东亚夏季风环流对气溶胶分布的影响

用2001—2012年逐月的MODIS-TERRA卫星观测气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料和NCEP/NCAR风场资料,分析了5—8月东亚地区AOD的时-空分布特征,研究东亚夏季风环流对气溶胶时-空分布的影响。主要结论如下:5—8月的中国东部及邻近海洋上AOD有着显著的季节演变特征,尤其是32.5 °N附近的AOD高值区,其强度和范围在5—8月逐渐增强然后又减弱。东亚夏季风通过环流输送作用对各地的AOD产生了不同程度的影响,使中国南部AOD减少,而华北和东北地区AOD增加。在强、弱季风年背景下,7月观测的AOD差异与环流输送作用差异的分布特征有着一定的相似性,体现出东亚夏季风年际变化对气溶胶分布的影响。在东亚夏季风演变的不同阶段,季风环流对气溶胶输送大部分情况下,可解释局地气溶胶变化10%~20%的方差。     

Intraseasonal oscillations of the monsoon circulation over South Asia

The space–time structure of the three-dimensional circulation over the South Asian monsoon region has been studied using the ERA-40 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Applying multi-channel singular spectrum analysis on combined daily values of horizontal winds and pressure vertical velocity at ten vertical levels for the period 1958–2001, two leading intraseasonal nonlinear oscillations were extracted. The first oscillation has an average period of 50?days and propagates northeastward from the Indian Ocean to the Indian subcontinent. The second oscillation has a period of 30?days and propagates northwestward from the West Pacific to the Indian region. Both the oscillations exhibit the oscillatory and propagation features at all vertical levels from 1,000 to 100?hPa. The two oscillations correspond well with similar oscillations found in outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation in earlier studies. The wind oscillations also account for the active and break phases of the Indian monsoon. The vertical structures and propagation of specific humidity and temperature are found to be consistent with those of the winds in each oscillation. The structure and movement of regional Hadley and Walker circulations have also been described. The analyses provide further strong evidence for the existence of two distinct monsoon intraseasonal oscillations.     

亚洲夏季风建立期间全球热带大气环流模态分析

利用NCAR/NCEP提供的1948—2003年5月标准等压面的月平均风场资料,对亚洲夏季风建立期间全球热带风场进行复EOF分析,揭示各模态的特点及其与亚洲夏季风建立之间的联系,确定各模态在亚洲夏季风建立期间的地位和作用。结果表明,第一模态反映了除赤道地区外的热带地区高层纬向二波异常和低层的信风异常。其时间系数与ENSO有较好的对应关系,20世纪60年代以后时间系数呈下滑态势,可能与全球变暖有关。该模态是ENSO模态。第二、三模态的空间场分别与南亚、南海夏季风的环流密切相关,其时间系数也与南亚、南海夏季风建立的早晚有较好的对应关系。这两个模态分别是南亚、南海夏季风模态。各模态均表现出准20 a的年代际变化,这与北太平洋主要气候模态PDO的年代际变化相同,各模态的年际变化也显著。     

The atmospheric heat budget in summer over Asia monsoon area

For better understanding the mechanism of monsoon formation and designing the numerical simulation of the general atmospheric circulation, a new approach of calculating atmospheric radiation is proposed to investigate the distribution of the atmospheric heat source, and the budget of heat component is recalculated. The results show that there is a tremendous atmospheric heat source region over central India, northeast of the Bay of Bengal, east of the South China Sea and about 10 °N at the west Pacific, among which the heating center with a maximum heating rate of 8 ℃/day is located over the Bay of Bengal and the average rate in the Plateau is about 1 ℃/day.     

On the recent strengthening of the relationship between ENSO and northeast monsoon rainfall over South Asia

The southeastern parts of India and Sri Lanka receive substantial rainfall from the northeast monsoon (NEM) during October through December. The interannual variability in NEM rainfall is known to be significantly influenced by the El-Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Unlike the southwest monsoon (SWM), the NEM rainfall is enhanced during the warm ENSO events, and vice versa. In the context of the recent weakening of the inverse relationship between Southwest Monsoon (SWM) and ENSO, we examine the secular variations in the positive relationship between ENSO and NEM rainfall over South Asia, showing that their relationship has strengthened over the recent years. Based on the analysis of GISST, IMD/CRU precipitation and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, we suggest that this secular variation of the relationship is due to epochal changes in the tropospheric circulation associated with ENSO over the region.     

Relationships between the global general circulation and the indian summer monsoon

The relationships between the global general circulation and the Indian monsoon during active and break phases are investigated with the help of FGGE IIIb data.It was found that the ultralong wave component positive and negative height anomalies over Tibet are associated with active and break monsoon phases respectively. This ultralong wave component has significant effect even upto 22oN over the Indian region which is the monsoon trough region. During a monsoon break, the general circulation was found to be more turbulent in the sense that more waves become energised.It was observed that during a break, blocking prevails over the Siberian region and cold air advection takes place toward Indian region from Siberian region depressing the temperatures over the Indian region by about 1oC. During the break, the Indian region gets connected with higher latitudes by the south winds blowing from polar Soviet re-gions to the Indian region. From active to break phase the zonal component weakens by about 25% from Indian ocean area right upto Alaskan region, along the east coast of Asia.     

华南黑碳气溶胶浓度与南海夏季风关系的年代际突变

利用重建的华南区域黑碳气溶胶(Black Carbon,BC)浓度资料,分析其与南海夏季风在年际尺度上的关系.结果 表明,华南区域BC浓度与南海夏季风的关系在2000年前后有明显的突变,由显著负相关变为显著正相关,即由高BC浓度弱季风变为高BC浓度强季风.通过合成对比分析,发现1988-1999年(第一时间段)的华南B...     

The medium-range variations of the summer monsoon circulation system over east asia

The Asian monsoon circulation system can be divided into two subsystems, i.e., the East Asian monsoon system(EA MS) and the Indian monsoon system (IMS). In this paper the main elements including the Indian monsoon trough, the South Asian high. the upper easterly jet etc. and the interactions between EAMS and IMS arc dealt with. The basic emphasis is put on the medium-range variations of the EAMS. Some significant results arc obtained.     

Observed lead-lag relationships between Indian summer monsoon and some meteorological variables

Lagged relationships between the Indian summer monsoon and several climate variables are investigated. The variables examined are gridded fields of snow cover (14 years), sea surface temperature (41 years) and 500 hPa geopotential height north of 20 °N (42 years). We also used series of global air temperature (108 years) and Southern Oscillation index (112 years). Precipitation over all India during June–September over a 112 year period are used as Indian monsoon index. Emphasis is put on early monsoon precursors. In agreement with the tendency for a low frequency oscillation in the ocean-atmosphere system, several precursor patterns are identified as early as the year preceding the monsoon. The most important key regions and seasons of largest correlations are selected and the corresponding series are used to perform a monsoon prediction. The prediction shows however a relatively moderate score mainly due to the not highly significant correlations. To improve the predictions we filtered the variables into their biennial (1.5–3.5 years) and low frequency (3.5–7.5 years) modes. Correlations between the monsoon and the filtered variables are higher than those obtained without filtering especially for the biennial mode. The two modes are out-of-phase before the monsoon and in-phase during and after. This phasing is found in all variables except for snow cover for which the two modes are in-phase before the monsoon and out-of-phase during and after. It is suggested that such phasing may be important for the formation of snow and could explain the higher correlations when variables are concomitant or are lagging the monsoon. Early predictions of the monsoon based on those two modes show improved scores with highly significant correlations with the actual monsoon. Received: 19 June 1996 / Accepted: 11 April 1997     

The upper-level circulation anomaly over Central Asia and its relationship to the Asian monsoon and mid-latitude wave train in early summer

A large intraseasonal variation in geopotential height over the Central Asia region, where the Asian subtropical jet is located, occurs between May and June, and the most dominant variation has a wave-like distribution. This variation in geopotential height influences precipitation across South and Southeast Asia. In this paper, we use composite analysis to determine the causes of this intraseasonal variation over Central Asia. The wave train propagates from the northern Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia over a period of a week, and generates an anomaly in geopotential height over the region. The tropical disturbance, which is similar to the Madden–Julian oscillation, appears a few days before the maximum of the anticyclonic anomaly over Central Asia, and is accompanied by active convection over the Indian Ocean and suppressed convection over Central America. Results of numerical experiments using a linear baroclinic model show that the active convection over the northern Indian Ocean causes the anticyclonic anomaly over Central Asia. The wave train that extends from the northern Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia is generated by negative thermal forcing over Central America, and the phase distribution of this wave train is similar to that observed in the composite analysis. Central Asia is the region where the effects of the tropics and middle latitudes overlap, and it is an important connection point between the Asian monsoon and middle latitudes.     

东亚夏季风与澳洲冬季风强弱互补变化联系及其异常环流特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、Hadley中心海温资料及CMAP降水资料等,通过亚澳季风联合指数挑选异常年份,对东亚夏季风和澳洲冬季风强度反相变化特征进行研究。结果表明,当东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱时,南北半球中低纬地区都出现了复杂的异常环流系统。在热带地区对流层低层,西北太平洋为异常反气旋式环流系统所控制,与南太平洋赤道辐合带的异常反气旋环流在赤道地区发生耦合,形成赤道异常东风,而在南北印度洋上则存在两个异常气旋式环流系统。在这两对异常环流之间的海洋性大陆地区,出现赤道以南为反气旋环流而赤道以北为气旋式环流。在东亚季风区,东南沿海的东侧海洋上存在反气旋异常,中国东南地区受异常反气旋西南侧的东南风影响。此外,澳洲北部受异常西风影响。这就形成了东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱的情形,从而东亚夏季风和澳洲冬季风活动出现了强弱互补的变化特征。当东亚夏季风偏弱、澳洲冬季风偏强时,南北半球的环流特征则出现与上述相反的环流特征。总体而言,当东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱时,东亚—澳洲季风区在南北半球呈现出不同的气候异常分布特征,即北半球降水北少南多、气温北高南低,南半球降水西多东少、气温西高东低。     

亚非季风区夏季降水与热带东风急流的关系

本文分析了亚非季风区(0—40°N,30°W—150°E)6—8月各月的平均降水分布与热带东风急流的关系,主要结果如下: 1)降水分布和降水量的逐日变化与热带高空东风急流的位置和强弱变化有密切关系,在急流不同部位降水特征不同,多雨区主要出现在急流入口区的右侧和出口区的左侧,对多年平均东风急流中垂直速度的计算表明,热带高空东风急流与降水分布的关系可以用急流的动力学机制来解释。 2)比较季风较弱的1972年(大部分地区降水偏少)和季风偏强的1975年(大部分地区降水偏多)发现,1975年东风急流较1972年强     

Impact of East Asian summer monsoon circulation on the regional aerosol distribution in observations and models

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) can change the spatio-temporal distribution of aerosols by influencing the aerosol horizontal and vertical transports and...     

RSM模式对中国东部夏季降水模拟能力的检验

本文利用美国国家环境预报中心NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)区域谱模式RSM(Regional Spectral Model)对中国东部地区夏季降水进行了为期20 a(1984—2003年)、水平分辨率为30 km的高精度模拟,并对模拟所得降水的气候态、年际变率、逐日变化以及极端事件进行了检验,和对造成降水偏差的大气环流特征进行了分析。结果表明RSM模拟所得夏季降水的空间分布、时间变率,以及降水量值都与实况相近,也基本可以再现夏季降水的年际变率分布情况,但是模拟所得的雨带存在偏南且偏弱的特点。对于逐日降水特征,RSM模拟所得季节内逐日降水变化与实况的走势基本一致,再现了夏季降水主要集中于东部和南部的特点,模拟出了江淮地区6月日降水区随时间北抬的特点。对于极端事件,模拟和实测的夏季不同雨强的天数分布对比表明模拟与实况基本接近,但是模拟的降水日大值中心较实况偏北;极端降水指数的计算结果也表明RSM模拟的极端降水情况与实况基本一致。综上,RSM模式对中国东部地区降水有着较好的模拟能力,可以用于中国东部地区的夏季降水气候特征研究。     

Assessment of CORDEX-SA experiments in representing precipitation climatology of summer monsoon over India

The present work assesses the performance of 11 regional climate simulations in representing the precipitation patterns of summer monsoon over India for the period 1970–2005. These simulations have been carried out under Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment–South Asia (CORDEX-SA) project. The regional climate models (RCMs) have been inter-compared as well as evaluated against the observation to identify the common weaknesses and differences between them. For this, a number of statistical analysis has been carried out to compare the model precipitation field with the corresponding observation. Model uncertainty has been also evaluated through bias studies and analysis of the spread in the ensemble mean (hereafter, ensemble). The models which perform better than the rest are identified and studied to look for any improvement in the ensemble performance. These better performing experiments (best RCM experiments) are further assessed over the monsoon core region (MCR) of India. This has been done to understand how well the models perform in a spatially homogeneous zone of precipitation which is considered to be a representative region of Indian summer monsoon characteristics. Finally, an additional analysis has been done to quantify the skill of models based on two different metrics—performance and convergence including a combination of the two. The experiment with regional model RegCM4 forced with the global model GFDL-ESM2M shows the highest combined mean skill in capturing the seasonal mean precipitation. In general, a significant dry bias is found over a larger part of India in all the experiments which seems most pronounced over the central Indian region. Ensemble on an average tends to outperform many of the individual experiments with bias of smaller magnitude and an improved spatial correlation compared with the observation. Experiments which perform better over India improve the results but only slightly in terms of agreement among experiments and bias.     

关于夏季东亚大气环流的研究

东亚位于世界最大的欧亚大陆东部,具有世界最高的大高原——我国青藏高原,东、南毗连广大海洋——太平洋和印度洋,地理特征在全球范围内富有鲜明的特点,因此这一地区的大气环流及其相连系的天气过程也具有许多复杂的鲜明的特色。我国气象学研究工作者在五十年代就对东亚大气环流作了一系列研究,引起国内外的注意。东亚是世界上最著名的季风活动区域之一,夏季的大气环流及天气过程更为特殊和复杂,在天气预报上也更为重要,因此六十年代以来,对这方面的研究日益增多,为了纪念我们伟大的祖国建国30周年,本文回顾了有关东亚夏季大气环流的研究。