机制,其烃源供给系统与油气运聚系统均位于半地堑体系内部,具有自源型近距离原地运聚成藏的特点;三角洲砂岩—生物礁外源型油气成藏机制,其烃源供给主要来自三角洲—生物礁运聚成藏体系之外下伏的古近系半地堑烃源供给系统,因此,其纵向烃源断裂体系及构造脊砂体和不整合面构成的油气运聚系统为主要控制因素;处于盆地南部陆坡深水区的深水扇系统外源型油气运聚成藏机制,其烃源供给亦主要来自下伏的古近系地堑型烃源供给系统,且上渐新统海相烃源岩亦有贡献,而纵向烃源断裂体系与深水扇体系中良好储层共同构成的深水油气运聚系统,则是形成这种油气藏之关键所在。     

南海北部新生代构造运动厘定及与油气成藏关系探讨

通过分析并参考前人对南海构造运动的划分方案以及浅水区研究成果,结合深水区取得的最新认识,对新生代以来南海北部的构造运动重新进行厘定,共划分为四次构造运动:晚白垩世末的神狐运动、中始新世末开始的珠琼运动(包括一幕和二幕)、晚渐新世末的南海运动以及中中新世末的东沙运动,并认为这四次构造运动对烃源岩的发育以及油气运聚成藏起着重要的控制作用。     

南海北部陆坡中尺度涡的演化及传播规律分析

The continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) is rich in mesoscale eddies which play an important role in transport and retention of nutrients and biota. In this study, we investigate the statistical properties of eddy distributions and propagation in a period of 24 years between 1993 and 2016 by using the altimeter data. A total of 147 eddies are found in the continental slope region(CSR), including 70 cyclonic eddies(CEs) and 77 anticyclonic eddies(ACEs). For those eddies that appear in the CSR, the surrounding areas of Dongsha Islands(DS) and southwest of Taiwan(SWT) are considered as the primary sources, where eddies generated contribute more than 60% of the total. According to the spatial distribution of eddy relative vorticity, eddies are weakening as propagating westward. Although both CEs and ACEs roughly propagate along the slope isobaths, there are discrepancies between CEs and ACEs. The ACEs move slightly faster in the zonal direction, while the CEs tend to cross the isobaths with large bottom depth change. The ACEs generally move further into the basin areas after leaving the CSR while CEs remain around the CSR. The eddy propagation on the continental slope is likely to be associated with mean flow at a certain degree because the eddy trajectories have notable seasonal signals that are consistent with the seasonal cycle of geostrophic current. The results indicate that the eddy translation speed is statistically consistent with geostrophic velocity in both magnitude and direction.     

南海北部珠江口盆地浅水与深水区油气运聚成藏机制及特点

珠江口盆地浅水与深水区地质背景及油气成藏地质条件存在明显差异,其油气分布及油气运聚成藏机制具有显著不同的特点.(1)油气分布具“北油南气”的富集规律.浅水区北部裂陷带和东沙隆起及以北地区,地温梯度低、大地热流小,烃源岩有机质热演化处在油窗范围,以产大量石油为主伴少量油型气,故形成了以文昌、恩平、西江、惠州及陆丰油田群和...     

冬季婆罗洲岛西北沿岸上升流的时空特征及机理研究

Winter coastal upwelling off northwest Borneo in the South China Sea(SCS) is investigated by using satellite data, climatological temperature and salinity fields and reanalysis data. The upwelling forms in December, matures in January, starts to decay in February and almost disappears in March. Both Ekman transport induced by the alongshore winter monsoon and Ekman pumping due to orographic wind stress curl are favorable for the upwelling. Transport estimates demonstrate that the month-to-month variability of Ekman transport and Ekman pumping are both consistent with that of winter coastal upwelling, but Ekman transport is two times larger than Ekman pumping in January and February. Under the influence of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), the upwelling shows remarkable interannual variability: during winter of El Ni?o(La Ni?a) years, an anticyclonic(a cyclonic) wind anomaly is established in the SCS, which behaves a northeasterly(southwesterly) anomaly and a positive(negative) wind stress curl anomaly off the northwest Borneo coast, enhancing(reducing) the upwelling and causing anomalous surface cooling(warming) and higher(lower) chlorophyll concentration. The sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) associated with ENSO off the northwest Borneo coast has an opposite phase to that off southeast Vietnam, resulting in a SSTA seesaw pattern in the southern SCS in winter.     

西湖凹陷中南部油气成藏动力学特征及成藏机理

西湖凹陷以始新世末的玉泉运动和中新世末的龙井运动形成的不整合面为界,将盆地的发展演化分为裂陷、坳陷和区域沉降三个阶段。在盆地演化的不同阶段,不同构造带的沉降速率存在差异,烃源岩的热成熟演化史也不一致。生、排烃史模拟表明：平湖组烃源岩的生烃强度最高,花港组烃源岩的生烃强度相对较小;中央背斜带及其两侧深凹部位烃源岩的生烃强度大于保斜坡带;主要应用Basin Mod盆地模拟软件系统,通过对流体势、温压系统、异常压力的分析,探讨西湖凹陷中南部油气运聚成藏的机理。     

南海北部新生代的构造运动特征

新生代以来,南海北部陆架陆坡区及其邻区的地壳构造运动是在统一的区域构造应力场和总体区域性张裂沉降背景之下发生的,构造运动具有多旋回振荡式发生的特点,并贯穿了晚白垩世末之后的整个新生代.它的发生与太平洋板块的构造运动密切相关,这是由于太平洋板块之下的软流层流动方向和强度的振荡式改变而引发的.     

南海北部新生代构造应力反演及其动力学背景探讨*

南海北部为我国重要的含油气区之一, 但目前南海北部盆地的演化史及其与周边构造事件的关系仍不明确。基于钻孔和地震资料, 通过数学模拟, 反演了琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地的构造应力演化特征和初始地壳厚度。结果表明, 南海北部盆地具有较薄的初始地壳厚度和岩石圈厚度。珠江口盆地存在两期应力松弛期, 而琼东南盆地在深水区和浅水区分别存在一期应力松弛期。南海北部第一期应力松弛在空间上具有连续性, 主要分布在深水区, 在时间上东早西晚; 第二期应力松弛空间上存在东西分异性。分析认为, 南海北部深水区应力松弛期由东至西的演化应为西北次海盆由东至西的剪刀式张裂所致。珠江口盆地第二期构造应力松弛与局部岩浆侵入有关, 琼东南盆地浅水区的构造应力松弛期与红河走滑断裂平静期相对应。     

On tectonic movement in the South China Sea during the Cenozoic

The tectonic movement taking place at the end of Cretaceous and the beginning of Cenozoic had opened the Cenozoic phase of polycyclic tectonic movements, then the whole crust of the South China Sea had been mainly subjected to the regional stress field of tectonic tension, which was characterized by rifting depression. Seven times of regional tectonic movement and sedimentation had been assembled into a geological development history of polycyclic oscillation. Especially, the tectonic movements were strongly intensified at the end of Cretacious and the beginning of Paleagene, between Late Eocene and MidOligocene, during Mid and Late Miocene. These three times of tectonic movement had built the most important regional tectonic interfaces in the South China Sea. Crust movements of the South China Sea were the result and epitome of interaction of the Eurasia, Pacific and IndoAustralia plates, that is, they were introduced by polycyclic changes of directions, rates and strengths of lithospheric movements and asthenospheric flows across the Pacific and IndoAustralia plates.     

论南海新生代的构造运动

白垩纪末和新生代之交的构造运动揭开了新生代南海多旋回构造运动的序幕,自此之后整个南海的地壳开始进入总体受张性背景区域构造应力场控制、以张性沉降为主要特征的地质发展时期.七次区域性的构造运动和沉积作用具有多旋回、周期性振荡式发生的特点,其中尤以白垩纪末和老第三纪初、晚始新世和中渐新世及中中新世和晚中新世之间的三次构造运动表现最为强烈,形成了南海最为重要的三个区域性构造界面.南海地壳运动是欧亚、太平洋和印度—澳大利亚三大板块相互作用效应的结果和缩影,是跨越太平洋和印度—澳大利亚两大板块更大范围的岩石圈和软流圈流动(运动)方向、速度和强度的周期性振荡式改变所导致的.     

南海北部深水区东西构造差异性及其动力学机制

南海北部深水区位于南海洋陆转换带,构造运动活跃,构造特征复杂。同时,南海北部深水区石油、天然气、天然气水合物等矿产资源丰富。因此,加强南海北部深水盆地构造特征分析,揭示南海北部陆缘构造属性与南海形成演化机制,对于南海深部过程演变研究、油气资源评价与地质灾害防治等具有重要的意义。本论文通过对南海北部深水区陆架-陆坡结构、盆地构造特征与演化规律的分析,指出研究区东西存在明显的构造差异性,并分析了其动力学机制。南海北部深水区东部陆架-陆坡结构为宽洼窄隆型,而西部为窄洼宽隆型。东部珠江口盆地深水凹陷均为半地堑结构,剖面上呈不对称的箕状;西部琼东南盆地除北礁凹陷为南段北超的小型半地堑外,其它凹陷均为地堑结构,为南北双断式沉积体系。在构造演化方面,东部中中新世末结束裂后期进入新构造活动期,白云凹陷构造活动性增强,表现为快速的沉降和显著的晚期断裂作用;而西部晚中新世末才进入新构造活动期,深水区表现为快速沉积作用,断裂活动较弱。     

东海陆架盆地南部构造演化及对油气的控制作用

通过对东海陆架盆地形成的动力学机制研究,分析了动力学机制控制下的盆地南部构造演化特征,提出构造演化对油气成藏的四个控制作用：（1）构造运动控制了盆地演化阶段与凹陷结构;（2）构造运动控制了盆地沉降中心迁移与地层分布;（3）构造运动决定了油气成藏关键时期和油气分带的差异性;（4）构造运动控制了油气聚集与分布。构造运动是盆地演化及油气成藏的主导因素,盆地构造演化结合油气地质综合研究是东海陆架盆地南部油气勘探工作的重点。     

南海西南次海盆两侧陆缘新生代构造沉降特征及演化过程

构造沉降史分析有助于认识盆地的形成演化过程,是盆地分析的重要基础。为对比分析南海西南次海盆两侧陆缘新生代构造演化特征,本文选取了横穿南海西南次海盆两侧陆缘的多道地震剖面测线,其中NH973-3测线横跨西南次海盆北侧陆缘中-西沙地块,NH973-1+SO27-04联合剖面跨越西南次海盆南侧陆缘南沙地块,在地震地层解释的基础上,采用回剥法和平衡剖面技术分析了西南次海盆两侧陆缘构造沉降特征及伸展过程。分析结果表明：（1）西南次海盆两侧陆缘的构造沉降曲线特征表现为裂陷初始期曲线斜率平缓,裂陷强烈期和末期曲线斜率较陡,断-拗转换期和拗陷期曲线斜率又回归相对平缓的反“S”形多段式特征;（2）两侧陆缘的构造沉降具有一定的延迟滞后性,造成此现象的原因可能与西南次海盆两侧陆缘岩石圈的分层差异伸展及南海西缘断裂的右旋走滑活动有关,且南海西缘断裂的右旋走滑活动造成两侧陆缘的构造沉降中心向南迁移;（3）两侧陆缘盆地主要形成于晚渐新世,北侧陆缘因受晚渐新世南海西缘断裂右旋走滑活动的改造影响而形成伸展-走滑相关的沉积盆地,南侧陆缘在早中新世因受到挤压碰撞的改造影响而形成伸展-挠曲复合型沉积盆地。这些研究成果可为南海西南次海盆两侧陆缘沉积盆地的油气和天然气水合物的勘探开发提供重要的科学背景支持。     

南海西北部新生代沉积基底构造演化

在综合分析地质、地球物理、地球化学、古生物学等多方面资料的基础上,将南海西北部海域控制新生代主要沉积盆地的基底划分为5个区:北部湾古生界断堑基底区、莺歌海古生界走滑拉分基底区、琼东古生界断陷基底区、西沙北古生界裂谷基底区、西沙南古生界走滑伸展基底区.通过区域地质分析,初步重建了该海域的大地构造演化历史.该海域新生代沉积基底在前新生代时期与其北面陆上云开地区和其南面的南沙地区同处于特提斯构造域中,经历过古特提斯和中特提斯的发育历程,晚古生代以来可初步分为5个阶段:(1)D-P₁,古特提斯东段多岛洋体系发育阶段;(2)P₂,中特提斯(古南海)开始出现、古特提斯开始消减阶段;(3)T-K₁,古特提斯东段多地块缝合阶段;(4)K₂-N₁1,现代南海形成、中特提斯(古南海)消亡时期;(6)N₁2以来南海扩张停止、澳大利亚板块向北俯冲挤压阶段.     

尖峰北盆地含气流体运聚疏导组合特征及对水合物成藏的控制作用

南海北部陆坡尖峰北盆地发育良好的气源及含气流体运聚疏导条件,具备较好的天然气水合物成藏潜力。为深入揭示尖峰北盆地水合物的成藏地质特征,基于高精度三维多道地震、浅地层剖面、多波束资料,深入分析了研究区深、浅部含气流体运聚疏导通道的地质、地球物理特征及对水合物成藏的控制作用。详细刻画了研究区深、浅部主要含气流体疏导通道的形态特征、发育规模、分布特点及对含气流体运聚的控制作用;重点剖析了深、浅部含气流体疏导通道组合特征及与水合物分布的耦合关系,最后结合水合物成藏地质条件,探讨了研究区水合物的成藏模式及影响因素。研究结果表明：尖峰北盆地的含气流体疏导通道主要以断裂型为主,亮点反射、反射空白带、BSR、声空白、声浑浊等含气流体运聚及水合物赋存指示标志多出现在沟源断层、古隆起伴生断层、多边形断层的顶部及邻近区域。以T3反射界面为界,其下伏沟源断层、古隆起伴生断层与上覆多边形断层构成的深、浅部含气流体疏导通道在垂向上相连通,沟通了深部气源层与浅层水合物稳定域,形成了“沟源断层—多边形断层”与“古隆起伴生断层—多边形断层”两种含气流体运移与水合物成藏模式。多边形断层的存在一方面促进了含气流体向浅层发生“中继疏导”,控制水合物富集成藏;另一方面,在多边形断层密集发育段,强烈的流体充注会引起局部温压平衡破坏和水合物分解、渗漏,导致“断续型”BSR的产生。浅层气体的渗漏和扩散可以持续作用至海底并对海底形态进行改造,导致海底滑塌、断裂、麻坑、丘状体等一系列海底微地貌的形成。     

2004年秋季南海北部浮游植物组成及其数量分布特征

根据2004年9月18日—10月2日南海北部航次所获得的表层浮游植物群数据, 对其组成及数量分布进行了探讨分析。该次调查鉴定浮游植物共53属152种(含变种和变型), 分别属于硅藻门35属88种、甲藻门15属60种、蓝藻门1属2种及金藻门1属1种等; 优势种中分布较广泛的有柔弱伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima、反曲原甲藻Prorocentrum sigmoides、微小原甲藻P. mininum、锥状施克里普藻Scrippsiella trochoidea和红海束毛藻Trichodesmium erythraeum等; 浮游植物细胞丰度的数量范围为(0.11—23.61)×106cells•m-3, 呈现近岸区域高于远岸区域的平面分布格局, 最大值和最小值分别出现在海南岛东北部海域的E506站和海南岛东南部海域的B3站; 浮游植物物种丰富度也是近岸的站点较高, 以靠近珠江口E708站的51种为最多。硅藻类细胞丰度范围为(0.02—8.13)×106cells•m-3, 主要分布在高盐的外海水域, 其中产二甲基磺酸丙酯(DMSP)的小环藻Cyclotella spp.在多个站点出现; 甲藻类以近岸水域居多, 细胞丰度最高达15.67×106cells•m-3(E506站), 其中数量较多的赤潮种类主要有锥状施克里普藻、反曲原甲藻、微小原甲藻、环沟藻Gyrodinium spp.等; 固氮的红海束毛藻在调查海域广泛分布, 但主要集中于东部, 以E206站最多, 高达1.8×107cells•m-3。结合水文资料和其他层次的浮游植物资料进行对比分析, 结果表明, 红海束毛藻的分布与黑潮水的入侵存在一定关系, 其分布受水团和海流的影响。